Download or read book The Impact of Rising Oil Prices on International Tourism written by World Tourism Organization. Market Intelligence and Promotion Section and published by World Tourism Organization Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil prices reached historic levels in 2005 and forecasts underline this upward trend. In view of this, questions have been raised about the current and future effects of very high oil prices on international tourism and on one of its major components, air transport. The purpose of this study is to analyse the observed or possible impact of the recent rise in oil prices on international tourism. Therefore, the study focuses in particular on: Statistical analysis of oil price increases in nominal and real terms; Comparisons with earlier oil shocks in 1974, 1979 and 1990; Analysis of the short-term effect of rising oil prices since 2002; Evaluation of the impact on air transport; Analysis of medium-term scenarios, by region, in terms of positive, negative, or neutral impact and the development of proposals and recommendations.

Download or read book Special Report Number 26 written by World Tourism Organization. Market Intelligence and Promotion Section and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Explaining Oil Price Is Not Main Factor to Influence Tourism Industry Development written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-10 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ⦁Can economic theory explain old price change to influence tourism income?I shall attempt to apply old and new economic theory to explain whether oil changing price has direct relationship to influence global tourism indusry development or tourism income as below: Is oil changing price the main to influence tourism income or tourism development or economic growth ? If oil price rises ar falls, it will or won't cause tourism income decreases or increases? If they have cause and effect relationship, what are the main factors to influence tourism income changes by oil price rises or falls ? I aim to investigate how any why among oil price shocks will influence tourism income variables. We may distinguish between these oil price shocks: Supply-side, aggregate demand and oil specific demand shocks. I assume that oil specific demand shocks affect inflation and the tourism sector equity index. By constrast, I also believe that aggregate demand oil price shock exercisr an effect, either directly and indirectly tourism generated income and economic growth. So, in old economic theory, supply-side, aggregate demand view to oil specific demand shocks will influence tourism income varies. So, governments ought implement strategies against future oil price movements or plan for economic policy development.In fact, instead of oil price changes will influence tourism income, it could also harm economic growth and tourism activities, due to the effect they expert on transporation, production cost, economic uncertainty.Because tourism activities is one important sector to influence any country's leisure consumption GDP income source. So, sudden fluctations in oil prices may also influence economic growth. It is based a hyphthesis known as the tourism led economic growth. So, it seems that they have direct or indirect relationship to case effect between oil price and tourism activities and development. So, increase on tourism income, the called " economic-driven tourism growth". In addition, high oil prices are affecting certain tourism industry segments, e.g. airlines, cruises lines, hotel, rent travelling car services etc. for oil, importing countries example, with reference to macro economic effects, higher oil prices generally lead to higher inflation, when they negatively influence to country's income. Hence, from a micro-economic perspective, positive oil price shocks lead to a decline in disposable income. for low income people, it will bring an immediate and negative impact on tourism, mainly due to they feel tourism leisure is regarded as a luxury good, when oil price shocks to rise suddenly . It influences any airline or cruise entertainment service providers' costs are influenced to raise. Then, they need to increase air ticket or cruise ticket price. It will bring on negative tourism leisure demands-side the oil price increases low income group, potential tourism leisure consumers. Hence, it seems that oil price may have indirect relationship to influence tourism leisure consumers' needs. ⦁How the price of oil changes influences global tourism industry growth or recession?

Download or read book The Impact of Rising Oil Prices on the World Economy written by Lars Matthiessen and published by Springer. This book was released on 1982-06-18 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Distributional Implications of the Impact of Fuel Price Increases on Inflation written by Mr. Kangni R Kpodar and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-11-12 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the response of consumer price inflation to changes in domestic fuel prices, looking at the different categories of the overall consumer price index (CPI). We then combine household survey data with the CPI components to construct a CPI index for the poorest and richest income quintiles with the view to assess the distributional impact of the pass-through. To undertake this analysis, the paper provides an update to the Global Monthly Retail Fuel Price Database, expanding the product coverage to premium and regular fuels, the time dimension to December 2020, and the sample to 190 countries. Three key findings stand out. First, the response of inflation to gasoline price shocks is smaller, but more persistent and broad-based in developing economies than in advanced economies. Second, we show that past studies using crude oil prices instead of retail fuel prices to estimate the pass-through to inflation significantly underestimate it. Third, while the purchasing power of all households declines as fuel prices increase, the distributional impact is progressive. But the progressivity phases out within 6 months after the shock in advanced economies, whereas it persists beyond a year in developing countries.

Download or read book Tourism and Oil written by Susanne Becken and published by Channel View Publications. This book was released on 2015-01-12 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to examine oil constraints and tourism, and addresses one of the key challenges for the tourism industry in the future. It provides an estimate of how much oil tourism consumes globally and summarises state-of-the-art information on oil resources, oil data and public discourse. The volume also offers an analysis of the economic implications of increasing oil prices for tourism and discusses key dimensions relevant for tourism in a post peak oil world. It will be useful for tourism stakeholders globally, postgraduate students in tourism and resource management, ecological economists and those researching issues of resource efficiency, carrying capacity and global environmental change.

Download or read book Influencing Tourism and Gas Industry written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2020-10-12 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ⦁Does oil price sudden high rising factor influence global oil industry rapid reaches decline life cycle stage?Can sudden oil price sudden raising factor cause global oil industry rapid reaches decline life cycle stage? For example sudden crude oil price raising of last year from US$40 to US$150, even $200 or higher per barrel. Why did it happen to cause global oil industry reaches decline life cycle stage in possible? When global economic growth, if it influences global oil price raises, such as the case crude oil price sudden rises to US$150, even more from US$40 per barrel. Due to global crude oil demand increases, but crude oil supply is shortage. SO, it causes crude oil price increases high percentage from US$40 to US$150, even higher per barrel. Because crude oil is shortage, global crude oil supply reduces, but global crude oil consumers number is increasing.Consequently, it causes global crude oil price may have influential increasing number. IS it good or bad to oil manufacturers when they sell too high crude oil price to global crude oil consumers? Although, it seems that raising crude oil price may help them to earn high profit, it will cause many crude oil users feel crude oil prices are too high. So, they will attempt to choose to use other kinds of oil energy to replace it, when other kinds of similar crude oil energy products can also satisfy their energy needs. Can too high crude oil price influence crude oil industry rapid reaches decline life cycle stage? I shall attempt to explain as below: It is correct that say they the price is linked to the supply and demand balance, the essential is to explain oil price movements by use of the classic model of economics, price=f(demand, supply). We need to find out the commodity whose supply and demand is determining the dynamics of oil. It is therefore reasonable to question whether the economic model utilized really models or if it is applied in an incorrect way to the oil market. Or rather, that the technological complexity of this crude oil market does not allow it to be modelled on the simple relationship between demand and supply at a global level.Econometric models to crude oil is more suitable, which are suitable for the commodities ( coffee, copper, gold etc.), where the production and technological transformation processes are less complex. SO, it implies that crude oil business life cycle stage development factor ought be influenced by its unpredicted refining crude oil manufacturing technological factor as well as it influences that this kind energy product needs how much time to reach growth life cycle stage from birth stage or reaches mature life cycle stage from growth cycle stage, even it will be influenced to experience the decline life cycle stage by any kinds of unpredicted new energy invention. So, if future one new energy invention may be used to replace crude oil raw material to produce any kinds of energy products . Then, global crude oil demand may be influenced to decrease by this kind of new energy invention. Consequently, it may cause global crude oil industry will experience the decline life cycle stage.We refer new to the crude oil market ( raw material ), to the finished products market( gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, fuel oil, chemical feedstocks) and to the financial market for crude and finished products ( futures). We should always remember that in our cars an in airplanes do not use crude oil, but finished products, which are increasingly difficult to produce. We can not also neglect the dramatic developments of the future market and its prodominant role in the world economy. So, if in our future energy development, scientists can invent one kind of energy which does not need to use crude oil ( raw material) to finished any kinds of oil produces. Then, global crude oil industry, it will be possible influenced to rapid reaches life cycle stage.

Download or read book Explaining What Factors Influence Business Life Cycle Stages Change written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2021-04-08 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ⦁How the price of oil changes influences global tourism industry growth or recession?In macro-economic view, sudden mid and long term oil price shock can influence global torusim industry growth or recession. For example, a oil price of US$180 per barrel was considered only a few years ago, now this has a realistic scenario to which all plaers in the T&T sector have to adapt. At such a high level, the price of oil will become even more critical to almost every part of the tourism value chain. Although, weak global demand, caused by global economic recesson, resulted in a steep oil price decline to US$45 per barrel by the fourth quarter of 2008 in the past low oil price occurrence history, this won't change the mid to long -term oil forecast.In fact, the past oil price occurrence history of the dramatic structural had changed a high price imposed on airlines, travelers, and destination countries, all of which will have to navigate through times of shifting or even declining travel demand. I assume that a high oil price scenario is assumed in the long term in order to highlight the changes, such a senario would mean for consumer behavior and the competitiveness of several destinations. Low oil price in the 1970 and early 1980 did not bring significant growth of international air travel, but its growth has been strongest between 1980 and 2004, a period with stable and relatively moderate oil prices. Also, the rapid development of the low-cost carrier business model in the 1990s further fueled air travel growth by capturing tourism leisure demand, such as weekend leisure travel to cities using mostly secondary airports in any big area countries, such as UK, US . However, the tourism growth is whole influenced by high oil prices, due to oil price had been continue rising in possible.Basis of oil is shortage supply product, oil is assumed to be the main energy source for the aviation sector for the nest 30 years. Although, second-generation biofuels seem to be on the horizon, the economics as well as the production scalability and aviation biofuel shortage will be a main challenge to airline industry. So, I assume that oil price will continue rise up, if there have none any aviation biofuel can be reflected to oil to use for air plane energy.Until 2004, the only factors to have affected air travel growth, negatively were in external shocks, such as 9/11, causes catching air plane crisis or US regional geopolitical conflicts. It brings some travelers feel fear to go to US travel, as well as until recently 2019, human mouth disease can influence air to have disease to anyone from mouth. So, global travelers number had been continue decreasing, because they are fear to get disease by air when many themselves every stranger travelers are sitting on the without windows air planes. Although, mouth human and air disease and US 9/11 air attack both matters may influence oil price falls effect, because air planes flying times will reduce. They won't need frequent to fly, to cause aviation oil energy need reduce. Consequently, oil price will decrease, due to travelers number reduces and air planes flying times are also influenced to reduce. ( oil demand decreases cause oil price decrease). Although, air lines ' cost will also be influenced reduce, but oil price decrease can not bring travelers number increase, when air ticket price reduce because global many leisure and business trip travelers feel fear to catch air planes frequently when human mouth air disease occured in 2019. So, oil price decreases can not grow up tourism industry growth or rise tourism income.

Download or read book Factors Influence Tourism and Fuel Industries Development written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2020-11-05 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ⦁Why tourism and airline industries have close relationship to influence their profitability between of them.In my study, I suppose terrorism, profitability and the price of petroleum which had properties of distinct and interrelated close relationship. Moreover, these variables ( terrorism, profitability and the price of petroleum) displayed differentiation, self replication, efficiency and hierarchy which can cause risk events to airline industry. However, I also think the other internal and external threat factors of airline industry, such as inflation, bank interest rate, business model, service quality, airline fuel or plane engine technology, air ticket pricing, brand loyalty, airline strategic management, government policy and fuel hedging of these factors which can also raise the risks to threaten any airlines existence in airline industry. There are two basic business models in airline industry. They are network ( full service) and low cost ( discount) carriers. The network carrier model employs diversification strategy by increased domestic destinations, serving international routes, providing diverse seating arrangements ( business, economy and first class), maintaining a complex system of offering high quality service. Otherwise, low cost ( discount) airlines focus on lower air fares. To keep operating costs down, discount airlines offer shorter routes and provide point-to-point destinations rather than through sophisticated flights are primarily in domestic destinations. So, discount airlines operate a common model aircraft fleet, offer a single seating arrangement and cheaper flight services offered to compare network airlines. However, these two basic business models have their unique competitive abilities to provide any airlines existence in airline industry nowadays.In fact, natural resource of oil is decreasing in our earth. But as the same time, human demand is increasing and oil supply is decreasing, so it also causes the oil fuel price is increasing to supply to airline industry. It influences not only to airline industry, it also impacts of higher oil fuel price to tourism, such as expansion of airports are made based on expected demand increase. Tourism has been proven to many adverse events, including terrorism, flight disruptions. Beside, the bad natural climate change influences, such as the volcanic ash cloud event occurred in April 2010 year. So, airline industry need to concern climate change because it will cause high fuel prices indirectly. For example, the event occurred the extreme increase in operating costs for airlines in 2008 year, due to unprecedented prices for aviation fuel also meant, that despite the introduction of fuel charges, so this event causes the global airline industry recorded losses seriously. Even if alternative fuels become commercially available for airlines which are still likely to be more expensive than present aviation fuel. Thus, it seems that poor tourism will influence poor travel consumption and low airline tickets sale.Higher airfares in the future are likely to lead to reduction in travel and cause tourists to shift from more distant to closer destination. When some of the economic responses to higher oil prices are obvious assessing the overall economic impacts on tourism is difficult. However, long term changes in global oil price rises will be similar to global changes in other commodity prices, exchange rates and income. It is therefore important to consider the impact of high oil prices on tourism from a general equilibrium perspective rather than relying only on bottom partial equilibrium. However, I believe tourism and airline industries have close relationship, such as tourism and airline industries are likely to suffer in an environment of high oil prices.

Download or read book The Impact of Rising Oil Prices on the World Economy written by Lars Matthiessen and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Airline Industry Fuel Price Change Factors written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-03-27 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are two basic business models in tourism industry. They are network ( full service) and low cost ( discount) carriers. The network carrier model employs diversification strategy by increased domestic destinations, serving international routes, providing diverse seating arrangements ( business, economy and first class), maintaining a complex system of offering high quality service. Otherwise, low cost ( discount) airlines focus on lower air fares. To keep operating costs down, discount airlines offer shorter routes and provide point-to-point destinations rather than through sophisticated flights are primarily in domestic destinations. So, discount airlines operate a common model aircraft fleet, offer a single seating arrangement and cheaper flight services offered to compare network airlines. However, these two basic business models have their unique competitive abilities to provide any airlines existence in tourism industry nowadays.In fact, natural resource of oil is decreasing in our earth. But as the same time, human demand is increasing and oil supply is decreasing, so it also causes the oil fuel price is increasing to supply to airline industry. It influences not only to airline industry, it also impacts of higher oil fuel price to tourism, such as expansion of airports are made based on expected demand increase. Tourism has been proven to many adverse events, including terrorism, flight disruptions. Beside, the bad natural climate change influences, such as the volcanic ash cloud event occurred in April 2010 year. So, airline industry need to concern climate change because it will cause high fuel prices indirectly. For example, the event occurred the extreme increase in operating costs for airlines in 2008 year, due to unprecedented prices for aviation fuel also meant, that despite the introduction of fuel charges, so this event causes the global tourism industry recorded losses seriously. Even if alternative fuels become commercially available for airlines which are still likely to be more expensive than present aviation fuel.Higher airfares in the future are likely to lead to reduction in travel and cause tourists to shift from more distant to closer destination. When some of the economic responses to higher oil prices are obvious assessing the overall economic impacts on tourism is difficult. However, long term changes in global oil price rises will be similar to global changes in other commodity prices, exchange rates and income. It is therefore important to consider the impact of high oil prices on tourism from a general equilibrium perspective rather than relying only on bottom partial equilibrium approaches.However, I believe tourism and airline industries have close relationship, such as tourism and airline industries are likely to suffer in an environment of high oil prices. Given that tourism destinations receive tourists from a range of origins, it would be useful to understand of some countries are increasing oil prices than others. Such as the net oil importing countries are selling higher oil prices than oil exporting countries generally. For example, New Zealand is an oil import country to provide planes for international visitor arrivals, so its oil fuel price is usually higher to charge to NZ airlines because any NZ airlines need to pay to foreign countries to buy any oil more expensive price. So, NZ airlines usually charge higher airfares to its visitors to compare the other exporting oil countries' airlines. It will impact NZ has negative influence to domestic tourism industry as well as planes need will also be decreased, due to NZ charge high fuel price to cause air ticket price

Download or read book What Factors Influence Business Life Cycle Stages Change written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-06 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ⦁How the price of oil changes influences global tourism industry growth or recession?In macro-economic view, sudden mid and long term oil price shock can influence global torusim industry growth or recession. For example, a oil price of US$180 per barrel was considered only a few years ago, now this has a realistic scenario to which all plaers in the T&T sector have to adapt. At such a high level, the price of oil will become even more critical to almost every part of the tourism value chain. Although, weak global demand, caused by global economic recesson, resulted in a steep oil price decline to US$45 per barrel by the fourth quarter of 2008 in the past low oil price occurrence history, this won't change the mid to long -term oil forecast.In fact, the past oil price occurrence history of the dramatic structural had changed a high price imposed on airlines, travelers, and destination countries, all of which will have to navigate through times of shifting or even declining travel demand. I assume that a high oil price scenario is assumed in the long term in order to highlight the changes , such a senario would mean for consumer behavior and the competitiveness of several destinations. Low oil price in the 1970 and early 1980 did not bring significant growth of international air travel, but its growth has been strongest between 1980 and 2004, a period with stable and relatively moderate oil prices. Also, the rapid development of the low-cost carrier business model in the 1990s further fueled air travel growth by capturing tourism leisure demand , such as weekend leisure travel to cities using mostly secondary airports in any big area countries, such as UK, US . However, the tourism growth is whole influenced by high oil prices, due to oil price had been continue rising in possible.Basis of oil is shortage supply product, oil is assumed to be the main energy source for the aviation sector for the nest 30 years. Although, second-generation biofuels seem to be on the horizon, the economics as well as the production scalability and aviation biofuel shortage will be a main challenge to airline industry. So, I assume that oil price will continue rise up, if there have none any aviation biofuel can be reflected to oil to use for air plane energy.Until 2004, the only factors to have affected air travel growth, negatively were in external shocks , such as 9/11, causes catching air plane crisis or US regional geopolitical conflicts. It brings some travelers feel fear to go to US travel, as well as until recently 2019, human mouth disease can influence air to have disease to anyone from mouth. So, global travelers number had been continue decreasing, because they are fear to get disease by air when many themselves every stranger travelers are sitting on the without windows air planes. Although, mouth human and air disease and US 9/11 air attack both matters may influence oil price falls effect, because air planes flying times will reduce. They won't need frequent to fly, to cause aviation oil energy need reduce. Consequently, oil price will decrease, due to travelers number reduces and air planes flying times are also influenced to reduce. ( oil demand decreases cause oil price decrease). Although, air lines ' cost will also be influenced reduce, but oil price decrease can not bring travelers number increase , when air ticket price reduce because global many leisure and business trip travelers feel fear to catch air planes frequently when human mouth air disease occured in 2019. So, oil price decreases can not grow up tourism industry growth or rise tourism income.

Download or read book Prediction Airline Oil Price Variable Behavior written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-07 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In economic theory, on income effects indicate negative impacts on tourism demand, the exact effects of higher oil fuel prices for specific destinations are far from clear. However, airline industry's different market segments show different sensitivities to air ticket fares changes. On the first hand, if the visitors are long destinations generally wealthier than average and therefore potentially less affected, as energy costs would be a smaller proportion of their income compared will be those from less wealthy groups. Thus, the more wealthier travelers who won't decrease travelling desire, even the fuel price raises to case the air ticket price to be increased.On the second hand, oil prices don't translate into higher transport costs especially not on air routes that are highly competitive and that are maintained for strategic reasons. So, non air transportation industry won't influence customer number to be decreased easily.On the third hand, many other factors shape tourists' decision making, including emotion drivers or those related to images, fashions and perceptions. Increasing environmental protection awareness of tourists could also be an important factor to influence tourism consumption, instead of oil fuel price raising causes air ticket fares raising factor to reduce traveler numbers. However, oil price raising reason causes also due to high use of cars, vans and domestic air transport in some countries, e.g. Hong Kong, China countries, there are many people like to buy cars to drive. So, the private driver numbers are increasing demand to cause these countries' oil fuel prices raise in the short time suddenly. It implies airlines need to consider their country car number whether is increasing or decreasing. If their country car number is increasing, it is possible to cause fuel price to be risen up because car demand is increasing to need to use more fuel and it has less supply of fuel in the year. Otherwise, if their country car number is decreasing, it is possible to cause fuel price to be fallen down because car demand is decreasing to need to use less fuel and it has more supply of fuel in the year.

Download or read book Summary of Developments in the Fields of World Economy Demography and Energy written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Contemporary Tourism written by Chris Cooper and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its second edition, Contemporary Tourism: an international approach presents a new and refreshing approach to the study of tourism, considering issues such as the changing world order, destination marketing, tourism ethics, pro-poor tourism and implications for the patterns and flow of tourism in the future.

Download or read book Climate Policy and International Tourism Arrivals to the Caribbean Region written by Laurel Jean Pentelow and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly the body of research shows that tourism is vulnerable to climate change. Tourism is also a non-negligible contributor to climate change, primarily through rapidly increasing air travel. Recently, a number of tourism destinations that are dependent on long-haul tourism have expressed concerns about the impact of climate policy (both implemented and proposed) on tourist mobility and arrivals to their countries. This thesis examines outcomes from a model which projects how climate mitigation policy could influence arrival numbers to the Caribbean region; an area projected to be disproportionately impacted by climate change. While impacts on this region are likely to be both physical as well as economical, mitigation policy restricting emissions from international aviation is likely to be the first wave of climate change effects felt. This policy, coupled with the fluctuation of global oil prices, may be a significant deterrent for travelers to the Caribbean.

Download or read book Worldwide Destinations written by Brian Boniface, MA and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-12-30 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism is a unique text that explores the demand, supply, organisational aspects and resources of every tourism destination in the world. This fifth edition is brought up to date with key features such as: An exploration of current issues such as climate change, economic capacity, "grey" tourism and social impacts New full colour interior, packed iwth helpful pedagogic features, including discussion points and assignements to encourage greater student involvement A companion website is now available at www.elsevierdirect.com/9780750689472 and includes interactive, multiple-choice questions for students to test their own learning A new and fully updated edition of Worldwide Destinations Casebook is also available with 38 in-depth cases to help bring textbook theory to life The book provides thematic chapters at the beginning which detail the geographical knowledge and principles required to understand how to approach the analysis of destinations. The further division of the book into thematic and regional chapters enables the student to carry out a systematic analysis of a particular destination. Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism is an invaluable resource for studying every destination in the world as well as the demand, resources and future of the geography of tourism. This thorough guide is a must-have for any tourism student.