Download or read book The Growing Complexity of Internet Interconnection written by Peyman Faratin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: End-to-End (E2E) packet delivery in the Internet is achieved through a system of interconnections between heterogeneous entities called Autonomous Systems (ASes). The initial pattern of AS interconnection in the Internet was relatively simple, involving mainly ISPs with a balanced mixture of inbound and outbound traffic. Changing market conditions and industrial organization of the Internet have jointly forced interconnections and associated contracts to become significantly more diverse and complex. The diversity of interconnection contracts is significant because efficient allocation of costs and revenues across the Internet value chain impacts the profitability of the industry. Not surprisingly, the challenges of recovering the fixed and usage-sensitive costs of network transport give rise to more complex settlements mechanisms than the simple bifurcated (transit and peering) model described in many earlier analyses of Internet interconnection (see BESEN et al., 2001; GREENSTEIN, 2005; or LAFFONT et al., 2003). In the following, we provide insight into recent operational developments, explaining why interconnection in the Internet has become more complex, the nature of interconnection bargaining processes, the implications for cost/revenue allocation and hence interconnection incentives, and what this means for public policy. This paper offers an abbreviated version of the original paper (see FARATIN et al., 2007b).

Download or read book Complexity of Internet Interconnections written by Peyman Faratin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: End-to-End (E2E) packet delivery in the Internet is achieved through a system of interconnections between heterogeneous entities called Autonomous Systems (ASes). As of March 2007, there were over 26,000 in use. Most ASes are ISPs, but they also include enterprises, governmental or educational institutions, and increasingly large content providers with mostly outbound traffic such as Google, Yahoo, and YouTube as well as overlay content distribution networks such as Akamai and Limelight. Each AS controls or administers its own domain of addresses but ASes must physically interconnect to provide end-to-end connectivity across the Internet. Interconnection is not only important from a reachability perspective but also quality and performance perspective, because how ASes interconnect, both physically and contractually, determines how packets are routed and impacts the quality and choice of services that may be supported. The initial pattern of AS interconnection in the Internet was relatively simple, involving mainly ISPs with a balanced mixture of inbound and outbound traffic. One goal of this paper is to demonstrate how changing market conditions and industrial organization of Internet have jointly forced interconnections and associated contracts to become significantly more diverse and complex than is commonly understood. The diversity of interconnection contracts is significant because efficient allocation of costs and revenues across the Internet value chain impacts the profitability of the industry. However, current models of interconnection fail to reflect such emerging diversity of possible interconnections. We currently lack good data and models on these developments. In particular, most models of AS interconnection describe two sorts of arrangements: transit (a “vertical” relationship where small networks pay larger network for access to the rest of the Internet) and peering (a “horizontal” relationship where similar sized networks engage in revenue-neutral interconnection). We will highlight the now obvious distinction between networks that specialize in content distribution and broadband residential networks that specialize in consumer access to the Internet. The introduction of such ASes increases the heterogeneity of players in the interconnection market. Furthermore, their highly asymmetric pattern of traffic flow (from content to “eyeballs”) has resulted in increased complexity of the incentives to interconnect, and the diversity of the resulting negotiation. Not surprisingly, the challenges of recovering the fixed and usage-sensitive costs of network transport have given rise to more complex settlements mechanisms than the simple bifurcated (transit and peering) model. In the following, we provide an insight to recent operational developments, explaining why interconnection in the Internet has become more complex, the nature of interconnection bargaining process, the implications for cost/revenue allocation and hence interconnections incentives, and what this means for public policy.

Download or read book Interconnection in the Internet written by David D. Clark and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In days past, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) relied on two basic types of contracts for exchanging traffic (peering and transit) and ISP interconnection was not regulated. As we explained in (Faratin, Clark et al. 2007), the world of Internet interconnection is no longer so simple. The increased complexity poses significant challenges for policymakers who might contemplate regulating Internet interconnection, so it is perhaps lucky that calls for Internet interconnection regulation have been muted to date. That quietude was threatened in late 2010 by two events: the issuance of the FCC's Network Neutrality order and the dispute between Level 3 and Comcast over their interconnection agreements. Since we had earlier predicted that attempts to regulate the provision of broadband access services would, of necessity, raise issues for Internet interconnection (Clark, Lehr et al. 2009), we were hardly surprised. Regardless of how one views the Level3/Comcast dispute or its relationship to on-going discussions about broadband access regulation, we believe that there remains an enduring public interest in ensuring a healthy Internet interconnection market and that a better understanding of the underlying economics impacting those markets is important to frame appropriate policies. Using the Level 3/Comcast dispute to seed our discussion and building on our earlier paper, we examine the changing dynamics of Internet interconnection economics. Our analysis provides a basis for understanding why revenue neutral peering with traffic-balance requirements may no longer provide a suitable framework for ISP interconnections of the sort between content-delivery networks (e.g., Level 3) and access networks (e.g., Comcast). Interconnection agreements do not just route traffic in the Internet, they also route money. Allowing money to flow from the end-users (the ultimate source of all funding other than that provided by public subsidies) to the providers of infrastructure services to allow them to recover their capacity-related costs is necessary in order to sustain infrastructure investment and a healthy Internet ecology; however, concerns about abuses of potential market power raise valid policy concerns. We present a simple model to examine these issues, and while our analysis does not lead us to advocate constraining ISPs freedom to negotiate more complex interconnection agreements, we consider a number of policy initiatives that might prove beneficial in improving transparency and market efficiency.

Download or read book Digital Crossroads second edition written by Jonathan E. Nuechterlein and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013-07-05 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thoroughly updated, comprehensive, and accessible guide to U.S. telecommunications law and policy, covering recent developments including mobile broadband issues, spectrum policy, and net neutrality. In Digital Crossroads, two experts on telecommunications policy offer a comprehensive and accessible analysis of the regulation of competition in the U.S. telecommunications industry. The first edition of Digital Crossroads (MIT Press, 2005) became an essential and uniquely readable guide for policymakers, lawyers, scholars, and students in a fast-moving and complex policy field. In this second edition, the authors have revised every section of every chapter to reflect the evolution in industry structure, technology, and regulatory strategy since 2005. The book features entirely new discussions of such topics as the explosive development of the mobile broadband ecosystem; incentive auctions and other recent spectrum policy initiatives; the FCC's net neutrality rules; the National Broadband Plan; the declining relevance of the traditional public switched telephone network; and the policy response to online video services and their potential to transform the way Americans watch television. Like its predecessor, this new edition of Digital Crossroads not only helps nonspecialists climb this field's formidable learning curve, but also makes substantive contributions to ongoing policy debates.

Download or read book Passive and Active Measurement written by Oliver Hohlfeld and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-21 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement, PAM 2022, held in March 2022. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was held virtually. The 15 full papers and 15 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The papers present emerging and early-stage research in network measurements – work that seeks to better understand complex, real-world networked systems and offer critical empirical foundations and support to network research.

Download or read book Regulating Code written by Ian Brown and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The case for a smarter “prosumer law” approach to Internet regulation that would better protect online innovation, public safety, and fundamental democratic rights. Internet use has become ubiquitous in the past two decades, but governments, legislators, and their regulatory agencies have struggled to keep up with the rapidly changing Internet technologies and uses. In this groundbreaking collaboration, regulatory lawyer Christopher Marsden and computer scientist Ian Brown analyze the regulatory shaping of “code”—the technological environment of the Internet—to achieve more economically efficient and socially just regulation. They examine five “hard cases” that illustrate the regulatory crisis: privacy and data protection; copyright and creativity incentives; censorship; social networks and user-generated content; and net neutrality. The authors describe the increasing “multistakeholderization” of Internet governance, in which user groups argue for representation in the closed business-government dialogue, seeking to bring in both rights-based and technologically expert perspectives. Brown and Marsden draw out lessons for better future regulation from the regulatory and interoperability failures illustrated by the five cases. They conclude that governments, users, and better functioning markets need a smarter “prosumer law” approach. Prosumer law would be designed to enhance the competitive production of public goods, including innovation, public safety, and fundamental democratic rights.

Download or read book The Illusion of Net Neutrality written by Bob Zelnick and published by Hoover Press. This book was released on 2013-09-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this riveting treatise, coauthors Bob Zelnick and Eva Zelnick sound the alarm on the debilitating effect that looming regulations, rules, and powerful interests would have on today's regulation-free Internet. The authors lay out the imminent threats—from “network neutrality” to FCC regulations—that would rob this global, society-changing, communication powerhouse forever of its full potential.

Download or read book The Dynamic Internet written by Christopher S. Yoo and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2012 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a comprehensive history of the Internet and efforts to regulate its use. Yoo contends that rather than engaging in prescriptive regulatory oversight, the government should promote competition in other ways, such as reducing costs for consumers, lowering entry barriers for new producers, and increasing transparency.

Download or read book A Modern Guide to the Digitalization of Infrastructure written by Montero, Juan and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-09-23 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a coherent and multidisciplinary approach to digitalization, this Modern Guide aims to systematize how the digitalization process affects infrastructure-based industries, including telecommunications, transport, energy, water and postal services.

Download or read book Research Handbook on Governance of the Internet written by Ian Brown and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Internet is now a key part of everyday life across the developed world, and growing rapidly across developing countries. This Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on Internet governance, written by the leading scholars in the field. With an international focus, it features contributions from lawyers, economists and political scientists across North America, Europe and Australia. They adopt a broad multidisciplinary perspective, taking in law, economics, political science, international relations, and communications studies. Thought-provoking chapters cover topics such as ICANN, the Internet Governance Forum, grassroots activism, innovation, human rights, privacy in social networks, and network neutrality. Being a forward-looking guide for the next decade, this Research Handbook will strongly appeal to scholars and graduate students in the social sciences studying and researching Internet governance, political scientists, economists, lawyers and computer scientists working on governance issues, as well as regulators and policymakers responsible for Internet governance in national governments and intergovernmental organisations.

Download or read book The Evolution of Economic and Innovation Systems written by Andreas Pyka and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-03 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is at the cutting edge of the ongoing ‘neo-Schumpeterian’ research program that investigates how economic growth and its fluctuation can be understood as the outcome of a historical process of economic evolution. Much of modern evolutionary economics has relied upon biological analogy, especially about natural selection. Although this is valid and useful, evolutionary economists have, increasingly, begun to build their analytical representations of economic evolution on understandings derived from complex systems science. In this book, the fact that economic systems are, necessarily, complex adaptive systems is explored, both theoretically and empirically, in a range of contexts. Throughout, there is a primary focus upon the interconnected processes of innovation and entrepreneurship, which are the ultimate sources of all economic growth. Twenty two chapters are provided by renowned experts in the related fields of evolutionary economics and the economics of innovation.

Download or read book Economics of Information Security and Privacy III written by Bruce Schneier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-25 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS) is the leading forum for interdisciplinary scholarship on information security, combining expertise from the fields of economics, social science, business, law, policy and computer science. Prior workshops have explored the role of incentives between attackers and defenders, identified market failures dogging Internet security, and assessed investments in cyber-defense. Current contributions build on past efforts using empirical and analytic tools to not only understand threats, but also strengthen security through novel evaluations of available solutions. Economics of Information Security and Privacy III addresses the following questions: how should information risk be modeled given the constraints of rare incidence and high interdependence; how do individuals' and organizations' perceptions of privacy and security color their decision making; how can we move towards a more secure information infrastructure and code base while accounting for the incentives of stakeholders?

Download or read book The Internet Interconnection Conundrum written by Cameron Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interconnection issues associated with Internet Protocol (IP) networks and applications are fundamentally different and more complex than those applications that telecommunications legislation, regulation, and policy makers have previously grappled with. The Internet Interconnection Conundrum presents a layered policy framework to interconnection. This incomparable guide will help broaden exposure to interconnection analysis issues. Drawing on their extensive knowledge in information systems, research analysis, and computer science, authors Cameron I. Cooper, Joshua L Mindel, and Douglas C. Sicker discuss the following topics: · Telecommunications policy · Uniqueness of interconnection · Framework for interconnection · Application of framework · Policy implications Complete with a comprehensive appendix and helpful tables, The Internet Interconnection Conundrum is an invaluable tool for telecommunications policy makers, Internet service providers, analysts, business professionals, academics, and students who wish to better understand and evaluate internet interconnection problems amongst networks.

Download or read book Interconnection and Traffic Exchange on the Internet written by BITAG Technical Working Group and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Executive Summary: The term “interconnection” refers to the various means by which network providers attach to and move traffic between one another, and is a collection of business practices and technical mechanisms that allow individually managed networks to connect together for this purpose. There is no central authority that manages Internet interconnection - the overall system arises because of the many bilateral and multilateral decisions that various actors make to interconnect. In contrast to the telephone system, where interconnection is performed in a highly regulated environment, interconnection in the Internet (in most parts of the world) remains a private-sector matter. The topic of Internet interconnection is receiving increased attention as the Internet ecosystem continues to evolve. Networks of all types interconnect among one another, including those of Internet access providers, content providers, academic institutions, and commercial enterprises. Internet connectivity is achieved by passing pieces of data, called packets, from a connected device through networking equipment, known as routers, operated by one or more network providers until those packets are delivered to the desired destination. The mechanisms that implement interconnection thus serve both technical and business purposes, and discussion concerning the technology of interconnection must, of necessity, refer to business issues to some extent - as many of the mechanisms can only be understood in that context. Network interconnection in the United States has evolved significantly since the early days of the Internet, and today is a complex amalgam of models incorporating new connectivity options, delivery options, traffic management requirements and business practices. It is important to note the difference between the two dominant forms of interconnection, which are: (1) transit - where access to every publicly reachable destination on the Internet is provided for a fee; and (2) peering - where customer traffic is exchanged between two networks and the access provided is only to each other's network and customers. Further, when two networks peer there can also be both “settlement free” (without requiring payment) and paid arrangements. Network operators are motivated to peer for a variety of reasons that may include both business and technical motivations. Each network operator stipulates the technical and operational criteria used to evaluate what networks they will interconnect with, and many of these requirements are made publicly available online. Connecting networks does not come without costs, and a decision to interconnect requires careful consideration of the benefits compared to the costs incurred to connect at each location. The two common options for interconnection are either through a private bilateral arrangement between two networks using a dedicated physical connection (called a “direct interconnection”), or a multilateral arrangement where all networks connect into a public Internet Exchange switch. An Internet Exchange is a service that uses a switch infrastructure (sometimes referred to as a switch fabric or peering exchange) to provide connectivity between multiple networks. Interconnection methods are constantly evolving, and one of the more important developments in interconnection is the use of content delivery networks (CDNs). CDNs provide a more efficient means of distributing content by placing content and applications on servers distributed closer to, and sometimes within, the destination network - essentially bringing data (e.g., popular content) closer to the requestor instead of delivering the data across a potentially significant portion of the Internet. The introduction of CDNs and IXs has contributed to the “flattening” of the historic hierarchical model of Internet interconnection. Internet traffic has grown rapidly since the Internet's inception, and this has often been driven by the growth of popular applications. Managing the exchange of Internet traffic between networks is accomplished primarily through the use of an inter-network routing protocol called the Boarder Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP offers network administrators the ability to implement routing policy, or in other words how traffic flows through a network. BGP's design offers limited support for inbound (traffic destined into one's network) traffic control. Peering connections are increasingly the primary interconnection paths between networks, supplanting the model of hierarchical interconnection via a small group of long-distance network providers. In most cases, two parties seeking to interconnect are able to come to terms. In some cases after an agreement is reached, however, traffic volumes or other factors may change, which in rare cases may lead to “de-peering” events if the changes are significant enough. More commonly, such changes lead to a renegotiation of the manner or type of interconnection agreement between the two parties. Although peering disputes over traffic imbalances, and other reasons, are not new, peering disputes in the U.S. have been increasingly publicized in recent years. In some cases traffic can flow contrary to the intentions of network operators, either in error or due to malicious activity. There are a number of important security considerations when connecting two networks. There are numerous types of attacks, as well as various motivations that may drive attackers. There are also a number of potential mitigations, as well as efforts to make routing more secure through new routing protocol extensions, notably RPKI and BGPSec. This report provides a reference on the subject of Internet interconnection, and presents a detailed review on how networks connect, the development and changes in connection models, motivations for connection, how networks manage traffic between each other and some of the challenges that arise as networks evolve.

Download or read book Hub Cities in the Knowledge Economy written by Sven Conventz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-13 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overarching research topic addressed in this book is the complex and multifaceted interaction between infrastructural accessibility/connectivity of city-regions on the one hand and knowledge generation in these city-regions on the other hand. To this end, the book brings together chapters analysing how infrastructural accessibility is related to changing patterns of business location of knowledge-intensive industries in city-regions. The chapters in this book specifically dwell on recent manifestations of and developments in the accessibility/knowledge-nexus, with a particular metageographical focus on how this materializes in major city-regions. In the different chapters, this shifting relation is broached from different perspectives (seaports, airports, brainports), at different scales (ranging from global-scale analyses to case studies), and by adopting a variety of methodologies (straddling the wide variety of methodological approaches currently adopted in human geography research). Researchers contributing to this edited volume come from different scholarly backgrounds (sociology, human geography, regional planning), which allows for a varied treatise of this research topic.

Download or read book International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities written by Ben Derudder and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook offers an unrivalled overview of current research into how globalization is affecting the external relations and internal structures of major cities in the world. By treating cities at a global scale, it focuses on the 'stretching' of urban functions beyond specific place locations, without losing sight of the multiple divisions in contemporary world cities. The book firmly bases city networks in their historical context, critically discusses contemporary concepts and key empirical measures, and analyses major issues relating to world city infrastructures, economies, governance and divisions. The variety of urban outcomes in contemporary globalization is explored through detailed case studies. Edited by leading scholars of the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network and written by over 60 experts in the field, the Handbook is a unique resource for students, researchers and academics in urban and globalization studies as well as for city professionals in planning and policy.

Download or read book Network neutrality written by Christopher T. Marsden and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-23 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC) open access license. Net neutrality is the most contested Internet access policy of our time. This book offers an in-depth explanation of the concept, addressing its history since 1999, its engineering, the policy challenges it represents and its legislation and regulation. Various case studies are presented, including Specialized Services and Content Delivery Networks for video over the Internet, and the book goes on to examine the future of net neutrality battles in Europe, the United States and developing countries, as well as offering co-regulatory solutions based on FRAND and non-exclusivity. It will be a must-read for researchers and advocates in the net neutrality debate, as well as those interested in the context of communications regulation, law and economic regulation, human rights discourse and policy, and the impact of science and engineering on policy and governance.