Download or read book The Evolution of the Vertebral Column written by H. F. Gadow and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-02 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1933, this book is a culmination of a lifetime of research by Hans Friedrich Gadow into the evolution of the vertebrae. Gadow outlines the various forms of vertebral development as a guide to larger and more general questions on the morphological scheme of the evolution of vertebrate creatures, and uses plentiful diagrams, photographs and reconstructions to trace spinal development. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of science.

Download or read book Spinal Evolution written by Ella Been and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-07 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vertebral spine is a key element of the human anatomy. Its main role is to protect the spinal cord and the main blood vessels. The axial skeleton, with its muscles and joints, provides stability for the attachment of the head, tail and limbs and, at the same time, enables the mobility required for breathing and for locomotion. Despite its great importance, the vertebral spine is often over looked by researchers because: a) vertebrae are fragile in nature, which makes their fossilization a rare event; b) they are metameric (seriated and repeated elements) that make their anatomical determination and, thus, their subsequent study difficult; and c) the plethora of bones and joints involved in every movement or function of the axial skeleton makes the reconstruction of posture, breathing mechanics and locomotion extremely difficult. It is well established that the spine has changed dramatically during human evolution. Spinal curvatures, spinal load transmission, and thoracic shape of bipedal humans are derived among hominoids. Yet, there are many debates as to how and when these changes occurred and to their phylogenetic, functional, and pathological implications. In recent years, renewed interest arose in the axial skeleton. New and exciting finds, mostly from Europe and Africa, as well as new methods for reconstructing the spine, have been introduced to the research community. New methodologies such as Finite Element Analysis, trabecular bone analysis, Geometric Morphometric analysis, and gait analysis have been applied to the spines of primates and humans. These provide a new and refreshing look into the evolution of the spine. Advanced biomechanical research regarding posture, range of motion, stability, and attenuation of the human spine has interesting evolutionary implications. Until now, no book that summarizes the updated research and knowledge regarding spinal evolution in hominoids has been available. The present book explores both these new methodologies and new data, including recent fossil, morphological, biomechanical, and theoretical advances regarding vertebral column evolution. In order to cover all of that data, we divide the book into four parts: 1) the spine of hominoids; 2) the vertebral spine of extinct hominins; 3) ontogeny, biomechanics and pathology of the human spine; and 4) new methodologies of spinal research. These parts complement each other and provide a wide and comprehensive examination of spinal evolution.

Download or read book The Evolution of the Vertebral Column written by Hans Gadow and published by . This book was released on 1933 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Notochord written by P. Eckhard Witten and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-05-09 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although it is the defining organ of the Chordata, the notochord and its cells are one of the least understood vertebrate organs. This may be because large parts of the notochord are often replaced with cartilaginous or bony vertebral bodies. The presence of cartilage in the notochord raises questions about the evolutionary relationships between notochord cells and cartilage cells. This book integrates classical analytical studies with recent palaeontological, experimental, and molecular studies in both developmental and evolutionary contexts. For example, although the early signaling function of the notochord is conserved across the vertebrates, many will be surprised to find that the role of the notochord in vertebral body development in tetrapods is not the blueprint for all vertebrates. Recent studies on zebrafish and medaka embryos have uncovered the molecular mechanisms of a somite-independent notochord-driven segmentation process that establishes vertebral centra and intervertebral spaces. As this process is not restricted to teleosts, the authors have written a general discussion about the role of the notochord in vertebral formation. Modularity and segmentation of the vertebral column are related topics. Further overarching themes are the structure, function and fate of the notochord in adult vertebrates and notochord–cartilage relationships. Key Features The first book devoted to notochord development, function and evolution Includes and integrates information on the notochord from studies going back 169 years Integrates developmental, molecular, functional, experimental and palaeontological studies Documents the fate of the notochord across the vertebrates Extensively illustrated with classical and new images Related Titles Bard, J. Evolution: The Origins and Mechanisms of Diversity (ISNB 978-0-3673-5701-6) Leys, S. and Hejnol. A. Origin and Evolution of Metazoan Cell Types (ISBN 978-1-1380-3269-9)

Download or read book Surgery of the Spine and Spinal Cord written by Erik van de Kelft and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers essential guidance on selecting the most appropriate surgical management option for a variety of spinal conditions, including idiopathic problems, and degenerative disease. While the first part of the book discusses the neuroanatomy and biomechanics of the spine, pain mechanisms, and imaging techniques, the second guides the reader through the diagnostic process and treatment selection for disorders of the different regions of the spine, based on the principles of evidence-based medicine. I.e., it clearly explains why a particular technique should be selected for a specific patient on the basis of the available evidence, which is carefully reviewed. The book identifies potential complications and highlights technical pearls, describing newer surgical techniques and illustrating them with the help of images and accompanying videos. Though primarily intended for neurosurgeons, the book will also be of interest to orthopaedic surgeons, specialists in physical medicine, and pain specialists. ​

Download or read book The Vertebrate IntegumentVolume 1 written by Theagarten Lingham-Soliar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-18 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vertebrate integument arose about 450 million years ago as an ‘armour’ of dermal bony plates in small, jawless fish-like creatures, informally known as the ostracoderms. This book reviews the major changes that have occurred in the vertebrate integument from its beginnings to the present day. Critical questions concerning the origin, structure and functional biology of the bony integument are discussed and intrinsically linked to major steps in vertebrate evolution and phylogeny—the origin of jaws and the origin of teeth. The discussions include the origins of mineralization of major vertebrate skeletal components such as the dermatocranium, branchial arches and vertebral column. The advances that led to the origin of modern fishes and their phylogenetic development are reviewed and include the evolution of fins and replacement of the bony plates with several types of dermal scales. The evolution of reptiles saw a major transformation of the integument, with the epidermis becoming the protective outermost layer, from which the scales arose, while the dermis lay below it. The biological significance of the newly-evolved β-keratin in reptilian scales, among the toughest natural materials known, is discussed in the context of its major contribution to the great success of reptiles and to the evolution of feathers and avian flight. The dermis in many vertebrates is strengthened by layers of oppositely oriented cross-fibres, now firmly entrenched as a design principle of biomechanics. Throughout the book conventional ideas are discussed and a number of new hypotheses are presented in light of the latest developments. The long evolutionary history of vertebrates indicates that the significance of the Darwinian concept of “survival of the fittest” may be overstated, including in our own mammalian origins and that chance often plays a major role in evolutionary patterns. Extensive illustrations are included to support the verbal descriptions. Professor Theagarten Lingham-Soliar is in the Department of Life Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Download or read book Evolution of the Structure and Function of the Notochord written by Brian Keith Hall and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although it is the defining organ of Chordates, the notochord is perhaps the least understood of vertebrate organs because it is usually considered a transient structure only present in early embryonic development. Most tetrapods replace the notochord with cartilaginous or bony vertebral bodies and remnants of the notochord persist as intra- or intervertebral spaces and intervertebral discs. The presence of cartilage in the notochord of some tetrapods raises further important questions on the evolutionary relationships between notochordal cells and cartilage cells. This book explores these patterns of relationships between the notochord and vertebral axial chondrogenesis.

Download or read book Hyman s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy written by Libbie Henrietta Hyman and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1992-09-15 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book, now in its third edition, is to introduce the morphology of vertebrates in a context that emphasizes a comparison of structire and of the function of structural units. The comparative method involves the analysis of the history of structure in both developmental and evolutionary frameworks. The nature of adaptation is the key to this analysis. Adaptation of a species to its environment, as revealed by its structure, function, and reproductive success, is the product of mutation and natural selection–the process of evolution. The evolution of structure and function, then, is the theme of this book which presents, system by system, the evolution of structure and function of vertebrates. Each chapter presents the major evolutionary trends of an organ system, with instructions for laboratory exploration of these trends included so the student can integrate concept with example.

Download or read book Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Column written by Scott A. Williams and published by . This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a study of the numerical composition of the vertebral column, the central structure of the vertebrate body plan and one that plays an instrumental role in locomotion and posture. Recent models of hominoid vertebral evolution invoke very different roles for homology and homoplasy in the evolution of vertebral formulae in living and extinct hominoids. These processes are fundamental to the emergence of morphological structures and reflect similarity by common descent (homology) or similarity by independent evolution (homoplasy). Although the "short backs," reflecting reduced lumbar regions, of living hominoids have traditionally been interpreted as homologies and shared derived characters (synapomorphies) of the ape and human clade, recent studies of variation in extant hominoid vertebral formulae have challenged this hypothesis. Instead, a "long-back" model, in which primitive, long lumbar regions are retained throughout hominoid evolution and are reduced independently in six lineages of modern hominoids, is proposed. The recently described skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus is interpreted to support the long-back model. Here, larger samples are collected and placed in a larger phylogenetic context than previous studies. Analyses of over 8,000 mammal specimens, representing all major groups and focusing on anthropoid primates, allow for the reconstruction of ancestral vertebral formulae throughout mammalian evolution and a determination of the uniqueness of hominoid vertebral formulae. This survey, in combination with analyses of intraspecific diversity and interspecific similarity, suggests that reduced lumbar regions are homologous in extant hominoids. Furthermore, hominoid vertebral formulae are unique among primates and relatively unique among mammals in general. Hominins likely evolved five lumbar vertebrae from a short-backed ancestor with an "African ape-like" vertebral profile. By the appearance of Australopithecus, hominins evolved a cranial placement of the diaphragmatic (one that bears a change in articular facet orientation) vertebra, which generates a functionally longer lower spine while maintaining five lumbar vertebrae. In light of these findings, it is proposed that bipedalism evolved in a party arboreal, partly terrestrial African ape-like locomotor context.

Download or read book Spinal Anatomy written by Jean Marc Vital and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-16 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This richly illustrated and comprehensive book covers a broad range of normal and pathologic conditions of the vertebral column, from its embryology to its development, its pathology, its dynamism and its degeneration. The dynamic anatomy of the living subject is viewed using the latest technologies, opening new perspectives to elucidate the pathology of the spine and improve spinal surgery. The respective chapters review in depth all sections of the vertebral column and offer new insights, e.g. the 3D study of vertebral movements using the “EOS system,” which makes it possible to define an equilibrium of posture and its limits. New histological and chemical findings on the intervertebral disc, as well as detailed descriptions of the aponeuroses and fasciae, are also provided. Bringing together the experience of several experts from the well-known French school, this book offers a valuable companion for skilled experts and postgraduate students in various fields: orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, physiotherapy, rheumatology, musculoskeletal therapy, rehabilitation, and kinesiology.

Download or read book Biomechanics of the Spine written by Fabio Galbusera and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-04-23 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomechanics of the Spine encompasses the basics of spine biomechanics, spinal tissues, spinal disorders and treatment methods. Organized into four parts, the first chapters explore the functional anatomy of the spine, with special emphasis on aspects which are biomechanically relevant and quite often neglected in clinical literature. The second part describes the mechanics of the individual spinal tissues, along with commonly used testing set-ups and the constitutive models used to represent them in mathematical studies. The third part covers in detail the current methods which are used in spine research: experimental testing, numerical simulation and in vivo studies (imaging and motion analysis). The last part covers the biomechanical aspects of spinal pathologies and their surgical treatment. This valuable reference is ideal for bioengineers who are involved in spine biomechanics, and spinal surgeons who are looking to broaden their biomechanical knowledge base. The contributors to this book are from the leading institutions in the world that are researching spine biomechanics. Includes broad coverage of spine disorders and surgery with a biomechanical focus Summarizes state-of-the-art and cutting-edge research in the field of spine biomechanics Discusses a variety of methods, including In vivo and In vitro testing, and finite element and musculoskeletal modeling

Download or read book Evolution and Development of Fishes written by Zerina Johanson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World-class palaeontologists and biologists summarise the state-of-the-art on fish evolution and development.

Download or read book Vertebral Body Augmentation Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in Spine Surgery written by Stefano Telera and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-23 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an updated and comprehensive review of the role of vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty and augmentation techniques in all fields of orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and interventional radiology. Addressing the latest advances in terms of the materials used and combined approaches with other mini-invasive techniques, it reveals how vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty and various augmentation techniques could become instrumental to helping patients with specific vertebral compression fractures or other diseases of the vertebral column. The book includes a detailed history of the techniques’ development, descriptions of the materials used in the last twenty years, and extensive information on the biomechanical basis, anatomy and current indications for vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty and augmentation. In addition, it highlights representative cases to enhance readers’ understanding of each topic, and particular attention is paid to the innovative evolution of the techniques and to their combination with other mini-invasive approaches, stents and brachytherapy. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable guide for all neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons, and interventional radiologists whose work involves spine pathologies and their treatment.

Download or read book Carnivore Behavior Ecology and Evolution written by John L. Gittleman and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-15 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mammalian order Carnivora is characterized by an incredible range of morphological, ecological, and behavioral variation. Carnivores can be as small as the 100-gram least weasel or as large as the 800-kilogram polar bear. Their reproductive rate can vary from one offspring every five years, as with some black bears, to three litters a year, as with the dwarf mongoose. Group sizes can be traced along a wide continuum, from the solitary ermine to the monogamous golden jackal to the large extended packs of as many as 80 spotted hyenas. Until recently the general habits of most wild carnivore species were inadequately understood. In the last decade, however, improved technologies, including the use of radiotelemetry and night-vision scopes, have led to many important discoveries. This book is at once a critical summary and an evaluation of current research on carnivores. A worthy successor to R.F. Ewer's monumental volume, The Carnivores (Cornell University Press), it is the work of 30 leading carnivore biologists, who here assemble comparative data on the basic anatomical, behavioral, ecological, physiological, reproductive, and evolutionary characteristics of this group. After a general introduction to the Carnivora, the volume is divided in three parts, each of which begins with a brief introduction outlining its main themes. Part I, Behavior, covers acoustic and olfactory communication, behavioral development, behavioral ecology of canids and hyaenids, modes of solitary living, and group living. In Part II, Ecology, topics include feeding ecology of the giant panda and Asiatic black bear, adatpations for aquatic living, ecological constraints on predation in felids, consequences of small size in mustelids, rate of basal metabolism and food habits, and reproductive output. Part III, Evolution, deals with the morphological approaches to phylogeny, and the fossil record. An appendix presents a complete classification of the Carnivora, including topics of continuing controversy. Highlighting recent developments in the study of the Carnivora and areas for further research, this broad synthesis will be of great value of students and researchers in animal behavior, behavioral ecology, wildlife ecology, mammalogy, paleontology, systematics, and evolution theory. It will also encourage realistic conservation programs to manage rapidly diminishing populations and will elucidate particular features of the carnivores for nonspecialist readers.

Download or read book Spinal Osteotomy written by Yan Wang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spinal osteotomy techniques have been dramatically applied as a standard method for severe and rigid spinal deformity. Although clinical results indicate that patients who undergo osteotomy procedures typically experience well deformity correction and ameliorate the clinical appearance, aggressive peri-operative risks and follow-up complications are not rare. More meticulous and standard indication selection, osteotomy plan design and complication prevention strategy and outcome evaluation are critically needed for surgeon majored in spine deformity. The book Spinal Osteotomy is divided into sections that focus on principles of spinal osteotomy, technical and case illustration and outcomes and complications as well as computer navigation and other latest techniques. Each section is heavily illustrated and clearly written for ease of understanding. Orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeon residents and fellows who want to focus on spinal deformity correction will find this instructive and invaluable.

Download or read book The Spine Handbook written by Mehul Desai and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spinal disorders, especially neck and back pain, are frequent yet challenging for physicians to manage. While most texts are highly subspecialized or focus on only a specific area of management, The Spine Handbook provides a thorough overview of the entire spine and interdisciplinary treatment of common spinal conditions. Sections build from the foundations of history and examination, radiological imaging, and behavioral assessment through the core topics of both interventional and surgical options, as well as exploring emerging and special conditions, and neuromodulation. Chapters are written by experts from a wide array of fields, including physical therapists, radiologists, psychologists, physiatrists, anesthesiologists, orthopedic spine surgeons, and neurosurgeons. Each chapter contains key points to summarize content and discussions of anatomy, pathophysiology, presentation, imaging, and treatment options. This comprehensive handbook provides the fundamental diagnostic and therapeutic information needed to effectively deliver 'best practice' care for spinal disorders, making it a must-read for physicians of any training level that may encounter or treat spinal disorders.

Download or read book Essential Clinical Anesthesia written by Charles Vacanti and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-07-11 with total page 1191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The clinical practice of anesthesia has undergone many advances in the past few years, making this the perfect time for a new state-of-the-art anesthesia textbook for practitioners and trainees. The goal of this book is to provide a modern, clinically focused textbook giving rapid access to comprehensive, succinct knowledge from experts in the field. All clinical topics of relevance to anesthesiology are organized into 29 sections consisting of more than 180 chapters. The print version contains 166 chapters that cover all of the essential clinical topics, while an additional 17 chapters on subjects of interest to the more advanced practitioner can be freely accessed at www.cambridge.org/vacanti. Newer techniques such as ultrasound nerve blocks, robotic surgery and transesophageal echocardiography are included, and numerous illustrations and tables assist the reader in rapidly assimilating key information. This authoritative text is edited by distinguished Harvard Medical School faculty, with contributors from many of the leading academic anesthesiology departments in the United States and an introduction from Dr S. R. Mallampati. This book is your essential companion when preparing for board review and recertification exams and in your daily clinical practice.