Download or read book The Energy Spectrum of Primary Cosmic Ray Nuclei Above 1 Tev Per Nucleon written by Erik Donley Olson and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Very Heavy Nuclei in the Primary Cosmic Radiation Part I Observations on the Energy Spectrum written by P. S. Freier and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intensities and energy spectrum of the medium and very heavy, MH- and VH-nuclei, 16 less than Z less than 30, present in the primary cosmic radiation have been studied using three stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed on high altitude balloons flown over Fort Churchill, Texas and India. Integral intensities of Z greater than 20 nuclei above energies of 0.225, 1.58 and 7.1 BeV per nucleon were respectively 1.50 plus or minus 0.06, 0.403 plus or minus 0.023 and 0.090 plus or minus 0.006 VH-nuclei/sq m ster.sec. In addition the shape of the energy spectrum of these nuclei was observed in detail for 0.225 less than T less than 1.0 BeV per nucleon. The intensities and energy spectra of those nuclei with 16 less than Z less than 19 were also studied although with less statistical accuracy. Among approximately 1600 VH-nuclei observed in this study there were none with Z greater than 32. (Author).
Download or read book Cosmic Rays at Earth written by P.K.F. Grieder and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-07-27 with total page 1117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered. Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery.Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology. Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed. This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals. The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches.
Download or read book Satellite Observations of Low energy Primary Cosmic Ray Nuclei of Charges Z greater Than Or Equal To 6 written by Y. K. Lim and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ultra high Energy Particle Astrophysics written by Shigeru Yoshida and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many kinds of radiation exist in the universe, including photons and particles with a wide range of energies. Some of the radiation is produced in stars and galaxies, and some is cosmological background radiation, a relic from the history of cosmic evolution. Among all this radiation, the most energetic are cosmic ray particles: nucleons, nuclei, and even extremely energetic gamma rays. There are some observational facts about cosmic rays to give suggestions on their origin. The most important one among them is that the energy spectrum of high energy cosmic rays above 10 GeV (where the magnetic field of the sun is no longer a concern) is well represented by a power law form. This indicates cosmic ray particles are products of non-thermal processes. Their energy extends over more than 13 decades from 107 eV up to 1020 eV. In terms of its structure, the spectrum can be divided into three regions: two 'knees' and one 'ankle'. The first 'knee' appears around 3×1015 eV where the spectral power law index changes from -2.7 to -3.0. The second 'knee' is somewhere between 1017 eV and 1018 eV where the spectral slope changes from -3.0 to around -3.3. The 'ankle' is seen at or after 3×1018 eV. Above that energy the spectral slope is around -2.7, but with a large uncertainty because of poor statistics and resolution. This book deals with the final and most energetic population, the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs).
Download or read book Charge Composition and Energy Spectra of Cosmic Ray Nuclei at Energies Above 5 GeV Per Nucleon written by John Hamilton Caldwell and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics written by Thomas K. Gaisser and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over recent years there has been marked growth in interest in the study of techniques of cosmic ray physics by astrophysicists and particle physicists. Cosmic radiation is important for the astrophysicist because in the farther reaches of the universe. For particle physicists, it provides the opportunity to study neutrinos and very high energy particles of galactic origin. More importantly, cosmic rays constitue the background, and in some cases possibly the signal, for the more exotic unconfirmed hypothesized particles such as monopoles and sparticles. Concentrating on the highest energy cosmic rays, this book describes where they originate, acquire energy, and interact, in accreting neutron stars, supernova remnants, in large-scale shock waves. It also describes their interactions in the atmosphere and in the earth, how they are studied in surface and very large underground detectors, and what they tell us.
Download or read book Direct Determination of Primary Cosmic Ray Alpha Particle Energy Spectrum by New Method written by Frank Bethune McDonald and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Energy Spectrum of the Z Or 20 Component of the Cosmic Radiation written by P. S. Freier and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three large stacks of nuclear emulsions were exposed during 1964-1966 on high altitude balloons launched from Fort Churchill, Canada; Texas, U.S.A.; and Hyderabad, India. These stacks have been used to study the energy spectrum of the cosmic ray nuclei of calcium and heavier, the so-called VH-nuclei. These measurements result in integral intensity values for energies greater than 7.1, 1.58 and 1.00 GeV per nucleon, together with differential intensities over the range 225 less than E less than 1000 MeV per nucleon. Differential intensities were also found for lighter nuclei over varying energy ranges. The differential spectrum observed has a maximum value of about 0.0016 nuclei/sq m ster. sec. MeV per nucleon around E approximately equals 350 MeV per nucleon and falls off at both higher and lower energies. These values are based on the observation of a total of some 1600 VH-nuclei. The energy spectrum has been compared with that observed at similar times for the helium nuclei in order to study the influences of ionization energy losses during propagation of these high Z nuclei. These observations are interpreted as implying that if the source spectra of the VH-nuclei and the helium nuclei are similar then the VH-nuclei have traversed less than 1 g/sq cm of matter while ionization energy loss has been the dominant acceleration term. (Author).
Download or read book High Energy Cosmic Rays written by Todor Stanev and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers an accessible text and reference (a cosmic-ray manual) for graduate students entering the field and high-energy astrophysicists will find this an accessible cosmic-ray manual Easy to read for the general astronomer, the first part describes the standard model of cosmic rays based on our understanding of modern particle physics. Presents the acceleration scenario in some detail in supernovae explosions as well as in the passage of cosmic rays through the Galaxy. Compares experimental data in the atmosphere as well as underground are compared with theoretical models
Download or read book Introduction To Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics written by Pierre Sokolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition provides an up-to-date summary of the field of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, dealing with their origin, propagation, and composition,. The authors reflect the enormous strides made since the first edition in the realm of experimental work, in particular the use of vastly improved, more sensitive and precise detectors. The level remains introductory and pedagogical, suitable for students and researchers interested in moving into this exciting field. Throughout the text, the authors focus on giving an introductory overview of the key physics issues, followed by a clear and concise description of experimental approaches and current results. Key Features: Updates the most coherent summary of the field available, with new text that provides the reader with clear historical context. Brand new discussion of contemporary space-based experiments and ideas for extending ground-based detectors. Completely new discussion of radio detection methods. Includes a new chapter on small to intermediate-scale anisotropy. Offers new sections on modern hadronic models and software packages to simulate showers.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 1572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Very Heavy Nuclei in the Primary Cosmic Radiation Part Ii Interpretation of the Energy Spectra written by C. J. Waddington and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An attempt has been made to understand the form of the observed energy spectrum of the highly charged, 20 less than Z less than 30, nuclei in the primary cosmic radiation. It is shown that the behavior of this spectrum relative to that of the helium nuclei also present in the cosmic radiation can be explained by assuming that the highly charged nuclei have two components. The first of these components is dominant at high energies and has a spectrum at the source that can be represented as a simple power law with a slope somewhat flatter than that of the source spectrum of the helium nuclei. The nuclei in this component may be regarded as having traversed several g/sq cm of matter between the times of acceleration and of detection. The second component is only of importance at relatively low energies, of a few hundred MeV per nucleon, has a spectrum that falls steeply with increasing energy and cannot simply be represented as a power law. The possible consequences of such a model are briefly considered. (Author).
Download or read book Composition of Cosmic Radiation written by Krishna M. V. Apparao and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1975 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics written by Thomas K. Gaisser and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-06-02 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated for the second edition, this book introduces the growing and dynamic field of particle astrophysics. It provides an overview of high-energy nuclei, photons and neutrinos, including their origins, their propagation in the cosmos, their detection on Earth and their relation to each other. Coverage is expanded to include new content on high energy physics, the propagation of protons and nuclei in cosmic background radiation, neutrino astronomy, high-energy and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, sources and acceleration mechanisms, and atmospheric muons and neutrinos. Readers are able to master the fundamentals of particle astrophysics within the context of the most recent developments in the field. This book will benefit graduate students and established researchers alike, equipping them with the knowledge and tools needed to design and interpret their own experiments and, ultimately, to address a number of questions concerning the nature and origins of cosmic particles that have arisen in recent research.
Download or read book On the Modulation and Energy Spectrum of Highly Charged Cosmic Ray Nuclei written by R. F. Cleghorn and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intensity and energy spectrum of cosmic ray VH-nuclei (20 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 30) has been measured in a stack of nuclear emulsions exposed over Fort Churchill in 1968. The integral intensity above 300 MeV/nucleon was 1.04 plus or minus 0.04 nuclei/sq. m.sr.sec. and three differential intensities were measured below 750 MeV/nucleon. Because of the current controversy regarding the true intensities of helium nuclei at this phase of the solar cycle the authors have also measured these nuclei, obtaining results intermediate between those quoted by other workers. Comparison of these results on the VH- and helium nuclei with those obtained in previous observations made at times of low solar modulation leads to the conclusion that there is no significant charge dependence in the modulation process. This conclusion is in conflict with an earlier analysis but depends on results of improved statistical weight and greater reliability for the VH nuclei and on the measurement of the helium nuclei in the same detector. (Author).
Download or read book CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics written by David R. Lide and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-03-09 with total page 2730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This student edition features over 50 new or completely revised tables, most of which are in the areas of fluid properties and properties of solids. The book also features extensive references to other compilations and databases that contain additional information.
