Download or read book The Emissions of Selected Air Pollutants from Biodiesel Fuel Usage written by Aisha Tzillah and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Emissions of Selected Air Pollutants from Biodiesel Fuel Usage written by Aisha Tzillah and published by . This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biofuels and Sustainability written by Kazuhiko Takeuchi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents a comprehensive analysis of biofuel use strategies from an interdisciplinary perspective using sustainability science. This interdisciplinary perspective (social science-natural science) means that the strategies and policy options proposed will have significant impacts on the economy and society alike. Biofuels are expected to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, revitalizing economies in agricultural communities and alleviating poverty. However, despite these anticipated benefits, international organizations such as the FAO, OECD and UN have published reports expressing concerns that biofuel promotion may lead to deforestation, water pollution and water shortages. The impacts of biofuel use are extensive, cross-sectoral and complex, and as such, comprehensive analyses are required in order to assess the extent to which biofuels can contribute to sustainable societies. Applying interdisciplinary sustainability science concepts and methodologies, the book helps to enhance the establishment of a sustainable society as well as the development of appropriate responses to a global need for urgent action on current issues related to biofuels.
Download or read book Biokerosene written by Martin Kaltschmitt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed overview of aspects related to the overall provision chain for biokerosene as part of the global civil aviation business. Starting with a review of the current market situation for aviation fuels and airplanes and their demands, it then presents in-depth descriptions of classical and especially new types of non-edible biomass feedstock suitable for biokerosene provision. Subsequent chapters discuss those fuel provision processes that are already available and those still under development based on various biomass feedstock materials, and present e.g. an overview of the current state of the art in the production of a liquid biomass-based fuel fulfilling the specifications for kerosene. Further, given the growing interest of the aviation industry and airlines in biofuels for aviation, the experiences of an air-carrier are presented. In closing, the book provides a market outlook for biokerosene. Addressing a broad range of aspects related to the pros and cons of biokerosene as a renewable fuel for aviation, the book offers a unique resource.
Download or read book An Analysis on Vehicular Exhaust Emissions from Transit Buses Running on Biodiesel Blends written by Vinay Kumar V. Nerella and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This experimental study presents a comprehensive analysis of exhaust emission variation from the public transit buses in the city of Toledo running on alternative fuels. The pollutants from the exhaust that are monitored in this study are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2, and NOX), and carbon dioxide. The performance of engine variables are also measured simultaneously with exhaust emission data. The engine variables affecting the pollutant levels in the exhaust are acceleration, engine load, engine speed, vehicle speed, fuel flow rate, coolant temperature, output torque, and boost pressure. The on-road and idle-engine variation of pollutant levels in the exhaust are studied. The pollutant level variation in the exhaust of a bus is different for different operation modes. The pollutant levels are found to decrease when the vehicle is on-road, with the increase in biodiesel concentration in the base fuel. On contrast, the pollutant levels are observed to increase with biodiesel concentration, when the bus is in idle-engine mode. Furthermore, when the bus is in motion, the pollutant levels in the exhaust are less as compared to the idle-engine mode. This observation helps to understand that vehicles in motion deliver the appropriate amount of fuel into the cylinder for a more complete combustion. Also, an engine in idle mode does not run at its optimum temperature and conditions that lead to incomplete combustion. The engine initial temperature, accessory load on the engine, and engine speed are found to affect the emission levels significantly. The engines at low temperatures are found to emit pollutants of higher levels because of the initial warm-up phase of an engine. Furthermore, with the increase in load and speed, the engine has to produce higher work requiring a higher fueling rate and thereby resulting in higher emission levels in the exhaust. During the engine start, transient emissions of the monitored pollutants are significantly higher because the air-fuel ratio cannot be maintained at stoichiometric mixture during start and stop operations. Furthermore, during the engine start-up, the heat necessary in the reaction chamber is not maintained that results in incomplete combustion. Hence, more transient emissions are emitted during the engine start-up. The parameters influencing pollutant levels for on-road and idle-engine conditions are identified, using regression analysis, for different biodiesel blends. Using regression analysis, the correlation and the amount of impact associated with the engine variables on pollutant levels are identified. The regression analysis helped to identify the parameters affecting pollutant levels and the relationships between different monitored parameters and pollutants in the exhaust. This study and analysis of exhaust emission variation of biodiesel blends will assist the operators of biodiesel fleets and regulators of air pollution in selecting the appropriate operating variables for emission control strategies in their area.
Download or read book Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels written by Alexandros Gasparatos and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Biofuels are currently in the middle of a heated academic and public policy debate. Biofuel production has increased fivefold in the past decade and is expected to further double by 2020. Most of this expansion will happen in developing nations. This volume is the first of its kind, providing a comprehensive overview of the biofuel debate in developing countries. The chapters are written by a multidisciplinary team of experts, exposing the key drivers and impacts of biofuel production and use. The book covers impacts as diverse as air pollution, biodiversity loss, deforestation, energy security, food security, greenhouse gas emissions, land use change, rural development, water consumption and other socioeconomic issues. Its wide focus accommodates examples from countries in Africa, America and Asia. As such, this book will become an indispensable companion to academics, practitioners and policy makers who wish to know more about biofuel issues in the developing world"--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book Assessment of Selected Sustainability Aspects of Biodiesel Production written by Qingshi Tu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel has been in commercial use for more than a decade with several known benefits: reducing the nation's reliance on petroleum import, significant reduction in the emission of air pollutants and green house gases (GHGs), and comparable fuel properties to the petroleum diesel. However, expansion of the biodiesel industry has also resulted in some concerns. As an example, the "food vs. fuel" debate reflects the competition of biodiesel with food supply when edible seed-oils, such as soybean oil, are used for more profitable production. In order for the biodiesel industry to continue thriving in the future, various governments and organizations have imposed and suggested an array of sustainability factors for biodiesel supply chain, such as land use, water consumption, waste management, cost and availability of feedstocks, etc. This study addressed two major sustainability aspects regarding biodiesel production: (1) water consumption, and (2) utilization of waste materials. In detail, the following topics were investigated: (1) characterization of water consumption by soybean-derived biodiesel in plant growth and fuel production; (2) parametric study of reducing FFA (free fatty acid) in waste cooking oil; and (3) a preliminary evaluation on the utilization of waste coffee ground as biodiesel feedstock and purification material. Water consumption from biodiesel process was characterized as three stages: plant growth, soybean processing and biodiesel production. Result showed that the nationwide average irrigation accounted for 61.78 gallons of water per gallon of soybean biodiesel while soybean processing (0.17 gal/gal) and biodiesel production (0.36 gal/gal) stages consumed much less. A state-by-state analysis for irrigation water indicated that the water consumption was highly dependent on the location and climate. Overall, on a nationwide basis, the total water consumption for making biodiesel from soybean was approximately 808.7 million gallons water per year. In general, feedstock can account for up to 80% of the total cost for biodiesel production. This offers potentials for low cost and even waste materials, such as animal fats, waste cooking oil (WCO), and trap grease (brown grease). However, the high FFA content (>1 wt%) in these waste materials requires pretreatment prior to transesterification . Therefore, a parametric study on FFA reduction in WCO was performed to study the optimum conditions for FFA pretreatment. WCO with FFA level of 5±0.5 wt% was treated by acid catalytic esterificiation using sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The influence of temperature, methanol-to-FFA molar ratio, and catalyst concentration on the conversion rate was investigated. Results indicated that the optimal condition was 60±5°C, 40:1 methanol-to-FFA molar ratio, and 12.5 wt% H2SO4. Thirdly, a preliminary study was performed to investigate the feasibility of using waste coffee grounds (WCG) as both an oil source and purification material for biodiesel production. Results showed that the oil content of WCG was around 10 wt%. In addition, the post-extraction WCGs were found to be effective in removing impurities from crude biodiesel, such as free glycerin, methanol and metal ions. Results suggested that WCG may be comparable in purification capability to commercial materials. The use of waste as feedstock and purification material can greatly promote the sustainability of biodiesel production by lowering overall production cost, reducing waste generation (less/no additional purification material needed) and minimizing life cycle environmental impact (recycling/reusing wastes in each stage of the production life cycle).
Download or read book Environmental Impact of Biofuels written by Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aspires to be a comprehensive summary of current biofuels issues and thereby contribute to the understanding of this important topic. Readers will find themes including biofuels development efforts, their implications for the food industry, current and future biofuels crops, the successful Brazilian ethanol program, insights of the first, second, third and fourth biofuel generations, advanced biofuel production techniques, related waste treatment, emissions and environmental impacts, water consumption, produced allergens and toxins. Additionally, the biofuel policy discussion is expected to be continuing in the foreseeable future and the reading of the biofuels features dealt with in this book, are recommended for anyone interested in understanding this diverse and developing theme.
Download or read book Localized Health Impacts Report Addendum for Selected Projects Awarded Funding Through the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program Under Solicitation PON 11 601 Biofuels Production Facilities written by Bill Kinney and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Refinement of Selected Fuel cycle Emissions Analyses written by Stefan Unnasch and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Investigation of Urban Mobile Source Aerosol Using Optical Properties Measured by CRDT N written by Monica Elizabeth Wright and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mobile source emissions are a major contributor to global and local air pollution. Governments and regulatory agencies have been increasing the stringency of regulations in the transportation sector for the last ten years to help curb transportation sector air pollution. The need for regulations has been emphasized by scientific research on the impacts from ambient pollution, especially research on the effect of particulate matter on human health. The particulate emissions from diesel vehicles, diesel particulate matter (DPM) is considered a known or probable carcinogen in various countries and increased exposure to DPM is linked to increased cardiovascular health problems in humans. The toxicity of vehicle emissions and diesel particulate emissions in particular, in conjunction with an increased awareness of potential petroleum fuel shortages, international conflict over petroleum fuel sources and climate change science, have all contributed to the increase of biodiesel use as an additive to or replacement for petroleum fuel. The goal of this research is to determine how this increased use of biodiesel in the particular emission testing setup impacts urban air quality. To determine if biodiesel use contributes to a health or climate benefit, both the size range and general composition were investigated using a comprehensive comparison of the particulate component of the emissions in real time. The emissions from various biodiesel and diesel mixtures from a common diesel passenger vehicle were measured with a cavity ring-down transmissometer (CRDT) coupled with a condensation particle counter, a SMPS, a nephelometer, NOx, CO, CO2, and O3 measurements. From these data, key emission factors for several biodiesel and diesel fuel mixtures were developed. This approach reduces sampling artifacts and allows for the determination of optical properties, particle number concentration, and size distributions, along with several important gas phase species' concentrations. Findings indicate that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel do not necessarily have an air quality benefit for particulate emissions in this emission testing scenario. The often cited linear decrease in particulate emissions with increasing biodiesel content was not observed. Mixtures with half diesel and half biodiesel tended to have the highest particulate emissions in all size ranges. Mixtures with more than 50% biodiesel had slightly lower calculated mass for light absorbing carbon, but this reduction in mass is most likely a result of a shift in the size of the emission particles to a smaller size range, not a reduction in the total number of particles. Evaluation of the extensive optical properties from this experimental set-up indicates that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel has an impact on emission particle extinction in both visible and near-IR wavelengths. The B99 mixture had the smallest emission factor for extinction at 532 nm and at 1064 nm. For the extinction at 532 nm, the trend was not linear and the emission factor peaked at the B50 mixture. Results from intensive properties indicate that emissions from B5 and B25 mixtures have Ångström exponents close to 1, typical for black carbon emissions. The mixtures with a larger fraction of biodiesel have Ångström exponent values closer to 2, indicating more absorbing organic matter and/or smaller particle size in the emissions. Additional experimental testing should be completed to determine the application of these results and emission factors to other diesel vehicles or types of diesel and biodiesel fuel mixtures.
Download or read book Air Pollution Prevention and Control written by Christian Kennes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. This book focuses on biotechnological alternatives, looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels. It is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Essential reading for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, and industrial and governmental researchers.
Download or read book Lowering USAF Diesel Engine NOx Emissions With Utilizing B20 Biodiesel Fuel written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States Air Force can utilize B20 biodiesel fuel to partially meet EPAct requirements for alternative fuel use, and to lower criteria pollutants except for NOx. Relatively minor production component changes, and selected minor operating condition changes can alter engine out NOx emissions with biodiesel fuels in a 6.5L HMMWV engine. For a nonroad ISO 8178 test cycle, weighted average Smoke/PM emissions can be similar to DF-2 levels at the condition that gives equivalent NOx emissions with B20 biodiesel fuel. In other words, Smoke/PM emissions with B20 biodiesel can be traded-off for improved NOx emissions. For the 6.5L HMMWV engine tested the composite control strategy did not severely impact emissions or fuel consumption when the engine operated on JP-8 fuel.
Download or read book Air Pollution XV written by C. Borrego and published by WIT Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the edited proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual International Conference on the Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution. Pollution is widespread throughout the world and the elimination of risks to human health is of the utmost importance. This series of volumes is aimed at the development of computational and experimental techniques to achieve a better understanding of air pollution problems and seek their solution.This two volume set encompasses a wide range topics such as: Air Pollution Modelling; Air Quality Management; Urban Air Management; Transport Emissions; Emissions Inventory; Comparison of Model and Experimental Results; Monitoring and Laboratory studies; Global and Regional Studies; Aerosols and particles; Climate Change and Air Pollution; Atmospheric Chemistry; Indoor Pollution; Environmental Health Effects; Remote Sensing.
Download or read book Analytical Techniques in the Oil and Gas Industry for Environmental Monitoring written by Melissa N. Dunkle and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thorough introduction to environmental monitoring in the oil and gas industry Analytical Techniques in the Oil and Gas Industry for Environmental Monitoring examines the analytical side of the oil and gas industry as it also provides an overall introduction to the industry. You’ll discover how oil and natural gas are sourced, refined, and processed. You can learn about what’s produced from oil and natural gas, and why evaluating these sourced resources is important. The book discusses the conventional analyses for oil and natural gas feeds, along with their limitations. It offers detailed descriptions of advanced analytical techniques that are commercially available, plus explanations of gas and oil industry equipment and instrumentation. You’ll find technique descriptions supplemented with a list of references as well as with real-life application examples. With this book as a reference, you can prepare to apply specific analytical methods in your organization’s lab environment. Analytical Techniques can also serve as your comprehensive resource on key techniques in the characterization of oil and gas samples, within both refinery and environmental contexts. Understand of the scope of oil and gas industry techniques available Consider the benefits and limitations of each available process Prepare for applying analytical techniques in your lab See real examples and a list of references for each technique Read descriptions of off-line analytics, as well as on-line and process applications As a chemist, engineer, instructor, or student, this book will also expand your awareness of the role these techniques have in environmental monitoring and environmental impact assessments.
Download or read book Urban Climates written by T. R. Oke and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-14 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for the subject using scale and surface classification as key constructs. It explains the physical principles governing the creation of distinct urban climates, such as airflow around buildings, the heat island, precipitation modification and air pollution, and it then illustrates how this knowledge can be applied to moderate the undesirable consequences of urban development and help create more sustainable and resilient cities. With urban climate science now a fully-fledged field, this timely book fulfills the need to bring together the disparate parts of climate research on cities into a coherent framework. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in fields such as climatology, urban hydrology, air quality, environmental engineering and urban design.
Download or read book Biofuels written by Krzysztof Biernat and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The edited volume presents the progress of first and second generation biofuel production technology in selected countries. Possibility of producing alternative fuels containing biocomponents and selected research methods of biofuels exploitation characteristics (also aviation fuels) was characterized. The book shows also some aspects of the environmental impact of the production and biofuels using, and describes perspectives of biofuel production technology development. It provides the review of biorefinery processes with a particular focus on pretreatment methods of selected primary and secondary raw materials. The discussion includes also a possibility of sustainable development of presented advanced biorefinery processes.
