Download or read book The Influence of Riparian Habitat and Salmonid Microhabitat Selection of Fish Assemblage Structure in the Upper John Day Basin Oregon written by Eric J. Leitzinger and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish assemblage structure was determined along a longitudinal gradient for three drainages in the upper John Day basin: Middle Fork, South Fork, and upper Mainstem proper. One or two tributaries in each drainage were included. Where possible, sites were paired: those with good versus those with poor riparian habitat. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to determine how the assemblages were structured and to determine which environmental variables influenced that structure. Two assemblages resulted: a warmwater assemblage dominated by speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus), northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oreqonensis), and suckers (Catostomus spp.); and a coldwater assemblage dominated by juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), but also containing mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), piute sculpins (Cottus beldingi), and other salmonids. This coldwater assemblage had two distinct components: the chinook component and the steelhead component. The chinook component was concentrated in the mid-elevation reaches of the Mainstem and the Middle Fork, between the steelhead component and the warmwater assemblage. The primary physical gradient on which all assemblages aligned was an elevation/stream size gradient. A secondary gradient consisted of various riparian habitat and bank condition variables. Generally, riparian habitat improved moving toward the headwaters. Microhabitat use was compared for salmonids within a habitat type (i.e. pools, riffles, and runs) for mainstem and tributary streams. It was also compared for the same age classes and species between stream types (mainstem versus tributary). Finally, microhabitat selection (versus availability) was examined for significant differences between microhabitat available and that selected. Different age classes of steelhead and juvenile chinook salmon used different microhabitats in the same habitat type. These did not change significantly between habitats or stream type. All groups selected microhabitats that varied significantly from that available. The most important variables in all cases were focal point depth and focal point velocity, total depth and mean velocity.
Download or read book A Bioeconomic Analysis of Water Allocations and Fish Habitat Enhancements John Day Basin Oregon written by Richard M. Adams and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influences of Riparian Canopy on Aquatic Communities in High Desert Streams of Eastern Oregon written by Cynthia K. Tait and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because riparian canopy controls most energy inputs to stream ecosystems, it directly affects the structure of aquatic food webs and the ecological processes that govern interactions among trophic levels. This study addresses the interdependence among riparian canopy, benthic community structure, and the carrying capacity of high desert streams for salmonid fishes. In streams in the lower John Day River Basin in eastern Oregon, algal, invertebrate, and fish communities were compared in reaches with varying densities of riparian canopy. Water temperatures varied with the density and upstream extent of canopy. Densely canopied sites were cool, while sites with high irradiances had temperatures exceeding the upper lethal limit for salmonids. Periphyton and grazer biomasses were greater in well-lighted sites, but 90% of grazer biomass consisted of Dicosmoecus gilvipes, a large caddisfly inedible by juvenile trout. Warmer water increased metabolic demands for salmonids, while the overwhelming dominance of Dicosmoecus in open sites shifted energy flow away from trout and shrunk their food base. High water temperatures, however, provided suitable habitat for many warmwater fishes which would otherwise not enter tributaries of this size. At higher elevation study sites in Camp Creek, light levels were higher and less variable than at the lower sites. Periphyton and invertebrate abundances were not correlated with irradiance. Rather, periphyton was maintained at low levels by grazers, particularly Dicosmoecus and snails. Manipulations of fish densities in enclosures showed that trout and dace had no negative impacts on numbers of invertebrate prey, and that grazers played a larger role in regulating lower trophic levels than did fish. Dicosmoecus acted as a keystone species in the benthic food web of Camp Creek by simultaneously influencing the trophic level both below and above its own. When irradiance was experimentally reduced under artificial canopies, periphyton standing crops were not different from those in open control pools after 4 wks. However, grazers were more abundant in open pools. The cropping of periphyton to uniform levels in both sunlight and shade indicated that mobile grazers targeted sites of varying productivities. Comparisons between benthic communities in Camp Creek and in a densely canopied reference stream suggested that benthic community structure shifted to accommodate changes in energy resources that occur when canopy density is altered.
Download or read book Influence of Riparian Canopy on Macroinvertebrate Composition and Food Habits of Juvenile Salmonids in Several Oregon Streams written by William R. Meehan and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Field Review of Fish Habitat Improvement Projects in the Grande Ronde and John Day River Basins of Eastern Oregon written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The restoration of vegetation adapted to riparian environments and the natural succession of riparian plant communities is necessary to recreate sustainable salmonid habitat and should be the focal point for fish habitat improvement programs. In mid-August of 1991, a field review of 16 Salmon habitat improvement sites in the Grande Ronde and John Day River Basins in Eastern Oregon was undertaken. The review team visited various types of fish habitat improvements associated with a wide range of reach types, geology, channel gradients, stream sizes, and vegetation communities. Enhancement objectives, limiting factors, landuse history, and other factors were discussed at each site. This information, in conjunction with the reviewer's field inspection of portions of a particular habitat improvement project, provided the basis for the following report. This report that follows is divided into four sections: (1) Recommendations, (2) Objectives, (3) Discussion and Conclusions, and (4) Site Comments. The first section represents a synthesis of major recommendations that were developed during this review. The remaining sections provide more detailed information and comments related to specific aspects of the field review.
Download or read book Comparisons of Fish Assemblages and Habitat Associations in Littoral Zones of Reservoirs in the Willamette Basin Oregon written by Paul Michael Bennett and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The littoral zones of seven reservoirs in the southern Willamette Valley of Oregon were sampled with a boat electroshocker during the summer months of 1995 and 1996. Shoreline substrates were inventoried before sampling sites were randomly selected. Sampling sites consisted of 9 of 12 possible habitat types including four substrate types (bedrock, fines, gravel to small boulders, and large boulders), each with or without overlying vegetation or wood. Fish assemblages occupying these specific habitat types were compared. Various aspects of substrate distribution and dimensions were utilized to help explain differences in fish assemblages. Significant differences in richness, diversity, mean length, mean weight, and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of fish assemblages occupying the specific habitat types were found. Fish assemblages using vegetated substrates were greatest in richness, diversity, and CPUE, while bedrock and unvegetated fines were lowest. Gravel to small boulder substrates tended to be intermediate for these variables. Large boulder substrates were consistently on the higher end of the range of these values. The largest and oldest fish occupied habitats with wood and large boulder substrates; smaller, younger individuals tended to be found in fine substrates with vegetation. Largemouth bass, bluegill, and coarsescale suckers were well distributed across habitat types. Other species such as the yellow bullhead, white crappie, reticulate sculpin, longnose dace, and speckled dace were much more restricted in their use of habitat. Overlying structure tended to increase fish diversity and richness for fine but not for coarse size substrates. Comparison of fish species between reservoirs, using regression analysis, was also performed. Fish sampled in Lookout Point Reservoir showed the overall greatest weight for length values, whereas, fish from Hills Creek and Green Peter Reservoirs were lowest in these values of the seven study reservoirs. Regression analysis of specified substrate parameters to fish species richness and diversity indicated bedrock was generally a negative influence. The occurence of gravel to small boulder substrate was a positive influence over the range of segment sizes encountered. Large expanses of fines resulted in depressed richness and diversity. Conversely, smaller segments of fine habitat appear to have a strong positive effect on fish richness and diversity. Large boulders were found in too small a quantity to impact reservoir littoral zone fish assemblages. The exotic/native ratio of fish abundance averaged about 3/1 in all habitats sampled except fine substrates without overlying structure. Only here were native fish more abundant than exotics.
Download or read book Oregon Salmon written by Oregon Trout (Organization) and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Seasonal Changes in Distribution and Abundance of Salmonids and Habitat Availability in a Coastal Oregon Basin written by Jack David Sleeper and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visual estimation techniques were used to quantify habitat characteristics, habitat type (pool, riffle) use and longitudinal distribution of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), cutthroat trout (0. clarki), and coho salmon (0. kisutch) in spring, summer and fall in 8.8 km of Cummins Creek, a basin in the central coast of Oregon. Fish were distributed significantly different than habitat type availability in most samples. Pool habitats contained a disproportionate percent of the salmonid assemblage and 1+ fish in each sample, and the percentage of fish in pools increased as flow decreased. In spring, coho salmon fry were concentrated in side channels and valley floor tributary habitats. Large woody debris formed 57- 68% of pool habitats and was significantly correlated with pool volume, maximum pool depth, slow surface velocity in pools, and pieces of small woody debris. Longitudinal distribution of the salmonid assemblage did not differ from habitat distribution seasonally or between years, even though certain species differed Coho salmon and cutthroat trout were distributed in proportion to longitudinal habitat availability only when fish abundance was relatively high and streamflow was low. In most samples, both 0+ and 1+ steelhead were distributed in proportion to longitudinal habitat availability. Differences in coho salmon abundance between years appeared to influence longitudinal distribution of each species and age class. Certain reaches had consistent numbers of fish between years while the number of fish in other reaches varied widely. In most samples, reaches with highest abundance for steelhead were in the lower basin, cutthroat trout in the upper basin and coho salmon between the two other species. Timing of reduction in number of fish varied among species. Fifty-five percent of 0+ steelhead and 73% of 1+ steelhead lost between August 1988 and April 1989 were lost between August and October during low flow conditions. However, only 18% of the losses, for 0+ coho salmon, occurred between August and October with the remaining losses occurring after October. This study illustrates that habitat availability is not a good index of fish distribution when fish abundance is low, and it highlights the importance of habitat in the lower portions of basins when fish abundance is high. It also demonstrates that the basin wide distribution of salmonids varies among species, age classes, seasons, and years and suggests that our understanding of salmonid distribution and abundance could be greatly enhanced by adopting a basin-wide, community, and seasonal perspective. In addition, the methods used in this study offer one way to assess the seasonal distribution and abundance of salmonids in a relatively quick, inexpensive, and non-destructive manner.
Download or read book Return to the River written by Richard N. Williams and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-11-21 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Return to the River will describe a new ecosystem-based approach to the restoration of salmon and steelhead populations in the Columbia River, once one of the most productive river basins for anadromous salmonids on the west coast of North America. The approach of this work has broad applicability to all recovery efforts throughout the northern hemisphere and general applicability to fisheries and aquatic restoration efforts throughout the world. The Pacific Northwest is now embroiled in a major public policy debate over the management and restoration of Pacific salmon. The outcome of the debate has the potential to affect major segments of the region's economy - river transportation, hydroelectric production, irrigated agriculture, urban growth, commercial and sport fisheries, etc. This debate, centered as it is on the salmon in all the rivers, has created a huge demand for information. The book will be a powerful addition to that debate. - A 15 year collaboration by a diverse group of scientists working on the management and recovery of salmon, steelhead trout, and wildlife populations in the Pacific Northwest - Includes over 200 figures, with four-color throughout the book - Discusses complex issues such as habitat degradation, juvenile survival through the hydrosystem, the role of artificial production, and harvest reform
Download or read book An Assessment of the Riparian influenced Salmonid Habitat Features of Johnson Creek Portland Oregon written by Andrew Greiff Gude and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influence of Forest and Rangeland Management on Anadromous Fish Habitat in Western North America Habitat requirements of anadromous salmonids written by William R. Meehan and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Economic Analysis of Alternative Water Allocations and Habitat Investments for Anadromous Fish Production John Day Basin Oregon written by Arcadio Alberto Cerda and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on the economic efficiency of alternative habitat, streamfiow, and land use allocations within a major drainage of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, productivity of present habitat and streamfiow conditions is evaluated with respect to anadromous fish species (chinook salmon and steelhead trout) in the John Day River Basin, a high-desert system in the Pacific Northwest. Alternative water allocations and fish habitat enhancements to improve anadromous fish productivity are also examined. This biophysical information is combined with economics concepts to evaluate comparative benefits and economic efficiency of selected technically feasible habitat/streamflow alternatives. The John Day River Basin is used as a case study because it provides one of the most significant runs of wild summer steelhead trout and spring chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Specific categories of alternative enhancements included water transfers to instream flow, habitat vegetation improvements, and habitat structural measures. The benefits of changes in fish numbers are valued through the travel cost method. Costs of habitat investments are derived from a synthesis of cost data for similar investments for the region. For most lower-reach stream sections, benefits of habitat investments/streamflow alternatives do not equal costs. However, changes in water allocations and habitat do appear economically efficient to some upper reaches. The main results suggest that economic efficiency varies greatly within the system, indicating the need for site-specific proposals for streamfiow or habitat alterations within this or similar high desert streams. In addition to providing preliminary estimates of the economic efficency of streamfiow and habitat investments, this thesis serves as a methodological template for future integrated bioeconomic evaluations of water and fishery management issues.
Download or read book John Day Basin Partnership written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Multivariate Analysis of Fish and Environmental Factors in the Grande Ronde Basin of Northeastern Oregon written by Douglas Drake and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Management and restoration activities in the upper Grande Ronde Basin of Northeastern Oregon that focus on reducing the maximum annual stream temperature will be the most effective in creating stream conditions that support salmonid dominated fish assemblages. This paper outlines the analysis of 5 years of water quality; habitat and fish survey results from the 10 stream reaches in the upper Grande Ronde basin. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality has funded a long-term monitoring project that utilizes a paired watershed approach to assessing the biotic, habitat, and chemical conditions before, during, and after channel restoration activities. Multivariate and traditional statistical techniques were used to separate test streams from reference streams and identify indicator variables associated with fish assemblages. Seven-day moving average seasonal maximum temperature was shown to be a significant indicator variable for the fish assemblages in the upper Grande Ronde Basin.
Download or read book Cumulative Effects of Land Use on Salmon Habitat in Southwest Oregon Coastal Streams written by Christopher Andrew Frissell and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of a hierarchical approach to classifying watersheds and stream habitats based on geomorphic and geologic criteria, we defined ten classes of fluvial and lacustrine habitats at the scale of valley segments. Valley segments are landscape units which encompass surface waters and the adjacent floodplains and hillslopes with which they interact over time frames of thousands of years. They form a large-scale template that constrains the character of aquatic habitat, controls the effects of disturbances in riparian areas, and mediates responses of streams to upland and upstream events. The regional distribution of valley segment types in southwest Oregon reflects bedrock geology and tectonic history of the landscape. Fluvial segment types differ in stream adjacent landforms, slope erosion processes, floodplain and valley morphology, channel slope, riparian vegetation, streambank texture, gravel bar morphology, and pool-forming features. Studies that do not carefully account for inherent differences between valley segment types could fail to detect critical changes in stream habitat caused by human disturbance. Alluvial valley and alluviated canyon segment types, which have extensive floodplains, low channel slopes, abundant woody debris, and ample gravel beds, are of greatest direct importance for salmon and other native fishes. Virtually all alluvial valleys in the study area have been heavily disturbed by logging, agriculture, and residential development. Alluviated canyon segments located in the few drainage basins where human activity has been limited probably serve as habitat refugia for the last diverse assemblages and productive populations of salmon in the region. Alluviated canyons in extensively-fogged basins exhibit increased abundance of large woody debris, fewer cross-channel debris jams, more extensive bank erosion, reduced pool area and increased riffle area, shallower riffles, and increased surface concentration of fine sediments in pools and other habitats, compared to similar segments in lesser-disturbed basins. These changes in channel morphology and stability appear to be driven by increased sediment load, caused by logging-related landslides and other erosion sources. Field studies in Sixes River basin indicated that abundance and diversity of salmonid fishes declines as maximum stream temperature increases. Changes in summer distribution of juvenile chinook and coho salmon since 1970 are related to changes In water temperature. Although some tributaries have cooled, a decline in rearing distribution in mainstem areas could be caused by long-term loss of channel complexity and associated coolwater refugia. Analysis of fish habitat structures constructed by federal and state agencies indicated that failure rates are high. Recovery of anadromous fish runs in southwest Oregon will require protection of remaining habitat refugia and reduction of sediment yield from disturbed watersheds.
Download or read book Riparian Areas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-10-10 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that wetlands be protected from degradation because of their important ecological functions including maintenance of high water quality and provision of fish and wildlife habitat. However, this protection generally does not encompass riparian areasâ€"the lands bordering rivers and lakesâ€"even though they often provide the same functions as wetlands. Growing recognition of the similarities in wetland and riparian area functioning and the differences in their legal protection led the NRC in 1999 to undertake a study of riparian areas, which has culminated in Riparian Areas: Functioning and Strategies for Management. The report is intended to heighten awareness of riparian areas commensurate with their ecological and societal values. The primary conclusion is that, because riparian areas perform a disproportionate number of biological and physical functions on a unit area basis, restoration of riparian functions along America's waterbodies should be a national goal.
Download or read book Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks written by Colin D. Levings and published by Fisheries and Oceans, Communications Directorate. This book was released on 1989 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National workshop convened to review the latest techniques available to quantify relationships between habitat features and fish production. The workshop focused on salmonids because of their importance on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, but effects on other non-salmonid populations were included since data is scarce in some areas. Coverage included methodologies for the quantification of the effects of habitat alteration on yield, empirical examples of the effects of physical and chemical habitat changes on stocks, and the permissable degree of extrapolation in assigning effects of habitat alteration to a stock.
