Download or read book The Impacts of Mid level Biofuel Content in Gasoline on SIDI Engine out and Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The influences of ethanol and iso-butanol blended with gasoline on engine-out and post three-way catalyst (TWC) particle size distribution and number concentration were studied using a turbocharged spark-ignition direct-injection engine. Particle size distribution in the range of 5.6 to 560 nm was measured. U.S. federal certification gasoline (E0), two ethanol-blended fuels (E10 and E20), and 11.7% iso-butanol blended fuel (BU12) were tested at 10 selected steady-state engine operation conditions. Bi-modal particle size distributions were observed for all operating conditions with peak values at particle sizes of 10 nm and 70 nm. Idle and low-speed/low-load conditions emitted higher total particle numbers than other operating conditions. At idle, the engine-out particulate matter emissions were dominated by nucleation mode particles. The TWC reduced these nucleation mode particles by more than 50%; the accumulation mode particle distribution was unchanged. At an engine load higher than 6 bar net mean effective pressure, accumulation mode particles dominated the engine-out particle emissions, and the TWC had little effect. Compared to E0, E10 did not significantly change PM emissions, while E20 and BU12 reduced PM emissions. Isobutanol was observed to impact PM emissions more than ethanol, with up to 50% reductions at some conditions.
Download or read book The Impacts of Mid level Biofuel Content in Gasoline on SIDI Engine out and Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions written by Xin He and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impacts of Mid level Biofuel Content in Gasoline on SIDI Engine out and Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The influences of ethanol and iso-butanol blended with gasoline on engine-out and post three-way catalyst (TWC) particle size distribution and number concentration were studied using a turbocharged spark-ignition direct-injection engine. Particle size distribution in the range of 5.6 to 560 nm was measured. U.S. federal certification gasoline (E0), two ethanol-blended fuels (E10 and E20), and 11.7% iso-butanol blended fuel (BU12) were tested at 10 selected steady-state engine operation conditions. Bi-modal particle size distributions were observed for all operating conditions with peak values at particle sizes of 10 nm and 70 nm. Idle and low-speed/low-load conditions emitted higher total particle numbers than other operating conditions. At idle, the engine-out particulate matter emissions were dominated by nucleation mode particles. The TWC reduced these nucleation mode particles by more than 50%; the accumulation mode particle distribution was unchanged. At an engine load higher than 6 bar net mean effective pressure, accumulation mode particles dominated the engine-out particle emissions, and the TWC had little effect. Compared to E0, E10 did not significantly change PM emissions, while E20 and BU12 reduced PM emissions. Isobutanol was observed to impact PM emissions more than ethanol, with up to 50% reductions at some conditions.
Download or read book Advances in Cyanobacterial Biology written by Prashant Kumar Singh and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-02-15 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Cyanobacterial Biology presents the novel, practical, and theoretical aspects of cyanobacteria, providing a better understanding of basic and advanced biotechnological application in the field of sustainable agriculture. Chapters have been designed to deal with the different aspects of cyanobacteria including their role in the evolution of life, cyanobacterial diversity and classification, isolation, and characterization of cyanobacteria through biochemical and molecular approaches, phylogeny and biogeography of cyanobacteria, symbiosis, Cyanobacterial photosynthesis, morphological and physiological adaptation to abiotic stresses, stress-tolerant cyanobacterium, biological nitrogen fixation. Other topics include circadian rhythms, genetics and molecular biology of abiotic stress responses, application of cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial mats in wastewater treatments, use as a source of novel stress-responsive genes for development of stress tolerance and as a source of biofuels, industrial application, as biofertilizer, cyanobacterial blooms, use in Nano-technology and nanomedicines as well as potential applications. This book will be important for academics and researchers working in cyanobacteria, cyanobacterial environmental biology, cyanobacterial agriculture and cyanobacterial molecular biologists. Summarizes the various aspects of cyanobacterial research, from primary nitrogen fixation, to advanced nano-technology applications Addresses both practical and theoretical aspects of the cyanobacterial application Includes coverage of biochemical and molecular approaches for the identification, use and management of cyanobacteria
Download or read book The Impact of U S Environmental Regulations on Fuel Quality written by Kurt H. Strauss and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1993 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of the Seasonal Changes in Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Abhikaran Singh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) found that black carbons (BC) concentrations were significantly higher in summer than in winter, which could be attributed to the seasonal variations in fuel composition. This experimental study investigated the impact of fuel seasonal changes on particulate matter (PM) emissions using a Ford Focus wall-guided GDI engine. Fuels from five public gas stations having octane rating of 87 and 91 were analyzed and tested. This study demonstrated that summer fuels contained higher aromatics than winter fuels which led to higher PM emissions and BC concentrations during steady state and transient state conditions. Moreover, the removal of ethanol content resulted in lower PM emissions and BC concentrations during steady state conditions. This study suggested that an increase in aromatics in summer fuels could be root cause for higher BC concentrations, however, similar study should be performed in other engines to support this conclusion.
Download or read book Effect of Fuel Composition on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Bryden Alexander Smallwood and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of fuel composition on reducing PM emissions were investigated using a Ford Focus wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine (GDI). Initial results with a 65% isooctane and 35% toluene blend showed significant reductions in PM emissions. Further experiments determined that this decrease was due to a lack of light-end components in that fuel blend. Tests with pentane content lower than 15% were found to have PN concentrations 96% lower than tests with 20% pentane content. This indicates that there is a shift in mode of soot production. Pentane significantly increases the vapour pressure of the fuel blend, potentially resulting in surface boiling, less homogeneous mixtures, or decreased fuel rebound from the piston. PM mass measurements and PN Index values both showed strong correlations with the PN concentration emissions. In the gaseous exhaust, THC, pentane, and 1,3 butadiene showed strong correlations with the PM emissions.
Download or read book Impact of Higher Levels of Bio Components in Transport Fuels in the Context of the Directive 98 70 EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 Relating to the Quality of Petrol and Diesel Fuels and Amending Council Directive 93 12 EEC written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this study is to undertake an economic and environmental analysis of the impact of increasing the limits of the bio-content of petrol and diesel imposed by the FQD, and beyond 2020. In particular, for specific biofuel blends identified in the study, the assessment considers both their positive and negative impacts associated with: Air quality and the resultant impact on human health; Market capacity, availability and origin of bio-content; Automotive technology, in particular engine efficiency, tail pipe emissions, biofuel compatibility and fuel use in existing and future vehicle fleets and possible evolution of automotive technology; Effect of an increase of the bio content in fuel on its overall carbon footprint (Life Cycle Assessment); Effect on the refinery sector and distribution of fuels; Competiveness of specific sectors or Member State fuel industry; and any impact on the current market shares of the fuel mix (diesel vs. petrol) and possible induced changes in Europe. The findings of this work will input to the Commission when considering implications of increasing the bio-content level in transport fuels.
Download or read book The Impact of Gasoline Fuel Composition on Air Quality written by Farhana Islam and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, particulate matter (PM) emissions from the gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine, are of significant concern due to their associated health effects as well as for climate impacts. Thus, in this thesis, the effect of gasoline fuel composition on GDI engine PM emissions is investigated. The detailed composition of five regular grade (anti knock index, or AKI, 87) and two premium grade (AKI91) fuels currently used in Ontario was studied. In addition, the impact of fuel seasonal changes on gas-phase emissions (i.e. benzene and toluene), and particle-phase emissions, i.e. black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and particle number (PN) were also determined using a laboratory GDI engine. The observations showed that all summer AKI87 fuels contained higher aromatics and lower paraffins compared to the winter AKI87 grade which led to higher BC, EC, PN, benzene, and toluene emissions.
Download or read book The Effects of Secondary Air Injection on Particulate Matter Emissions written by Joseph James Pritchard and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of secondary air injection (SAI) on particulate matter (PM) emissions. SAI was developed to reduce hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and has been shown to be effective as a strategy to reduce HC emissions at cold-start. In general, cold-start emissions have become an increasingly important problem due to new, more stringent vehicle emissions regulations. Direct-injection, spark-ignition (DISI) engines, which emit high levels of PM, are growing in popularity because of their fuel efficiency improvements. Meeting PM emissions becomes a more difficult task due to more stringent standards and the greater adoption of DISI engines. This study seeks to investigate the potential use of SAI to reduce PM emissions in the exhaust system. Engine based experiments were conducted using a 2.0 L, turbocharged, DISI General Motors LNF engine. The engine was outfitted with a secondary air injection system and several thermocouples to measure exhaust stream temperature. A TSI Model 3934 Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) was used to measure particle emissions at various engine operating conditions and secondary air rates. PM reductions were observed for the engine conditions and SAI flow rates that were tested. The maximum particle number reduction achieved was 80%. Particle number and particle volume reduction were observed to correlate well with exhaust enthalpy release.
Download or read book Impact of Reformulated Fuels on Motor Vehicle Emissions written by Thomas Kirchstetter and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hidden Costs of Energy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-05-26 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.
Download or read book Effect of Injection Strategies on Particulate Matter Emissions from HPDI Natural gas Engine written by Ehsan Faghani and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Analysis on Vehicular Exhaust Emissions from Transit Buses Running on Biodiesel Blends written by Vinay Kumar V. Nerella and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This experimental study presents a comprehensive analysis of exhaust emission variation from the public transit buses in the city of Toledo running on alternative fuels. The pollutants from the exhaust that are monitored in this study are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2, and NOX), and carbon dioxide. The performance of engine variables are also measured simultaneously with exhaust emission data. The engine variables affecting the pollutant levels in the exhaust are acceleration, engine load, engine speed, vehicle speed, fuel flow rate, coolant temperature, output torque, and boost pressure. The on-road and idle-engine variation of pollutant levels in the exhaust are studied. The pollutant level variation in the exhaust of a bus is different for different operation modes. The pollutant levels are found to decrease when the vehicle is on-road, with the increase in biodiesel concentration in the base fuel. On contrast, the pollutant levels are observed to increase with biodiesel concentration, when the bus is in idle-engine mode. Furthermore, when the bus is in motion, the pollutant levels in the exhaust are less as compared to the idle-engine mode. This observation helps to understand that vehicles in motion deliver the appropriate amount of fuel into the cylinder for a more complete combustion. Also, an engine in idle mode does not run at its optimum temperature and conditions that lead to incomplete combustion. The engine initial temperature, accessory load on the engine, and engine speed are found to affect the emission levels significantly. The engines at low temperatures are found to emit pollutants of higher levels because of the initial warm-up phase of an engine. Furthermore, with the increase in load and speed, the engine has to produce higher work requiring a higher fueling rate and thereby resulting in higher emission levels in the exhaust. During the engine start, transient emissions of the monitored pollutants are significantly higher because the air-fuel ratio cannot be maintained at stoichiometric mixture during start and stop operations. Furthermore, during the engine start-up, the heat necessary in the reaction chamber is not maintained that results in incomplete combustion. Hence, more transient emissions are emitted during the engine start-up. The parameters influencing pollutant levels for on-road and idle-engine conditions are identified, using regression analysis, for different biodiesel blends. Using regression analysis, the correlation and the amount of impact associated with the engine variables on pollutant levels are identified. The regression analysis helped to identify the parameters affecting pollutant levels and the relationships between different monitored parameters and pollutants in the exhaust. This study and analysis of exhaust emission variation of biodiesel blends will assist the operators of biodiesel fleets and regulators of air pollution in selecting the appropriate operating variables for emission control strategies in their area.
Download or read book Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Carbon in the Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Blends written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental tests were conducted on a Cummins 85.9 direct-injected diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends. 20% and 50% blend levels were tested, as was 100% (neat) biodiesel. Emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO(subscript x)), hydrocarbons (HC) and CO were measured under steady-state operating conditions. The effect of biodiesel on PM emissions was mixed; however, the contribution of the volatile organic fraction to total PM was greater for the higher biodiesel blend levels. When only non-volatile PM mass was considered, reductions were observed for the biodiesel blends as well as for neat biodiesel. The biodiesel test fuels increased NO(subscript x), while HC and CO emissions were reduced. PM collected on quartz filters during the experimental runs were analyzed for carbon-14 content using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMs). These measurements revealed that carbon from the biodiesel portion of the blended fuel was marginally less likely to contribute to PM, compared to the carbon from the diesel portion of the fuel. The results are different than those obtained in previous tests with the oxygenate ethanol, which was observed to be far less likely contribute to PM than the diesel component of the blended fuel. The data suggests that chemical structure of the oxygen- carbon bonds in an oxygenate affects the PM formation process.
Download or read book Impact of Reformulated Fuels on Particle and Gas phase Emissions from Motor Vehicles written by Thomas W. Kirchstetter and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Potential and Challenges of Low Carbon Fuels for Sustainable Transport written by Avinash Kumar Agarwal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on low carbon fuels a preferable class of fuels for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) highlighting the effect of low carbon fuels on tailpipe emissions. This book aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with low carbon fuels as a sustainable transport fuel. The volume includes recent results and are focused on current trends of automotive sector. This book will be of interest to those in academia and industry involved in fuels, IC engines, engine instrumentation, and environmental research.
