Download or read book The Effects of Judicial Characteristics on the Sentencing of Felony Offenders written by Ann Marie Kazyaka and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Judicial Characteristics on the Sentencing of Felony Offenders written by Ann M. Kazyaka and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book How Do Judges Decide written by Cassia Spohn and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2009 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How are sentences for Federal, State, and Local crimes determined in the United States? Is this process fairly and justly applied to all concerned? How have reforms affected the process over the last 25 years? This text for advanced undergraduate students in criminal justice programs seeks to answer these questions.
Download or read book Effects of Judges Sentencing Decisions on Criminal Careers written by Don M. Gottfredson and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impact of Criminal Court Sentencing Decisions and Structural Characteristics written by Martin A. Levin and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guidelines Manual written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Social Contexts of Criminal Sentencing written by Martha A. Myers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, the announcement and invocation of criminal penalties were public spectacles. Today, fear of crime and disaffection with the criminal justice system guarantee that this public fascination with punishment continues. In the past decade, virtually every legislature in the country has undertaken sentencing reform, in the hope that public concern with crime would be allayed and dispari ties in criminal sentences would be reduced if not eliminated. Scholars have intensified their longstanding preoccupation with discrimination and the sources of disparate treatment during sentencing - issues that continue to fuel contem porary reform efforts. As documented in Chapter 1, empirical research on sen tencing has concentrated much of its attention on the offender. Only recently have attempts been made to imbed sentencing in its broader organizational and social contexts. Our study extends these attempts by quantitatively analyzing the relationship between the offender and the social contexts in which he or she is sentenced. We use data on felony sentencing in Georgia between 1976 and 1985 to ask three questions. The first addresses an issue of perennial concern: during sentencing, how important are offender attributes, both those of explicit legal relevance and traits whose legal relevance is questionable or nonexistent? The second question directs attention to the social contexts of sentencing and asks whether they directly affect sentencing outcomes.
Download or read book Effects of Judges Sentencing Decisions on Criminal Careers written by Don M. Gottfredson and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook on Punishment Decisions written by Jeffery T. Ulmer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook on Punishment Decisions: Locations of Disparity provides a comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge on sites of disparity in punishment decision-making. This collection of essays and reports of original research defines disparity broadly to include the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, age, citizenship/immigration status, and socioeconomic status, and it examines dimensions such as how pretrial or guilty plea processes shape exposure to punishment, how different types of sentencing decisions and/or policy structures (sentencing guidelines, mandatory minimums, risk assessment tools) might shape and condition disparity, and how post-sentencing decisions involving probation and parole contribute to inequalities. The sixteen contributions pull together what we know and what we don’t about punishment decision-making and plow new ground for further advances in the field. The ASC Division on Corrections & Sentencing Handbook Series publishes volumes on topics ranging from violence risk assessment to specialty courts for drug users, veterans, or people with mental illness. Each thematic volume focuses on a single topical issue that intersects with corrections and sentencing research.
Download or read book Contextual Characteristics in Juvenile Sentencing written by Rimonda Maroun and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there is extensive research published concerning juvenile justice and sentencing, most of the research focuses on individual and extra-legal factors, such as age, race, and gender, with scant attention paid to the impact of macro-level factors. This book assesses how a specific contextual factor—concentrated disadvantage—impacts juvenile court outcomes and considers the relevant implications for the current state of juvenile justice processing. Using case-level data from a Southern state with a large, diverse population and contextual-level data from the 2010 US Census and American Community Survey, Maroun assesses whether youth living in neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage experience harsher outcomes than their counterparts from other types of neighborhoods. Additionally, she examines whether concentrated disadvantage interacts with individual race/ethnicity to influence juvenile court outcomes. Results suggested a direct impact of concentrated disadvantage on diversion, adjudication, and probation type. Further, race significantly interacted with concentrated disadvantage in impacting adjudication and probation outcomes, while ethnicity significantly interacted with concentrated disadvantage in impacting disposition and commitment type. This research expands the knowledge of macrolevel influences on juvenile court outcomes, providing support for the notion that community context impacts juvenile justice processing. Results also highlight the fact that judges use discretion as well as other legal and extralegal factors in exerting social control, and do so differently at each stage of processing. This monograph is essential reading for those engaged in youth and juvenile justice efforts and scholars interested in issues surrounding race, class, social policy, and justice.
Download or read book The Effects of Prior Stages of Criminal Justice Decision Making on Criminal Sentencing A Test of Three Models written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research has analyzed the effects of legal and extralegal factors on criminal justice decision-making. Most of this research analyzes discrete stages, rather than multiple stages of the criminal justice process. Using data on felony convictions in a New Jersey State Court, this study compares the utility of a legal model of decision-making, an organizational model of decision-making and Black's (1976) theory of law in predicting several criminal justice outcomes. Providing some support for both the legal model and Black's theory of law, the results indicate the influence of both legal case characteristics and extralegal factors during initial stages of criminal justice processing. However, the influence of extralegal factors on later sentencing decisions through their effects on initial outcomes indicates the operation of organizational factors in criminal justice processing. While offenders are directly penalized by extralegal factors during initial criminal justice processing, they are penalized indirectly at sentencing stages by these same factors. Overall, the results of this analysis provide overwhelming support for an organizational model of criminal justice processing, in which later criminal justice outcomes are greatly a function of outcomes at previous stages. Previous research fails to systematically include prior outcomes in analyses of criminal sentencing. Criminal sentencing research that fails to consider the impact of initial criminal justice outcomes may falsely conclude that extralegal factors have no affect on decision-making.
Download or read book Do Judges Experiences and Indelible Traits Influence Sentencing Decisions written by William Hauser (III) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Judicial decision-making has been a long-standing subject of criminological inquiry. It has been the explicit focus of theory (e.g. Steffensmeier, Ulmer, & Kramer, 1998; Albonetti, 1991; Farrell & Holmes, 1991) and is implicit in discussions of unwarranted sentencing disparity, determinate sentencing, and extra-legal offender attributes such as race. Central to each of these topics is the judge's sentencing decision and the differences in sentences that flow from the use of discretion. However, few studies have actually directly examined variation in judges' sentencing behavior and how this variation corresponds to judge and offender attributes. This dissertation fills that void by using data from Florida Circuit Courts to examine how judges' indelible attributes and experiences influence their use of imprisonment. Results demonstrate that judges are far from homogenous in their sentencing behavior and, in spite of sentencing guidelines, extra-legal offender attributes continue to matter but in nuanced ways. Findings include statistically significant effects for the judges' political party affiliation, age, time on bench, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity; several of these effects are conditioned by offender attributes. These effects are modest in magnitude but when considered cumulatively, they result in consequential differences in the probability that an offender is imprisoned. Judges also show considerable variation in their propensity to imprison even after controlling for differences in their traits. While judge attributes like race and sex matter, they do not adequately capture the bulk of inter-judge variation in the use of imprisonment. In short, criminal sentencing remains a highly individualized activity.
Download or read book Sentencing Law and Policy written by Nora Demleitner and published by Aspen Publishing. This book was released on 2018-02-01 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the foremost books in Sentencing Law, the new fourth edition continues in the tradition of its predecessors by giving students a comprehensive overview of modern sentencing practices. Authored by leading scholars, this casebook provides thorough examination of underlying doctrine, motivates students to tackle the important policy and political issues that animate sentencing practices, and poses challenging questions and hypotheticals to stimulate class discussion and independent thought. Key Features: More streamlined focus. Material covered in the third edition has been updated and streamlined reducing the length by more than 400 pages. Chapters 7-11 in the previous edition have been expanded and updated and are now available online. Thoroughly updated to address important statutory and case law changes, including important U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Court of Appeals, state appellate court decisions and recent scholarship. Coverage of modern policy issues, including mass incarceration, prosecutorial and judicial discretion, punishment for drug crimes, revised federal and state sentencing guidelines, racial and other disparities in sentencing, and topics associated with administration of the death penalty. Expanded Teachers Manual with sample syllabi and other supporting materials to help professors construct personalized teaching plans that integrate the text and online materials.
Download or read book Reform Effects written by Emmanuelle Klossou and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sentencing reform has guided criminal justice processing in federal courts since the passage of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (hereafter, SRA 1984). Despite changes in case law and legislation, the academic and political community has been seeking to understand the persistence of unwarranted disparities, based on extra-legal factors, in the sentencing of federal offenders. Although reform resulted in safeguards against unwarranted disparities through federal sentencing guidelines, the empirical literature continues to find that offenders with similar case characteristics receive different sentences based on personal factors like gender, race, age, and other such factors. The theoretical literature of Max Weber offers some perspective. An application of Weber’s bureaucratization theory suggests that the introduction of determinate sentencing via the SRA 1984, following a period of indeterminate sentencing that was based on individualized justice, precludes the State from effectively achieving equal justice in criminal justice processing. The persistence of unwarranted disparities based on extra-legal factors is the result of a not-so-seamless transition from substantive rationalization of law (indeterminate sentencing) to legal rationalization of law (determinate sentencing). Even as governments created and implemented new rules for equal justice via case law and legislation substantive rationalization of law would persist because administrators of justice would continue to rely on personal (extra-legal) factors in decision-making. The current study examined the relationship between sentence outcomes and reform, and sought to examine the mechanisms through which unwarranted disparities based on extra-legal factors persisted. Findings reveal that extra-legal factors condition sentence outcomes, despite periods of reform meant to reduce disparities. In addition, the current study found that as new rules via case law and legislation are implemented, the hydraulic effect of discretionary power may occur between criminal justice agents for certain offenses, and that substantive rationalization of law persists in decision-making in federal courts.
Download or read book Community Context and Sentencing Decisions written by Noelle Fearn and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2010-06 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Criminal sentencing is a quite visible and very important stage of the criminal justice process. Due partly to its visibility and to its potentially devastating impact on individuals and communities, there is more interest now than ever before in how we sentence and punish criminal offenders. The development and implementation of various legislative initiatives (e.g., sentencing guidelines/grids and mandatory minimums) are evidence of the public's and policymaker's distrust of criminal justice authorities' ability to appropriately and fairly sentence criminal offenders. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the sentencing of convicted felony defendants across large, urban counties in the United States. Three different sentencing outcomes are examined and particular focus is placed on the importance of contextual influences on sentencing outcomes for individual offenders--along with defendant and case/legal characteristics. This analysis helps shed light on the factors that influence sentencing decisions and broadens our understanding of sentencing to include defendant, case/offense, and community characteristics.
Download or read book Federal Sentencing the Basics written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides an overview of the federal sentencing system. For historicalcontext, it first briefly discusses the evolution of federal sentencing during the past fourdecades, including the landmark passage of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (SRA),1 inwhich Congress established a new federal sentencing system based primarily on sentencingguidelines, as well as key Supreme Court decisions concerning the guidelines. It thendescribes the nature of federal sentences today and the process by which such sentencesare imposed. The final parts of this paper address appellate review of sentences; therevocation of offenders' terms of probation and supervised release; the process whereby theUnited States Sentencing Commission (the Commission) amends the guidelines; and theCommission's collection and analysis of sentencing data.
Download or read book Criminal Sentences written by Marvin E. Frankel and published by . This book was released on 1973-01 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
