Download or read book The Impact of Trade Agreements on Innovation written by Dan Ciuriak and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New trade rules being implemented as part of the on-going wave of major bilateral/regional trade agreements are impacting the complex and evolving innovation ecosystem in non-neutral ways, favouring some innovation modes (such as patent-oriented research and development), but generating stumbling blocks for others (including open-source and co-creation, as well as follow-on innovations). This note considers the implications for Canadian policy in light of the tight nexus that trade theory and empirics draw between trade, innovation and productivity. Canada's performance on all three fronts - trade, innovation, and productivity - has been decidedly poor for a prolonged period and this is not likely a coincidence. We recommend that implementation of Canada's recently concluded trade agreements be especially sensitive to impacts on innovation; that Canada seek to preserve space for innovation policy in its future trade agreements; that Canada refrain from using trade agreements to challenge other countries' measures to promote innovation, since it might eventually wish to imitate them; that Canada promote trade liberalization in services in terms of movement of persons (mode 4) -- including by moving unilaterally to offer Innovation Visas to facilitate the international movement of knowledge workers; and that Canada also take a leading role in developing a new policy synthesis internationally as regards the trade-innovation nexus. We suggest this new policy synthesis explore such issues as (i) the adoption in regional trade agreements of rules of origin (ROOs) that are less restrictive for smaller-valued shipments in order to induce more small and medium-sized enterprises to start exporting their products and importing intermediate inputs to drive innovation; (ii) a plurilateral Digital Economy Trade Agreement to address impediments to digital/electronic international trade; and (iii) supporting the restoration of an Innovation Green Box under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
Download or read book The Impact of Trade Agreements written by Swarnali Ahmed Hannan and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-09-23 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) has reinvigorated research on the ex-ante impact of trade agreements. The results from these ex-ante models are subject to considerable uncertainties, and needs to be complimented by ex-post studies. The paper fills this gap in recent literature by employing synthetic control methods (SCM) – currently extremely popular in micro and macro studies – to understand the impact of trade agreements in the period 1983–1995 for 104 country pairs. The key advantage of using SCM to address selection bias – one of the persisting issues in trade literature – is that it allows the effect of unobserved confounder to vary with time, as opposed to traditional econometric methods that can deal with time-invariant unobserved country characteristics. Using SCM approach, the paper finds that trade agreements can generate substantial gains, on average an increase of exports by 80 percentage points over ten years. The export gains are higher when emerging markets have trade agreements with advanced markets. The paper shows that all the countries in NAFTA have substantially gained due to NAFTA. Finally, there is some evidence that trade agreements can potentially lead to slight import diversion, but not export diversion.
Download or read book Patents as an Incentive for Innovation written by Rafal Sikorski and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patents as an Incentive for Innovation Edited by Rafal Sikorski & Zaneta Zemla-Pacud Patents are a reward for human inventiveness. A well-functioning patent system must provide incentives for innovation, safeguard dynamic competition and protect the public interest – a balancing act fraught with difficulty in the ‘connected’ global world. This ground-breaking book is the first to deeply analyse how patent law today performs its function of stimulating innovation in the crucial sectors of healthcare, agriculture, artificial intelligence and communications technology. Patent specialists, practitioners and scholars from various jurisdictions thoroughly describe how patent rights can be deployed to incentivize investments in researching and developing socially critical innovations without sacrificing the public’s interest in sharing the benefits that are produced. Among the emerging issues of patent rights investigated are the following: protectability and morality of according private rights over material derived from the human body; licensing on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms; the supplementary protection certificate (SPC) manufacturing waiver; patent eligibility of artificial intelligence-related inventions; excessive enforcement of patents by patent assertion entities; enforcement of second medical use innovations; the so-called farmer’s privilege, the farm-save seed exemption, and breeders’ rights; international trade regulations and their influence on patent systems; human enhancement technologies and the consequences of patenting them; specifics of patent protection for biologic medicines; challenges posed by artificial intelligence for the disclosure requirement in patent law; and standard essential patent licensing, particularly in the context of the 5G standard. Perspectives taken into consideration by the authors include protectability criteria, length and scope of the granted protection, mechanisms for dealing with the friction between generalized application and specialized concerns, and rights enforcement. These aspects are analysed on the domestic, international and global levels. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need to strike the right balance between innovation and access in healthcare and other technologies, a need rooted in patent law. Because the problems discussed – and solutions offered – in this collection of expert essays are of tremendous practical and cultural significance, the book will be of immeasurable value to practitioners, policymakers and researchers in patent law and other fields of intellectual property law.
Download or read book Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements written by Aaditya Mattoo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-09-23 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep trade agreements (DTAs) cover not just trade but additional policy areas, such as international flows of investment and labor and the protection of intellectual property rights and the environment. Their goal is integration beyond trade or deep integration. These agreements matter for economic development. Their rules influence how countries (and hence, the people and firms that live and operate within them) transact, invest, work, and ultimately, develop. Trade and investment regimes determine the extent of economic integration, competition rules affect economic efficiency, intellectual property rights matter for innovation, and environmental and labor rules contribute to environmental and social outcomes. This Handbook provides the tools and data needed to analyze these new dimensions of integration and to assess the content and consequences of DTAs. The Handbook and the accompanying database are the result of collaboration between experts in different policy areas from academia and other international organizations, including the International Trade Centre (ITC), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and World Trade Organization (WTO).
Download or read book Innovation Policy and the Economy written by Adam B. Jaffe and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Innovation Trade and IPRs written by Carlos Primo Primo Braga and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation is often considered the cornerstone of modern economic growth. In the same vein, international trade has traditionally been characterized as the handmaiden of growth. Yet, the relationship between innovation and trade is a complex one. This paper discusses how innovation-leaders (e.g., the USA), innovation-followers (e.g., Brazil), and globalizers (e.g., Vietnam) see the role of trade policies in affecting their innovation strategies. Attention is devoted in particular to the “marriage of convenience” between trade and intellectual property rights (IPRs) laws as negotiated in the context of trade agreements. The experiences of negotiating IPRs protection via multilateral (e.g., TRIPS/WTO) and preferential (e.g., TPP) agreements will be contrasted and the argument will be made that even among like-minded countries these negotiations are inevitably characterized by significant controversy. The paper also discusses to what extent the increased emphasis on innovation in terms of growth strategies is making the goal of promoting higher standards of IPRs protection easier to advance via trade agreements.
Download or read book Megaregionalism 2 0 Trade And Innovation Within Global Networks written by Dieter Ernst and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides new insights for policy debates on how to strengthen the gains from trade for innovation through an inclusive trading environment that facilitates access to knowledge for all. Rising economic nationalism, especially in the United States, creates new challenges to an enlightened globalization agenda.The US government has withdrawn from the Transpacific Partnership agreement (TPP) that once was considered to be the gold standard of megaregionalism, suggesting the need to highlight once again the critical role that international trade and investment play in fostering sustainable growth and prosperity. Fostering innovation and facilitating the links between trade and innovation are becoming increasingly important for developed and developing economies alike. But equally important are economic policies to ensure that gains and losses from trade for innovation are shared by all.This book is a must read for trade economists, innovation economists, trade negotiators, trade lawyers, and academicians interested in current transformations in the global economy and their impact on innovation and economic growth.
Download or read book Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation Intersections between Public Health Intellectual Property and Trade written by World Intellectual Property Organization and published by WIPO. This book was released on 2013 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study has emerged from an ongoing program of trilateral cooperation between WHO, WTO and WIPO. It responds to an increasing demand, particularly in developing countries, for strengthened capacity for informed policy-making in areas of intersection between health, trade and IP, focusing on access to and innovation of medicines and other medical technologies.
Download or read book The Impact of Innovation on Globalization written by SHAO Binhong and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-07-05 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In view of the theme of "globalization," the volume will pay attention to how such issues as the Covid-19 pandemic impacts and challenges globalization, especially how it affects China, the United States, and their mutual relations.
Download or read book Heckscher Ohlin Trade Theory written by Eli Filip Heckscher and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1991 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the corrected and first complete translation from Swedish of Heckscher's 1919 article on foreign trade as well as a translation from Swedish of Ohlin's 1924 Ph.D. dissertation, the main source of the now famous Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.
Download or read book Innovation Imitation and Trade Agreements written by Catalina Bordoy Marcó and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Globalization of Technology written by Proceedings of the Sixth Convocation of The Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technological revolution has reached around the world, with important consequences for business, government, and the labor market. Computer-aided design, telecommunications, and other developments are allowing small players to compete with traditional giants in manufacturing and other fields. In this volume, 16 engineering and industrial experts representing eight countries discuss the growth of technological advances and their impact on specific industries and regions of the world. From various perspectives, these distinguished commentators describe the practical aspects of technology's reach into business and trade.
Download or read book The Impact of Trade Agreements on World Export Prices written by Lisandra Flach and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uncovers new stylized facts on the relation between economic integration and world trade prices. Using free on board export price data for the universe of manufacturing products, we show that a country's membership in the WTO (World Trade Organization) or in a PTA (Preferential Trade Agreement) is associated with an increase in export prices of differentiated goods. For the WTO, this effect is captured by the countries that were subject to rigorous WTO accession procedures. We also exploit the importance of the depth of a PTA and of its different provisions. Whereas the effect of the depth per se is not significant, individual provisions evoke distinct effects on prices. In particular, we find that PTAs with provisions on investments are associated with higher export prices. The results are consistent with theoretical models that relate competition to the innovation behavior of firms.
Download or read book The Impact of Trade Agreements written by Swarnali Ahmed Hannan and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-06-10 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) has reinvigorated research on the ex-ante impact of trade agreements. The results from these ex-ante models are subject to considerable uncertainties, and needs to be complimented by ex-post studies. The paper fills this gap in recent literature by employing synthetic control methods (SCM) – currently extremely popular in micro and macro studies – to understand the impact of trade agreements in the period 1983–1995 for 104 country pairs. The key advantage of using SCM to address selection bias – one of the persisting issues in trade literature – is that it allows the effect of unobserved confounder to vary with time, as opposed to traditional econometric methods that can deal with time-invariant unobserved country characteristics. Using SCM approach, the paper finds that trade agreements can generate substantial gains, on average an increase of exports by 80 percentage points over ten years. The export gains are higher when emerging markets have trade agreements with advanced markets. The paper shows that all the countries in NAFTA have substantially gained due to NAFTA. Finally, there is some evidence that trade agreements can potentially lead to slight import diversion, but not export diversion.
Download or read book 15 Years of the Information Technology Agreement written by World Trade Organization and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Information and Technology Agreement (ITA) was finalised at the first WTO Ministerial Conference, in Singapore, in 1996, committing its participants to completely eliminate duties on certain information technology products. In its 15 years, the ITA has promoted affordable access to a wide range of technologies, encouraging closer cooperation between developed and developing countries. As production networks become increasingly global, the ITA will continue to facilitate the shift from products made in a specific country to "Made in the World". To mark the 15th anniversary of the ITA, this publication charts the political and technical obstacles which were overcome during the creation of the Agreement and the issues which still need to be resolved. It charts the establishment of the ITA Committee and how the Agreement is implemented, and investigates the impact the ITA has had on trade liberalisation and innovation. The publication also examines the effect information technology has had on global production networks and what this means for developing countries and the ITA.
Download or read book Rules on Digital Trade in the Light of World Trade Organization Agreements written by Asif Khan and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2023-12-14 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2023 in the subject Business economics - Trade and Distribution, , language: English, abstract: This doctoral dissertation deals with rules on digital trade in the light of WTO agreements. Digital trade has brought about profound changes in the international trade framework. Traditional trade, which primarily involved the exchange of physical goods, has now expanded to encompass a wide range of digitally delivered services, online transactions, and data flows. This transformation has been driven by advancements in technology and the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. The digital economy encompasses various digital technologies and platforms and has become a significant driver of economic growth and innovation. It allows businesses to reach international markets more quickly and efficiently, transcending geographical barriers. The internet, mobile devices, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence have facilitated this digital transformation. These technologies enable seamless communication, data storage and processing, automation, and personalised services, revolutionising how businesses operate and engage in international trade. Digital trade has created new opportunities for businesses of all sizes. Small and medium-sized enterprises have benefited from the ability to access global markets through digital platforms and e-commerce. These platforms provide a means for Small and medium-sized enterprises to connect with potential customers worldwide, establish their presence, and market their products and services without needing a physical presence in foreign markets. This has lowered entry barriers and empowered Small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in global value chains, expanding their reach and contributing to economic growth. One of the notable developments in the digital trade era is the rise of platform-based businesses. These platforms, such as e-commerce marketplaces, ride-sharing services, and online payment systems, act as intermediaries connecting buyers and sellers across borders. They facilitate transactions, provide infrastructure and services, and enable businesses to expand their customer base globally. Platforms have become influential players in international trade, shaping market dynamics and redefining traditional trading system.
Download or read book Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy written by Gene M. Grossman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1993-01-29 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grossman and Helpman develop a unique approach in which innovation is viewed as a deliberate outgrowth of investments in industrial research by forward-looking, profit-seeking agents. Traditional growth theory emphasizes the incentives for capital accumulation rather than technological progress. Innovation is treated as an exogenous process or a by-product of investment in machinery and equipment. Grossman and Helpman develop a unique approach in which innovation is viewed as a deliberate outgrowth of investments in industrial research by forward-looking, profit-seeking agents.
