Download or read book The Effects of Oxidized Biodiesel Fuel on Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition and Particulate Matter Emissions From a Light Duty Diesel Engine written by Jack Elliot Reed and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diesel particulate matter (PM) is classified by the EPA as carcinogenic, with the transportation sector largely responsible these emissions within the United States. Biodiesel (B100) is derived from renewable sources, providing similar chemical composition to diesel fuel and is in the current diesel supply up to 5% across the nation. However, biodiesel has an inherent oxidation issue due to the unique mixture of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) molecules present in the biodiesel that are not in diesel. Biodiesel oxidation can only be delayed, and the inevitable process results in changes to the original fuel composition that may alter emissions profiles. There have been limited studies on the effect of oxidized biodiesel fuel on PM emissions, and with increasing biodiesel production volumes, it is important to assess due to possible adverse human health effects. In this study, it was hypothesized that the change in fuel composition due to oxidation would lead to lower PM emissions because the presence of more fuel oxygen molecules and secondary oxidation products would enhance self-combustion characteristics. In this study, PM mass generated from a light-duty diesel engine running on three different fuel types--pure ("neat") B100 biodiesel, pure B0 diesel, and B20 (20% v/v biodiesel blend with diesel)--was quantified and compared to the PM mass (and concentrations) from repeated emissions testing using artificially oxidized B100 and B20 biodiesel as the fuel source. B100 fuel was heated at 110oC for 5, 10, and 20 hours ("oxidation states" 3, 2, and 1, respectively), verifying the extent of fuel oxidation by building an apparatus (Biodiesel Oxidation Stability Surveyor, BOSS) that quantified the biodiesel fuel's oxidative stability using a method equivalent to standard methods for determining the biofuel's induction period. Induction period increased linearly with time spent under the artificial oxidation conditions. A custom, load-based steady-state modal drive cycle was specially developed for emissions testing each neat and oxidized B100 and B20 fuel type in a light-duty diesel engine dynamometer. Observed changes in PM mass with increased fuel oxidation time occurred only for B20 fuel with a 51 ±13% decrease. Fuel properties such as cetane number, biodiesel content, density, and total aromatics were compared between neat and oxidized B20 and B100 samples. Cetane number increased 7% from 66.8 to 71.7 from B100 neat to B100 OX1 (20hrs) and density increased from 0.709g/cm3 to 0.723g/cm3. Chemical analysis of the biodiesel fuels by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) quantified individual FAME compounds to determine key species involved in fuel oxidation. B100 FAME concentration widely varied, however, the B20 fuel blend showed that 20 hour artificial oxidation treatment decreased concentrations of the unsaturated FAMEs for C18:3n3, C18:2 cis-9,12, C18:1 (both cis- and trans- isomers) by 41.7 ±3.5%, 33.25 ±8.8%, and 21.9 ±6.9% relative to their initial concentration in the unoxidized fuel, respectively, in general agreement with literature values. The findings of this study help contribute a better understanding of oxidation effects on biodiesel fuel and link together fuel properties, chemical composition, and particulate emissions whereas most literature excludes detailed analysis of biodiesel fuel composition and associated emissions effects.
Download or read book Organic Chemical Characterization Of Primary And Secondary Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter written by John Kasumba and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel use and production has significantly increased in the United States and in other parts of the world in the past decade. This change is driven by energy security and global climate legislation mandating reductions in the use of petroleum-based diesel. Recent air quality research has shown that emission of some pollutants such as CO, particulate matter (PM), SO2, hydrocarbons, and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is greatly reduced with biodiesel. However, studies have also shown that some unregulated emissions, such as gas-phase carbonyls, are increased with biodiesel combustion. Very limited research has been done to investigate the particle-phase carbonyl and quinone emissions from biodiesel combustion. Also, very limited studies have investigated the ozone oxidation of biodiesel exhaust PM. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are found in high abundance in biodiesel exhaust PM. The presence of these FAMEs in biodiesel exhaust PM can potentially alter the kinetics of the reactions between ozone and particle-phase PAHs. In this study, an Armfield CM-12 automotive light-duty diesel engine operated on a transient drive cycle was used to generate PM from various waste vegetable oil (WVO) and soybean biodiesel blends (containing 0%, (B00), 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 50% (B50), and 100% (B100) biodiesel by volume). The primary PM emissions were sampled using Teflon-coated fiberfilm filters. Laboratory PAHs, FAMEs, and B20 exhaust PM were exposed to ~0.4 ppm ozone for time periods ranging from 0-24 hours in order to study the effect of FAMEs and biodiesel exhaust PM on the ozonolysis of PAHs. Organic chemical analysis of samples was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). PAHs, carbonyls, FAMEs, and n-alkanes were quantified in the exhaust PM of petrodiesel, WVO and soybean fuel blends. The emission rates of the total PAHs in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.006-0.071 ng/μg (5-51%) compared to B00, while the emission rates for the FAMEs increased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. The emission rates of the total n-alkanes in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.5-21.3 ng/μg (4-86%) compared to B00 exhaust PM. The total emission rates of the aliphatic aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust PM (B10, B20, B50, and B100) increased by 0.019-2.485 ng/μg (36-4800%) compared to petrodiesel. The emission rates of the total aromatic aldehydes, total aromatic ketones, and total quinones all generally decreased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the pseudo-first order ozone reaction rate constants of all the PAHs decreased by 1.2-8 times in the presence of the FAMEs. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were the only PAHs detected in the B20 exhaust PM, and their ozone reaction rate constants were about 4 times lower than those obtained when the PAHs alone were exposed to ozone. The findings of this study indicate that there are both positive and negative effects to emissions associated with biodiesel use in light-duty diesel engines operating on transient drive cycle.
Download or read book Diesel Combustion and Emissions written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biomass Processing for Biofuels Bioenergy and Chemicals written by Wei-Hsin Chen and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-05-23 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass can be used to produce renewable electricity, thermal energy, transportation fuels (biofuels), and high-value functional chemicals. As an energy source, biomass can be used either directly via combustion to produce heat or indirectly after it is converted to one of many forms of bioenergy and biofuel via thermochemical or biochemical pathways. The conversion of biomass can be achieved using various advanced methods, which are broadly classified into thermochemical conversion, biochemical conversion, electrochemical conversion, and so on. Advanced development technologies and processes are able to convert biomass into alternative energy sources in solid (e.g., charcoal, biochar, and RDF), liquid (biodiesel, algae biofuel, bioethanol, and pyrolysis and liquefaction bio-oils), and gaseous (e.g., biogas, syngas, and biohydrogen) forms. Because of the merits of biomass energy for environmental sustainability, biofuel and bioenergy technologies play a crucial role in renewable energy development and the replacement of chemicals by highly functional biomass. This book provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research addressing recent progress in biomass conversion processes. It also covers studies on advanced techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production.
Download or read book The Biodiesel Handbook written by Gerhard Knothe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-08-13 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this invaluable handbook covers converting vegetable oils, animal fats, and used oils into biodiesel fuel. The Biodiesel Handbook delivers solutions to issues associated with biodiesel feedstocks, production issues, quality control, viscosity, stability, applications, emissions, and other environmental impacts, as well as the status of the biodiesel industry worldwide. Incorporates the major research and other developments in the world of biodiesel in a comprehensive and practical format Includes reference materials and tables on biodiesel standards, unit conversions, and technical details in four appendices Presents details on other uses of biodiesel and other alternative diesel fuels from oils and fats
Download or read book The Effect of Biodiesel Blends on Particle Number Emissions from a Light Duty Diesel Engine written by Tyler Samuel Feralio and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous studies have shown that respirable particles contribute to adverse human health outcomes including discomfort in irritated airways, increased asthma attacks, irregular heartbeat, non-fatal heart attacks, and even death. Particle emissions from diesel vehicles are a major source of airborne particles in urban areas. In response to energy security and global climate regulations, the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for petrodiesel has significantly increased in recent years. Particle emissions from diesel engines are highly dependent on fuel composition and, as such, the increased use of biodiesel in diesel vehicles may potentially change the concentration, size, and composition of particles in respirable air. One indicator used to evaluate the potential health risk of these particles to humans is particle diameter (Dp). Ultrafine particles (UFPs, Dp
Download or read book The Impact of Fischer Tropsch Diesel on the Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel FAME Blends written by Annalie Blignaut and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fischer-Tropsch (FT) distillates and first generation biodiesel are alternative fuels that can both be used directly as neat fuels in an internal combustion diesel engine or as blend stocks with conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel is generally produced by the catalytic trans-esterification of triglycerides (vegetable oil) with methanol to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol as a by-product. The FT process (or FT synthesis) is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various compositions. The oxidation and thermal stability of diesel fuel are very important properties since unstable diesel fuels can form soluble gums and or insoluble organic particulates that can clog the fuel filters and fuels system components. In the quest for increased efficiency of internal combustion compression ignition engines, the engines are increasingly downsized and turbo charged. These developments, together with the latest demands from modern injector systems, place a greater demand on the oxidative and thermal stability performance of a fuel due to the exposure of fuels to higher temperatures in comparison to historic engine and injector designs. Recirculation of heated fuel can also cause injector deposits originating from either gum or particulate formation. Biodiesel (FAME) and FT diesel have shown to be fully compatible as blend components with conventional crude derived diesel. FT diesel, produced from the low temperature FT (LTFT) process, generally has a lower density and viscosity and good cold flow properties. It is also a very stable fuel, which compensates for the high viscosity and density, poor cold flow properties, and unstable nature associated with biodiesel (FAME). This paper discusses the results obtained from a comparative study of the oxidation stability (using the Rancimat methodology) of FT (high temperature FT and LTFT) and petroleum diesel fuels, blended with up to 20 vol % of soya and rapeseed derived biodiesel (FAME).
Download or read book Impact of Biodiesel on the Oxidation Kinetics and Morphology of Diesel Particulate written by C. Stuart Daw and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We compare the oxidation characteristics of four different diesel particulates generated with a modern light-duty engine. The four particulates represent engine fueling with conventional ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), biodiesel, and two intermediate blends of these fuels. The comparisons discussed here are based on complementary measurements implemented in a laboratory micro-reactor, including temperature programmed desorption and oxidation, pulsed isothermal oxidation, and BET surface area. From these measurements we have derived models that are consistent with the observed oxidation reactivity differences. When accessible surface area effects are properly accounted for, the oxidation kinetics of the fixed carbon components were found to consistently exhibit an Arrhenius activation energy of 113 6 kJ/mol. Release of volatile carbon from the as-collected particulate appears to follow a temperature-dependent rate law.
Download or read book Health Effects of Transport related Air Pollution written by Michal Krzyzanowski and published by WHO Regional Office Europe. This book was released on 2005 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases related to the air pollution caused by road transport affect tens of thousands of people in the WHO Europe region each year. This publication considers the policy challenges involved in the need to reduce the related risks to public health and the environment, whilst meeting socio-economic requirements for effective transport systems. It sets out a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution, including factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the health effects, and suggestions for policy actions and further research.
Download or read book Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines written by Karin Shaine Tyson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Emissions of Selected Air Pollutants from Biodiesel Fuel Usage written by Aisha Tzillah and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Biodiesel Oxidation on Engine Performance and Emissions written by Abdul Monyem and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel is a fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is nontoxic, renewable, and biodegradable. Biodiesel-fueled engines produce less carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and particulate emissions than diesel fueled engines. One drawback of biodiesel is that it is susceptible to oxidation which can induce polymerization of the esters and can form insoluble gums and sediments which are known to cause fuel filter plugging. However, no research has been conducted to determine the impact of oxidized biodiesel on engine emissions and fuel system performance. The objective of this study was to relate the chemical and physical processes associated with biodiesel oxidation to the conditions that affect engine performance and emissions. In addition, a relationship was sought between ASTM D2274, a diesel fuel based stability test and AOCS Cd 8-53 and Cd 3a-63 which characterize the chemical changes in the fuel.
Download or read book The Effect of Fatty Acid Composition on Emissions from Biodiesel fueled Diesel Engines written by Kevin Jonathan Schmidt and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Oxygenates Blended with Diesel Fuel on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Compression ignition Engine written by Adelbert Su-Tseh Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Biodiesel Fuelling on Diesel Particulate Matter written by Justin Ketterer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biodiesel Fuel Property Effects on Particulate Matter Reactivity written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Controlling diesel particulate emissions to meet the 2007 U.S. standard requires the use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The reactivity of soot, or the carbon fraction of particulate matter, in the DPF and the kinetics of soot oxidation are important in achieving better control of aftertreatment devices. Studies showed that biodiesel in the fuel can increase soot reactivity. This study therefore investigated which biodiesel fuel properties impact reactivity. Three fuel properties of interest included fuel oxygen content and functionality, fuel aromatic content, and the presence of alkali metals. To determine fuel effects on soot reactivity, the performance of a catalyzed DPF was measured with different test fuels through engine testing and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Results showed no dependence on the aromatic content or the presence of alkali metals in the fuel. The presence and form of fuel oxygen was the dominant contributor to faster DPF regeneration times and soot reactivity.
Download or read book Dates written by A. Manickavasagan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-20 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of the many varieties of date palms, the species Phoenix dactylifera Linn. is cultivated extensively and traded and consumed worldwide. Dates: Production, Processing, Food, and Medicinal Values draws from a broad spectrum of contributors to present a comprehensive survey of this particular species. The book explores a range of essential facets of w
