Download or read book Closteroviridae written by Ricardo Flores and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-06-06 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant viruses grouped within this family have remarkable properties, prominent among which is their genomic size: Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) has the largest (19.3 kb) genome reported for a plant monopartite single-stranded RNA (+) virus. Virions are filamentous and typically flexuous particles, approximately 12 nm in diameter and 650 to 2000 nm in length, with a unique bipolar (“rattlesnake”) morphology: the major coat protein (CP) encapsidates most of the genomic RNA, with a minor CP (CPm) coating a small 5’-terminal fragment (virion tail) and other viral-encoded proteins being also incorporated to this tail. The genome is monopartite (genus Closterovirus, type member Beet yellows virus, and genus Ampelovirus, type member Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3) or bipartite (genus Crinivirus, type member Lettuce infectious yellows virus, with at least one example of tripartite genome). The genomic RNA (or RNA1 in criniviruses) directs translation of the two 5’-proximal ORFs (via a peculiar ribosomal frameshift mechanism and proteolytic processing) that encode replication-related components, with the 3’-proximal ORFs encoding proteins expressed from 3’-coterminal subgenomic RNAs. A genomic signature of members of the family Closteroviridae is the presence of a five-gene block of proteins involved in virion assembly and movement that, in addition to the CP and CPm, includes a small transmembrane protein, a homologue of the HSP70 class of heat-shock proteins and a diverged CP. Members of this family encode suppressors of RNA silencing differing in number (up to three in CTV), and in mode of action: intracellular, intercellular, or both. In this same context Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus codes for a singular suppressor: an RNase III that catalyzes cleavage of the small interfering RNAs mediating RNA silencing. Host range is usually narrow and, in order to expand it, some member(s) of the family, illustrated by the case of CTV, have evolved by acquiring multiple non-conserved genes. Virion accumulation is restricted to the phloem, with aphids, mealybugs and whiteflies (depending on the genus) operating as natural vectors. Disease symptoms may be expressed in leaves, fruits and trunk of the woody hosts. Natural Plant viruses grouped within this family have remarkable properties, prominent among which is their genomic size: Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) has the largest (19.3 kb) genome reported for a plant monopartite single-stranded RNA (+) virus. Virions are filamentous and typically flexuous particles, approximately 12 nm in diameter and 650 to 2000 nm in length, with a unique bipolar (“rattlesnake”) morphology: the major coat protein (CP) encapsidates most of the genomic RNA, with a minor CP (CPm) coating a small 5’-terminal fragment (virion tail) and other viral-encoded proteins being also incorporated to this tail. The genome is monopartite (genus Closterovirus, type member Beet yellows virus, and genus Ampelovirus, type member Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3) or bipartite (genus Crinivirus, type member Lettuce infectious yellows virus, with at least one example of tripartite genome). The genomic RNA (or RNA1 in criniviruses) directs translation of the two 5’-proximal ORFs (via a peculiar ribosomal frameshift mechanism and proteolytic processing) that encode replication-related components, with the 3’-proximal ORFs encoding proteins expressed from 3’-coterminal subgenomic RNAs. A genomic signature of members of the family Closteroviridae is the presence of a five-gene block of proteins involved in virion assembly and movement that, in addition to the CP and CPm, includes a small transmembrane protein, a homologue of the HSP70 class of heat-shock proteins and a diverged CP. Members of this family encode suppressors of RNA silencing differing in number (up to three in CTV), and in mode of action: intracellular, intercellular, or both. In this same context Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus codes for a singular suppresso.

Download or read book Grapevine Viruses Molecular Biology Diagnostics and Management written by Baozhong Meng and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the United States of America, Chile, Asia (China and India), and Turkey. A major limiting factor to the sustained production of premium grapes and wines is infections by viruses. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups. The most damaging diseases include: (1) infectious degeneration; (2) leafroll disease complex; and (3) rugose wood complex. Recently, two new disease syndromes have been recognized: Syrah decline and red blotch. Losses due to fanleaf degeneration are estimated at $1 billion annually in France alone. Other diseases including leafroll, rugose wood, Syrah de cline and red blotch can result in total crop loss several years post-infection. This situation is further exacerbated by mixed infections with multiple viruses and other biotic as well as adverse abiotic environmental conditions, such as drought and winter damage, causing even greater destruction. The book builds upon the last handbook (written over twenty years ago) on the part of diagnostics and extensively expands its scope by inclusion of molecular biology aspects of select viruses that are widespread and economically most important. This includes most current information on the biology, transmission, genome replication, transcription, subcellular localization, as well as virus-host interactions. It also touches on several novel areas of scientific inquiry. It also contains suggested directions for future research in the field of grapevine virology.

Download or read book A Century of Plant Virology in India written by Bikash Mandal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a compilation of research work carried out on plant viruses during past 100 years in India. Plant viruses are important constraints in Indian agriculture. Tropical and sub-tropical environments and intensive crop cultivation practices ideally favours perpetuation of numerous plant viruses and their vectors in India, which often cause wide spread crop losses. Of all the plant pathogens, studies of plant viruses have received a special attention as they are difficult to manage. A large body of literature has been published on the plant virus research from India during past 100 years; however the information is so far not available in one place. This book provides comprehensive information on the biology, molecular biology, epidemics, crop losses, diagnosis and management of viruses and viroids occurring in India. Description of properties of the viruses are provided in the chapters comprising of different genera such as Allexivirus, Begomovirus, Babuvirus, Badnavirus, Carlavirus, Carmovirus, Cucumovirus, Closterovirus, Ilavirus, Mandrivirus, Potyvirus, Tospovirus, Tungrovirus and Sobemovirus. Virus-vector research related to aphid, thrips and whitefly is discussed. The work on the management aspects of plant viral diseases has been described with reference to the conventional, antiviral and transgenic approaches. Further, the quarantine mechanism developed in India for the exclusion of viruses and vectors has also been included. The book also provides useful information about the capacity building on the research and education on Plant Virology in India. Overall, the book covers a wide range of accounts of research findings and innovations in Plant Virology in India during past 100 years. The book will be a resourceful reference to the students, scientists, agricultural professionals and policy makers.

Download or read book A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World Insecta Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae and Putoidae written by Yair Ben-Dov and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mealybugs are of great economic importance to man in view of their damage to agricultural crops such as cassava, potatoes, vegetables, rice, and citrus and deciduous fruit trees. This book covers 1947 species of mealybugs placed in 28 genera. It should have world-wide appeal to professionals.

Download or read book Handbook of Pest Management in Organic Farming written by Vincenzo Vacante and published by CABI. This book was released on 2017-12-11 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an up-to-date and comprehensive reference covering pest management in organic farming in major crops of the world. General introductory chapters explore the management of crops to prevent pest outbreaks, plant protection tools in organic farming, and natural enemies and pest control. The remaining chapters are crop-based and discuss geographic distribution, economic importance and key pests. For each pest the fundamental aspects of its bio-ecology and the various methods of control are presented. Understanding of the scientific content is facilitated with practical advice, tables and diagrams, helping users to apply the theories and recommendations. This is an essential resource for researchers and extension workers in crop protection, integrated pest management and biocontrol, and organic farming systems.

Download or read book Graft transmissible Diseases of Grapevines written by International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 1993 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests written by Isaac Ishaaya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-28 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For nearly 50 years, pest control was mostly based on broad-spectrum conv- tional insecticides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. However, the severe adverse effects of pesticides on the environment, problems of resistance reaching crisis proportions and public protests led to stricter regulations and legislation aimed at reducing their use. Ways to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides in plant protection and to use more alternative and novel me- ods for pest control or biorational control are the challenges of pest control for the twenty-first century. The term biorational (biological + rational) pesticides can be defined as the use of specific and selective chemicals, often with a unique modes of action, that are compatible with natural enemies and the environment, with minimal effect on n- target organisms. Biorational control is based on a diversity of chemical, biological and physical approaches for controlling insect pests which results in minimum risk to man and the environment.

Download or read book Arthropod Management in Vineyards written by Noubar J. Bostanian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-26 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a state-of-the-science overview of arthropods affecting grape production around the world. Vineyard pest management is a dynamic and evolving field, and the contributed chapters provide insights into arthropods that limit this important crop and its products. Written by international experts from the major grape-growing regions, it provides a global overview of arthropods affecting vines and the novel strategies being used to prevent economic losses, including invasive pests affecting viticulture. The book contains reviews of the theoretical basis of integrated pest management, multiple chapters on biological control, current status of chemical control, as well as in-depth and well-illustrated reviews of the major arthropod pests affecting grape production and how they are being managed worldwide. This text will serve as a primary resource for applied entomologists, students, growers, and consultants with interests at the intersection of viticulture and applied entomology.

Download or read book Cassava Mealybug Interactions written by Paul-André Calatayud and published by IRD Editions. This book was released on 2006 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most basic information on plant-mealybug interactions during the last decade has come from research on the cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) system with two mealybug species, namely Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero and Phenacoccus herreni Cox and Williams (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Both these insects cause severe damage to cassava in Africa and South America, respectively. This book reviews these interactions (plant selection by the insects, nutritional requirements

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Pest Management written by David Pimentel, Ph.D. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-05-09 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PRINT/ONLINE PRICING OPTIONS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST AT a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/action/bookPricing?doi=10.1081%2FE-EPM " target="_blank"Taylor & Francis Online

Download or read book Polyphagous Pests of Crops written by Omkar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-04 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyphagous pests are primarily agricultural pests that feed on economically important agricultural and horticultural crops of wide taxonomic diversity across the globe. They cause immense damage across different crop varieties owing to their generalist and voracious food habits. The advent of mono-crop culture in a huge area and the massive use of pesticides post green revolution have massively increased pest outbreaks all over the world. The Middle Eastern countries, African continent and even the Indian subcontinent is increasingly facing resurgences of polyphagus pests. This book compiles an inclusive account of polyphagous pests. It covers locusts, termites, aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, scale insects, gram pod borer, fall armyworm, thrips, mites and rodents. The book discusses mode of spread, enormity of losses caused, mechanism of action, and also means to reduce the crop losses. It brings together a unique perspective for researchers to learn effective pest management practices across all crops. This book is a reference guide to researchers and also useful for academicians and students of entomology.

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 876 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops written by M. Mani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of information on all basic aspects of mealybugs, as well as management strategies for mealybug species affecting different crop plants in different countries. It highlights the latest information on morphology, cytogenetics, taxonomy, molecular characterization, biology, damage, ecology, natural enemies, ant association, control measures, insecticide resistance and pheromones – essential aspects which will equip researchers to pursue further research on mealybugs. The book examines current trends in the management of mealybugs for a variety of agricultural and horticultural crops, forest plants and mulberry in different countries, while also addressing the negative effects of chemical control methods and presenting success stories of mealybug control that utilize their natural enemies. It offers a valuable guide for crop growers, government officials and other stakeholders in the industry, as well as researchers and students engaged in related research and development activities.

Download or read book Orchard Pest Management written by Elizabeth Hull Beers and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance written by Peter A. Edde and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-08-21 with total page 1004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance presents detailed descriptions of the biology and ecology of important arthropod pest of selected global field crops. Standard management options for insect pest control on crops include biological, non-chemical, and chemical approaches. However, because agricultural crops face a wide range of insect pests throughout the year, it can prove difficult to find a simple solution to insect pest control in many, if not most, cropping systems. A whole-farm or integrated pest management approach combines cultural, natural, and chemical controls to maintain insect pest populations below levels that cause economic damage to the crop. This practice requires accurate species identification and thorough knowledge of the biology and ecology of the target organism. Integration and effective use of various control components is often enhanced when the target organism is correctly identified, and its biology and ecology are known. This book provides a key resource toward that identification and understanding. Students and professionals in agronomy, insect detection and survey, and economic entomology will find the book a valuable learning aid and resource tool. - Includes insect synonyms, common names, and geographic distribution - Provides information on natural enemies - Is thoroughly referenced for future research

Download or read book Grape Pest Management written by Donald L. Flaherty and published by ANR Publications. This book was released on 1981 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security written by Omkar Ph.D. and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-02-03 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security explores the broad range of opportunity and challenges afforded by Integrated Pest Management systems. The book focuses on the insect resistance that has developed as a result of pest control chemicals, and how new methods of environmentally complementary pest control can be used to suppress harmful organisms while protecting the soil, plants, and air around them. As the world's population continues its rapid increase, this book addresses the production of cereals, vegetables, fruits, and other foods and their subsequent demand increase. Traditional means of food crop production face proven limitations and increasing research is turning to alternative means of crop growth and protection. - Addresses environmentally focused pest control with specific attention to its role in food security and sustainability. - Includes a range of pest management methods, from natural enemies to biomolecules. - Written by experts with extensive real-world experience.