Download or read book The Equilibrium Phase Behavior of Several Solute Gases in the Solvent Phenanthrene written by Robert L. Robinson and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Phase Behavior of Light Gases in Hydrocarbon and Aqueous Solvents written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under previous support from the Department of Energy, an experimental facility has been established and operated to measure valuable vapor-liquid equilibrium data for systems of interest in the production and processing of coal fluids. To facilitate the development and testing of models for prediction of the phase behavior for such systems, we have acquired substantial amounts of data on the equilibrium phase compositions for binary mixtures of heavy hydrocarbon solvents with a variety of supercritical solutes, including hydrogen, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The present project focuses on measuring the phase behavior of light gases and water in Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) type solvents at conditions encountered in indirect liquefaction processes and evaluating and developing theoretically-based correlating frameworks to predict the phase behavior of such systems. Specific goals of the proposed work include (a) developing a state-of-the-art experimental facility to permit highly accurate measurements of equilibrium phase compositions (solubilities) of challenging F-T systems, (b) measuring these properties for systematically-selected binary, ternary and molten F-T wax mixtures to provide critically needed input data for correlation development, (c) developing and testing models suitable for describing the phase behavior of such mixtures, and (d) presenting the modeling results in generalized, practical formats suitable for use in process engineering calculations. During the present reporting period, our solubility apparatus was refurbished and restored to full service. To test the experimental apparatus and procedures used, measurements were obtained for the solubility Of C02 in benzene at 160°F. Having confirmed the accuracy of the newly acquired data in comparison with our previous measurements and data reported in the literature for this test system, we have begun to measure the solubility of hydrogen in hexane. The measurements for this system will cover the temperature range from 160 to 280°F at pressures to 2,500 psia. As part of our model evaluation efforts, we examined the predictive abilities of an alternative approach we have proposed for calculating the phase behavior properties of highly non-ideal systems. Using this approach, the liquid phase fugacities generated from an equation of state (EOS) are augmented by a fugacity deviation function correction. The correlative abilities of this approach are compared with those of an EOS equipped with the recently introduced Wong-Sandler (MWS) mixing rules. These two approaches are compared with the current methods for vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) calculations, i.e., the EOS (0/0) approach with the van der Waals mixing rules and the split (y/0) approach. The evaluations were conducted on a database comprised of non-ideal low pressure binary systems as well as asymmetric high pressure binary systems. These systems are of interest in the coal liquefaction and utilization processes. The Peng-Robinson EOS was selected for the purposes of this evaluation.
Download or read book Solubility of Gases in Liquids written by Peter Fogg and published by . This book was released on 1991-01-29 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gives a critical and detailed survey of the solubility in a wide range of liquids of all gases in common use. The first part covers basic theoretical and practical aspects of the measurement of solubilities of gases. Limitations in the reliability of the available data are discussed and ways of predicting approximate solubilities of gases are indicated. Tables of solubility data for dissolution in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents are also included. Also contains diagrams and graphs that show the variation of solubility with pressure or temperature. Will leave the reader with a solid overview of the differing gas solubilities under conditions commonly encountered in chemical plants and laboratories.
Download or read book The Principles of Gas Extraction written by Peter Ferguson Maclachlan Paul and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Equilibrium and Volumetric Data and Model Development of Coal Fluids written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long term goal of our efforts is to develop accurate predictive methods for description of equilibrium phase properties for a variety of types of mixtures and operating conditions. The specific objectives of the work specified herein include: (1) development of an experimental facility having the capability to provide data on equilibrium phase compositions (solubilities) and liquid densities, and doing so with greater accuracy and speed than our previous facility, (2) measurement of equilibrium phase properties for systematically-selected mixtures-specifically those containing important solute gases (such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, carbonyl sulfide, ammonia) in a series of heavy paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic solvents (e.g., n-decane, n-eicosane, n-octacosane, n-hexatriacontane, cyclohexane, Decalin, perhydrophenanthrene, perhydropyrene, benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene), (3) testing/development of correlation frameworks for representing the phase behavior of fluids of the type encountered in coal conversion processes, and (4) generalization of parameters in the correlation frameworks to enable accurate predictions for systems of the type studied, permitting predictions to be made for systems and conditions other than those for which experimental data are available.
Download or read book Equilibrium written by Thomas R. Blackburn and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Energy Surfaces and Discrete Solvent Environments in Solution phase Chemical Bond Breaking written by Andy Vong and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solvent dynamics are varied, complex, and can even change during the course of a chemical reaction. At the same time, they can be important for understanding the physics of solution-phase chemistry, thus requiring a framework for which to think about solvent effects. On one side, energy surfaces capture the average behavior of the reaction dynamics, but it is not clear how energy surfaces for solution-phase reactions ought to be constructed. On the other side, response functions capture the solvent fluctuations and provide information on how the solvent responds to changes of reacting solutes. This thesis explores the nature of solvent dynamics during the course of a bond-breaking reaction using the simulated photodissociation dynamics of Na$_2^+$ in liquid Ar and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Following the introduction, Chapter 2, reprinted with permission from Andy Vong, Devon R. Widmer, and Benjamin J. Schwartz ``Nonequilibrium Solvent Effects During Photodissociation in Liquids: Dynamical Energy Surfaces, Caging and Chemical Identity" \textit{J. Phys. Chem. Lett.} \textbf{2020}, \textit{11}, 9230--9238, identifies key photodissociation dynamics in Ar and THF and how energy surfaces for solution-phase reactions may be constructed. The potential energy surfaces of solution-phase reactions are generally inherited from gas-phase potentials or calculated by assuming that the solvent is in equilibrium with the solute, commonly referred to as the potential of mean force. For photodissociation reactions, which are molecularly ``violent", it is unlikely for the solvent to remain at equilibrium with the dissociating solute. Alternatively, a time-integral of work expression can directly capture the nonequilibrium dynamics to create a dynamical, nonequilibrium energy surface. For Na$_2^+$ in liquid Ar, the dynamical energy surface shows clear signatures of solvent caging, and the degree of caging is directly related to the mass of the solvent atoms. For Na$_2^+$ in liquid THF, local specific interactions between the solute and solvent lead to changes in chemical identity that create a kinetic trap that effectively prevents the molecule from dissociating. For both systems, this time-integral of work expression captures the key nonequilibrium effects during bond breaking, providing an example of how solution-phase energy surfaces may be constructed and indicating how both a gas-phase energy surface and potential of mean force are inadequate for describing solution-phase dynamics. In Chapter 3, reprinted with permission from Andy Vong and Benjamin J. Schwartz ``Bond-Breaking Reactions Encounter Distinct Solvent Environments Causing Breakdown of Linear Response" \textit{J. Phys. Chem. Lett.} \textbf{2022}, \textit{13}, 6783--6791, the nature of the solvent dynamics during the photodissociation of Na$_2^+$ in liquid Ar are followed along the bond-length coordinate. Surprisingly, we find that the solute experiences a small number of solvent environments that change in a discrete fashion as the bond lengthens. We also test a common assumption about nonequilibrium solvent fluctuations, the linear response approximation, and find that linear response fails by all measures, even when nonstationarity of solvent dynamics is considered. The observation of distinct solvent response environments with a solvent that can undergo only translational motions highlights the complexity of solute-solvent interactions, but that there are only a few environments give hope to the idea that solvation dynamics can be understood for solution-phase reactions that explore a wide configuration space, such as photodissociation. In Chapter 4, reprinted with permission from Andy Vong, Kenneth J. Mei, Devon R. Widmer, and Benjamin J. Schwartz ``Solvent Control of Chemical Identity Can Change Photodissociation into Photoisomerization" \textit{J. Phys. Chem. Lett.} \textbf{2022}, \textit{13}, 7931--7938, we improve upon the dynamical energy surface of Na$_2^+$ in THF by explicitly considering the motion of neighboring solvent molecules. Moderate locally-specific solute-solvent interactions can make it more appropriate to think of neighboring solvent molecules as a part of the solute's chemical identity. By focusing on the dynamics of a Na$_2$(THF)$_n^+$ complex, rather than just Na$_2^+$, we identify a second reaction coordinate and formulate a two-dimensional dynamical energy surface. This new energy surface highlights how solvent effects changes what would be a strictly dissociative reaction in the gas phase into a two-step, sequential reaction with the first step similar to a photoisomerization reaction, and the second step being a weakly dissociative step. Overall, this work serves as a reference point for developing a framework for thinking about solution-phase chemistry by considering how energy surfaces might be constructed for these reactions and detailing how the solute can experience discrete changes in solvent dynamics and environments
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Equilibrium and Volumetric Data and Model Development of Coal Fluids Quarterly Report January 1 1992 March 31 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long term goal of our efforts is to develop accurate predictive methods for description of equilibrium phase properties for a variety of types of mixtures and operating conditions. The specific objectives of the work specified herein include: (1) development of an experimental facility having the capability to provide data on equilibrium phase compositions (solubilities) and liquid densities, and doing so with greater accuracy and speed than our previous facility, (2) measurement of equilibrium phase properties for systematically-selected mixtures-specifically those containing important solute gases (such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, carbonyl sulfide, ammonia) in a series of heavy paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic solvents (e.g., n-decane, n-eicosane, n-octacosane, n-hexatriacontane, cyclohexane, Decalin, perhydrophenanthrene, perhydropyrene, benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene), (3) testing/development of correlation frameworks for representing the phase behavior of fluids of the type encountered in coal conversion processes, and (4) generalization of parameters in the correlation frameworks to enable accurate predictions for systems of the type studied, permitting predictions to be made for systems and conditions other than those for which experimental data are available.
Download or read book Supercritical Fluids written by E. Kiran and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 775 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical fluids which are neither gas nor liquid, but can be compressed gradually from low to high density, are gaining increasing importance as tunable solvents and reaction media in the chemical process industry. By adjusting the pressure, or more strictly the density, the properties of these fluids are customized and manipulated for the particular process at hand, be it a physical transformation, such as separation or solvation, or a chemical transformation, such as a reaction or reactive extraction. Supercritical fluids, however, differ from both gases and liquids in many respects. In order to properly understand and describe their properties, it is necessary to know the implications of their nearness to criticality, to be aware of the complex types of phase separation (including solid phases) that occur when the components of the fluid mixture are very different from each other, and to develop theories that can cope with the large differences in molecular size and shape of the supercritical solvent and the solutes that are present.
Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Equilibrium and Volumetric Data and Model Development for Coal Fluids Final Report October 1 1990 September 30 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under continued support from DOE, an experimental facility has been established and operated to measure valuable vapor-liquid equilibrium data for systems of interest in the production and processing of coal fluids. To facilitate the development and testing of models for predicting the phase behavior for such systems, we have acquired substantial amounts of data on the equilibrium phase compositions for binary mixtures of heavy hydrocarbon solvents with the supercritical solutes hydrogen, methane, ethane, CO, and CO[sub 2]. During the course of this project, solubility data were obtained on twenty-two binary mixtures of CO, hydrogen, or nitrogen in a series of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic solvents (decane, eicosane, octacosane, hexatriacontane, cyclohexane, decalin, benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene). The measurements were conducted at temperatures from 310 to 433 K, pressures to 22 MPa, and solute mole fraction from 0.01 to 0.30. Estimated errors of the measured gas solubilities in the selected solvents are less than 0.001. Specific accomplishments of this project included (a) upgrading our experimental facility to permit highly accurate measurements of equilibrium phase compositions (solubilities) and phase densities; (b) measuring these properties for systematically-selected binary mixtures to provide critically needed input data for correlation development; (c) developing and testing models suitable for describing the phase behavior of coal-fluid mixtures, and the modeling results in generalized, practical formats suitable for use in process engineering calculations.
Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Technology for Drug Product Development written by Peter York and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-03-23 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interconnecting the fundamentals of supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies, their current and anticipated utility in drug delivery, and process engineering advances from related methodological domains and pharmaceutical applications, this volume unlocks the potential of supercritical fluids to further the development of improved pharmaceutical products-from drug powders for respiratory delivery to drug delivery systems for controlled release.
Download or read book An Introduction to the Physical Chemistry of Food written by John N. Coupland and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Familiar combinations of ingredients and processing make the structures that give food its properties. For example in ice cream, the emulsifiers and proteins stabilize partly crystalline milk fat as an emulsion, freezing (crystallization) of some of the water gives the product its hardness and polysaccharide stabilizers keep it smooth. Why different recipes work as they do is largely governed by the rules of physical chemistry. This textbook introduces the physical chemistry essential to understanding the behavior of foods. Starting with the simplest model of molecules attracting and repelling one another while being moved by the randomizing effect of heat, the laws of thermodynamics are used to derive important properties of foods such as flavor binding and water activity. Most foods contain multiple phases and the same molecular model is used to understand phase diagrams, phase separation and the properties of surfaces. The remaining chapters focus on the formation and properties of specific structures in foods – crystals, polymers, dispersions and gels. Only a basic understanding of food science is needed, and no mathematics or chemistry beyond the introductory college courses is required. At all stages, examples from the primary literature are used to illustrate the text and to highlight the practical applications of physical chemistry in food science.
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Chemistry written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions written by William Acree and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermodynamic Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions reviews several of the more classical theories on the thermodynamics of nonelectrolyte solutions. Basic thermodynamic principles are discussed, along with predictive methods and molecular thermodynamics. This book is comprised of 12 chapters; the first of which introduces the reader to mathematical relationships, such as concentration variables, homogeneous functions, Euler’s theorem, exact differentials, and method of least squares. The discussion then turns to partial molar quantities, ideal and nonideal solutions, and empirical expressions for predicting the thermodynamic properties of multicomponent mixtures from binary data. The chapters that follow explore binary and ternary mixtures containing only nonspecific interactions; the thermodynamic excess properties of liquid mixtures and ternary alcohol-hydrocarbon systems; and solubility behavior of nonelectrolytes. This book concludes with a chapter describing the use of gas-liquid chromatography in determining the activity coefficients of liquid mixtures and mixed virial coefficients of gaseous mixtures. This text is intended primarily for professional chemists and researchers, and is invaluable to students in chemistry or chemical engineering who have background in physical chemistry and classical thermodynamics.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
