Download or read book The Immune System and the Developing Brain written by Jaclyn M. Schwarz and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The developing brain is exquisitely sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous signals which direct or significantly alter the developmental trajectory of cells, neural circuits, and associated behavioral outcomes for the life of the individual. Contrary to initial dogma that the brain is one of the few organs within the body that is immune-privileged, evidence indicates that the immune system has a critical role in brain function during development as well as during sickness and health in adulthood. Microglia are the primary immune cells within the brain, and they are in constant communication with the peripheral immune system and surrounding cell types within the brain. We describe the important role of the immune system, including microglia, during brain development, and discuss some of the many ways in which immune activation during early brain development can affect the later-life outcomes of neural function, immune function, and cognition. Growing evidence indicates that there is a strong link between many neuropsychiatric disorders and immune dysfunction, with a distinct etiology in neurodevelopment. Thus, understanding the role of the immune system and immune activation during the critical period of brain development is a necessary step toward understanding the potential origins of these devastating disorders. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Immune Response / Brain-Immune Communication / Microglia Are Immune Cells of the Brain / The Functional Role of Microglia and Immune Molecules in Neurodevelopment / Early-Life Programming of Brain and Behavior: A Critical Role for the Immune System / Commonly Used Models of Early Life Immune Activation in the Rodent / Early Life Immune Activation and Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood / Mechanisms Underlying the Enduring Changes in Neuroimmune Function Caused by Early Life Infection / Toll-Like Receptors and Immune Activation During Early Brain Development / Environmental Triggers of TLR Activation: Long-Term Programming of Brain and Behavior / Future Directions to Understanding Immune Function and Brain Development / References

Download or read book Pediatric Neurology written by Tardieu Marc and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A short overview of the specificities of immune response within the brain is given as an introduction to subsequent chapters on infectious and inflammatory diseases of the child's brain. The blood–brain barrier starts developing during vascular proliferation of the developing brain during neurogenesis but maturation is not completed until several weeks after birth, and varies in different parts of the brain. The development of postcapillary venules in which cell recruitment occurs seems to be completed at birth. Brain macrophages are detected in brain tissue from the 8th to 12th week of gestation and then exert an important role during neuroblast selection and differentiation, as astrocytes and macrophages acquire the ability to secrete soluble substances. From the third trimester, the fetal brain is able to generate an inflammatory reaction and toll-like receptors can be detected on the surface of fetal neurons and glial cells. Innate immunity maturation occurs within weeks after birth. Although neonates lack preexisting immunological memory and have a small number of immune cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues, they are competent to develop a mature T-cell response, they have a strong CD8 cytotoxic function, and dendritic cells are fully competent.

Download or read book From Neurons to Neighborhoods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-13 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.

Download or read book Neural Plasticity and Memory written by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-17 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq

Download or read book Developing Brain and Environment written by Sherry G. Selevan and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neurodevelopment and Adult Psychopathology written by Matcheri S. Keshavan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-09-11 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this important 1997 book on the role of neurodevelopmental factors in the pathogenesis of the major psychiatric disorders, the fields of developmental neurobiology, clinical psychiatry and behavioural neuroscience are reviewed by an international group of experts, including many of those responsible for the ideas that have come to dominate current thinking. The first section, 'The Developing Brain', reviews neurodevelopment from the molecular to the behavioural level. Section Two, 'Development and Psychopathology', covers clinical applications of the basic principles of developmental neurobiology. The third and final section, 'Integrative Models', presents approaches toward a synthesis of neurodevelopmental and clinical findings in psychiatric disorder. For students, scientists and clinicians in psychiatry, psychology, and neurodevelopment, this is an essential reference.

Download or read book Neonatal Hematology written by Pedro A. de Alarcón and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-18 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential guide to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hematologic problems in the neonate, covering erythrocyte disorders, leukocyte disorders, immunologic disorders and hemostatic disorders. Guidance is practical, including blood test interpretation, advice on transfusions and reference ranges for hematological values.

Download or read book Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space written by Alexander Choukèr and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains how stress – either psychological or physical – can activate and/or paralyse human innate or adaptive immunity. Adequate immunity is crucial for maintaining health, both on Earth and in space. During space flight, human physiology is specifically challenged by complex environmental stressors, which are most pronounced during lunar or interplanetary missions. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the book identifies the impact of these stressors – the space exposome – on immunity as a result of (dys-)functions of specific cells, organs and organ networks. These conditions (e.g. gravitation changes, radiation, isolation/confinement) affect immunity, but at the same time provide insights that may help to prevent, diagnose and address immune-related health alterations. Written by experts from academia, space agencies and industry, the book is a valuable resource for professionals, researchers and students in the field of medicine, biology and technology. The chapters “The Impact of Everyday Stressors on the Immune System and Health”, “Stress and Radiation Responsiveness” and “Assessment of Radiosensitivity and Biomonitoring of Exposure to Space adiation” are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Download or read book IL 1 beta Signaling in Cortical Development and Disease written by Myka Luella Estes and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decade, a large number of proteins that were first identified in the immune system have been detected in the healthy, developing brain. These discoveries have undermined the dogma of an "immune privileged" nervous system and have precipitated exciting research into the neuronal roles of these proteins. Many of these immune proteins participate in the establishment and plasticity of excitatory synaptic connections. Genes associated with excitatory synaptic structure and function are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Studies of these genetic associations using animal models have given rise to a theory of "synaptopathies" underlying these disorders. Although the synaptic functions of immune proteins are distinct from their immunological roles, immune activation can alter their expression and function. Thus, immune alterations during critical periods of brain development can precipitate changes in synapse formation and function that, in combination with other risk factors, predispose individuals to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1[beta]) is a prime candidate for mediating the effects of environmental risk factors on cortical connectivity. As a central regulator of inflammatory and stress responses, IL-1[beta] is upregulated following infection and exposure to environmental toxins (risk factors associated with the development of ASD and SZ). Moreover, mutations and copy number variants (CNVs) in the IL-1 family of genes and elevated levels of IL-1[beta] are associated with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, SZ, and bipolar disorder (BPD). Changes in IL-1[beta] signaling may therefore underlie some environmental and genetic risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite the associations of altered IL-1[beta] signaling with neurodevelopmental disorders, the role of IL-1[beta] in the establishment of synaptic connections is unknown. My thesis focused on addressing this question. There are six chapters in this dissertation. Chapter 1 is a literature review of immune dysfunction in autism and the role of IL-1[beta] in brain development and function. In Chapter 2, I describe experiments aimed at understanding the role of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules in mediating changes in cortical connectivity caused by maternal immune activation (MIA). These experiments were the first to show that MIA decreases the ability of cortical neurons to form synaptic connections at birth and that this MIA-induced decrease in synapse formation in MIA offspring requires activation of the MHCI-myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) signaling pathway. These results suggest the exciting hypothesis that MIA may regulate cortical connectivity through altered levels of cytokines in the brain that activate the MHCI-MEF2 signaling pathway. IL-1[beta] is the most attractive candidate to mediate these effects and so, the remainder of my thesis focuses on the role for IL-1[beta] in regulating cortical connectivity and in mediating the effects of MIA on brain development. Chapter 3 describes experiments aimed at elucidating the role of IL-1[beta] in the establishment of cortical connections. I show that a pathogenic level of IL-1[beta] decreases cortical connectivity in an age-specific manner through altering the synaptic distribution and binding partners of synaptogenic proteins genetically linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders. In Chapter 4, I describe experiments implicating the MHCI-MEF2 pathway in IL-1[beta]-mediated changes in cortical connectivity. I show that IL-1[beta]'s effects on synaptogenic proteins in addition to canonical IL-1RI signaling may act in concert to limit synapse density. In Chapter 5, I characterize altered immune receptor expression in the frontal cortex of two animal models of MIA, thereby identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of immune-based neuropsychiatric disorders. In Chapter 6, I discuss the implications and future directions of my research for understanding the role of IL-1[beta] in healthy brain development and the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Download or read book The Psychobiotic Revolution written by Scott C Anderson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A friendly, interesting, and up-to-date read on the science of the microbiome and the brain" - Psychology Today "Compelling, engaging, and informative, this book teaches us why microbes may affect all of our decisions" - Jack Gilbert Ph.D., co-author of Dirt Is Good MEET YOUR MICROBES Written by the leading researchers in the field, this information-rich guide to improving your mood explains how gut health drives psychological well-being, and how depression and anxiety can be relieved by adjusting your intestinal bacteria. This groundbreaking book explains the revolutionary new science of psychobiotics and the discovery that your brain health and state of mind are intimately connected to your microbiome, that four-pound population of microbes living inside your intestines. Leading medical researchers John F. Cryan and Ted Dinan, working with veteran journalist Scott C. Anderson, explain how common mental health problems, particularly depression and anxiety, can be improved by caring for the intestinal microbiome. Science is proving that a healthy gut means a healthy mind -- and this book details the steps you can take to change your mood and improve your life by nurturing your microbiome.

Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book How People Learn II written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults.

Download or read book The Smart Baby Cookbook written by Lauren Cheney and published by Allen & Unwin. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A blueprint for your child's nutrition and brain health Doctor-approved and parent-tested, the Smart Baby Cookbook helps you give your young one a head-start for a healthy life, beginning with the best first foods, through to finger foods and family meals. Including: The science behind 'SMART' foods and their effects on immunity and brain function Meal planners organised by baby's age and stages of development, plus advice for starting solids Easy-to-make family favourite recipes designed for maximum nutrition Budget-friendly recipes with minimal prep and no separate cooking required When chef Lauren Cheney's baby was born with a rare immunity disorder, she threw herself into researching the best foods that could help him thrive. Drawing on advice from child health experts, she developed recipes for nutrient-packed everyday meals. Now with this empowering guide, her advice and recipes are available for families everywhere, helping to nourish the bodies and brains of the little ones we love.

Download or read book Neuroimmunity written by Michal Schwartz and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pathbreaking research offers new hope for treating brain diseases and injuries and for maintaining brain health even into old age In the past, the brain was considered an autonomous organ, self-contained and completely separate from the body's immune system. But over the past twenty years, neuroimmunologist Michal Schwartz, together with her research team, not only has overturned this misconception but has brought to light revolutionary new understandings of brain health and repair. In this book Schwartz describes her research journey, her experiments, and the triumphs and setbacks that led to the discovery of connections between immune system and brain. Michal Schwartz, with Anat London, also explains the significance of the findings for future treatments of brain disorders and injuries, spinal cord injuries, glaucoma, depression, and other conditions such as brain aging and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Scientists, physicians, medical students, and all readers with an interest in brain function and its relationship to the immune system in health and disease will find this book a valuable resource. With general readers in mind, the authors provide a useful primer to explain scientific terms and concepts discussed in the book.

Download or read book Vibrant and Healthy Kids written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are the foundation of the United States, and supporting them is a key component of building a successful future. However, millions of children face health inequities that compromise their development, well-being, and long-term outcomes, despite substantial scientific evidence about how those adversities contribute to poor health. Advancements in neurobiological and socio-behavioral science show that critical biological systems develop in the prenatal through early childhood periods, and neurobiological development is extremely responsive to environmental influences during these stages. Consequently, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors significantly affect a child's health ecosystem and ability to thrive throughout adulthood. Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity builds upon and updates research from Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity (2017) and From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000). This report provides a brief overview of stressors that affect childhood development and health, a framework for applying current brain and development science to the real world, a roadmap for implementing tailored interventions, and recommendations about improving systems to better align with our understanding of the significant impact of health equity.

Download or read book The Autoimmune Brain written by David S. Younger and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-11-10 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are millions of people who experience issues related to brain health—depression, attention issues, anxiety, forgetfulness, fatigue, and even chronic pain—yet can’t figure out what’s causing their problems and can’t find any relief. They may have seen a myriad of doctors, many of whom do not take their complaints seriously, or worse, turn to the easy, often inappropriate fix of antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications. Traditional medications, supplements, or other therapies haven’t worked. No matter what their age—from children to teens or seniors—people and their loved ones are frustrated, scared, and confused by their continued poor health. Countless others display severe psychiatric symptoms that seem to come out of nowhere, ranging from tics, obsessive-compulsive behaviors and anxiety, to depression, bipolar-like mood swings, and even borderline personality disorder and suicidal ideas. Sometimes, the people affected are the only ones that notices a change to the way they think or feel, and they suffer in silence. Or, they reach out to try to get help, and are all too frequently misdiagnosed. David Younger, a world-renowned physician, provides relief to these patients and their families. His diagnostic techniques and treatment protocols will help readers identify the true cause of their symptoms and put them on a clear path to healing so they no longer feel unbalanced, out of control, forgetful, and exhausted. The Autoimmune Brain connects common brain health symptoms to the changes in the immune system, and particularly bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Younger explains his groundbreaking research and adds a new component: how traumatic stress (whether physical or emotional) and genetics affects this same triad as inextricable factors in initiating disease and brain health symptoms. In fact, a change in personality, behavior, coping style, and one’s emotional state may be the first clue that there is a health problem brewing somewhere else in the body. Readers will find new answers to troubling conditions, including: Alzheimer’s disease; Anxiety; Arthritis; Autism; Autonomic disturbances; Bacterial and viral infections; Bipolar Disorder; Cancer; Celiac disease and gluten intolerances; Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (now referred to as Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease); Chronic Pain; Dementia; Depression; Endocrine Disorders; Immune modulatory therapy using IVIg; Lyme disease and co-infections; Mast cell activation syndrome; Medical cannabis; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Orthostatic hypotension; Peripheral Neuropathy; Porphyria; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; and Postural orthostatic tachycardia.

Download or read book The Immune System and Mental Health written by Hymie Anisman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Immune System and Mental Health fully investigates how immune-related cellular, molecular and anatomical changes impact mental functioning. The book combines human and animal studies to reveal immunological changes related to mental-health problems. In addition, users will find comprehensive information on new research related to the microbial composition of the gut, aka, the microbiome, and how it influences brain function and mental health. Common comorbidities with mental illness and their inherent immunological or inflammatory components are also covered. Written by leaders in the field, the book synthesizes basic and clinical research to provide a thorough understanding on the role of immunity in neuropsychiatry. Sociology, psychology, psychiatry, neuroscience and genetics have provided considerable explanations and solutions to some of the most intractable mental-health problems. But researchers are increasingly relying on investigations of the immune system to identify factors that can undermine and impair mental health. This book covers devastating mental-health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and autism-like spectrum disorders. In addition, degenerative disorders of the brain, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s-like dementia are explored. Considers both basic human and animal studies that address immunological changes relating to mental health problems across the lifespan Incorporates techniques, concepts and ideas from a variety of social, behavioral and life sciences Explores the relatively new area of the microbiome and how the microbial composition of the gut influences brain function and mental health