Download or read book The Effects of Investing Social Security Funds in the Stock Market when Fixed Costs Prevent Some Households from Holding Stocks written by Andrew B. Abel and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With fixed costs of participating in the stock market, consumers with high income will participate in the stock market, but consumers with lower income will not participate. If a fully-funded defined-contribution social security system tries to exploit the equity premium by selling a dollar of bonds per capita and buying a dollar of equity per capita, consumers who save but do not participate in the stock market will increase their consumption, thereby reducing saving and capital accumulation. Calibration of a general equilibrium model indicates that this policy could reduce the aggregate capital stock substantially, by about 50 cents per capita.
Download or read book The Effect of Investing Social Security Funds in the Stock Market when Fixed Costs Prevent Some Households from Holding Stocks written by A. B. Aabel and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Social Security Financing written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Risk Aspects of Investment Based Social Security Reform written by John Y. Campbell and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-02-15 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our current social security system operates on a pay-as-you-go basis; benefits are paid almost entirely out of current revenues. As the ratio of retirees to taxpayers increases, concern about the high costs of providing benefits in a pay-as-you-go system has led economists to explore other options. One involves "prefunding," in which a person's withholdings are invested in financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds, the eventual returns from which would fund his or her retirement. The risks such a system would introduce—such as the volatility in the market prices of investment assets—are the focus of this offering from the NBER. Exploring the issues involved in measuring risk and developing models to reflect the risks of various investment-based systems, economists evaluate the magnitude of the risks that both retirees and taxpayers would assume. The insights that emerge show that the risk is actually moderate relative to the improved return, as well as being balanced by the ability of an investment-based system to adapt to differences in individual preferences and conditions.
Download or read book Straight Shooting on Social Security written by United States. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on Aging and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Economic and Financial Market Consequences of Global Ageing written by Kieran McMorrow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-07 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many countries will be confronted with ageing populations in the coming decades. This will crucially affect the economic outlook for the economy. Population changes directly affect the size of the labour force and consequently potential employment and output growth. Because the timing and magnitude of demographic changes varies significantly across regions, international capital flows will play an important role for the allocation of investment. This book offers a comprehensive treatment of ageing related issues based on a five region overlapping generations model and provides a quantitative assessment until 2050.
Download or read book Would a Privatized Social Security System Really Pay a Higher Rate of Return written by Stephen P. Zeldes and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many advocates of social security privatization argue that rates of return under a defined contribution individual account system would be much higher for all than they are under the current social security system. This claim is false. The mistake comes from ignoring accrued benefits already promised based on past payroll taxes, and from underestimating the riskiness of stock investments. Confusion arises because three distinct reforms are muddled. By privatization we mean creating individual accounts (which could, for example, be invested exclusively in bonds). By diversification we mean investing in stocks, and perhaps other assets, as well as bonds; diversification might be undertaken either by individuals in their private social security accounts, or by the social security trust fund. By prefunding we mean closing the gap between social security benefits promised to date and the assets on hand to pay for them. Any one of these reforms could be implemented without the other two. If the system were completely privatized, with no prefunding or diversification, the social security system would need to raise taxes and/or issue new debt in order to pay benefits already accrued. If the burden were spread evenly across all future generations via a constant proportional tax, the added taxes would completely eliminate any rate of return advantage on the individual accounts. We estimate that the required new taxes would amount to about 3 percent of payroll, or about a quarter of all social security contributions, in perpetuity. Unlike privatization, prefunding would raise rates of return for later generations, but at the cost of lower returns for today's workers. For households able to invest in the stock market on their own, diversification would not raise rates of return, correctly adjusted to recognize risk. Households that are constrained from holding stock, due to lack of wealth outside of social security or to fixed costs from holding stocks, would gain higher risk-adjusted returns and would be
Download or read book Would a Privatized Social Security System Really Pay a Higher Rate of Return written by John Geanakoplos and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many advocates of social security privatization argue that rates of return under a defined contribution individual account system would be much higher for all than they are under the current social security system. This claim is false. The mistake comes from ignoring accrued benefits already promised based on past payroll taxes, and from underestimating the riskiness of stock investments. Confusion arises because three distinct reforms are muddled. By privatization we mean creating individual accounts (which could, for example, be invested exclusively in bonds). By diversification we mean investing in stocks, and perhaps other assets, as well as bonds; diversification might be undertaken either by individuals in their private social security accounts, or by the social security trust fund. By prefunding we mean closing the gap between social security benefits promised to date and the assets on hand to pay for them. Any one of these reforms could be implemented without the other two. If the system were completely privatized, with no prefunding or diversification, the social security system would need to raise taxes and/or issue new debt in order to pay benefits already accrued. If the burden were spread evenly across all future generations via a constant proportional tax, the added taxes would completely eliminate any rate of return advantage on the individual accounts. We estimate that the required new taxes would amount to about 3 percent of payroll, or about a quarter of all social security contributions, in perpetuity. Unlike privatization, prefunding would raise rates of return for later generations, but at the cost of lower returns for today's workers. For households able to invest in the stock market on their own, diversification would not raise rates of return, correctly adjusted to recognize risk. Households that are constrained from holding stock, due to lack of wealth outside of social security or to fixed costs from holding stocks, would gain higher risk-adjusted returns and would benefit from diversification. If this group is large, diversification would raise stock values, thus helping current stockholders, but it would lower future stock returns, thus hurting young unconstrained households. Overall, since the number of truly constrained households is probably not that large, privatization and diversification would have a much smaller effect on returns than reformers typically claim.
Download or read book Social Security written by and published by CBO Publ Services. This book was released on 2001 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This primer on Social Security describes the elements of the program that are most relevant to the current debate about Social Security's future. It examines the demographic patterns that are causing the graying of the U.S. population and looks at several strategies that have been proposed for preparing for that aging population. The primer emphasizes the economic and budgetary aspects of Social Security -- particularly, how changes to the program might affect the nation's ability to deal with its impending demographic shift. Appendices: the economic effects of having the government issue debt to finance investments in the stock market; and proposals for private accounts in the 106th Congress.
Download or read book Privatizing Social Security written by Martin Feldstein and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume represents the most important work to date on one of the pressing policy issues of the moment: the privatization of social security. Although social security is facing enormous fiscal pressure in the face of an aging population, there has been relatively little published on the fundamentals of essential reform through privatization. Privatizing Social Security fills this void by studying the methods and problems involved in shifting from the current system to one based on mandatory saving in individual accounts. "Timely and important. . . . [Privatizing Social Security] presents a forceful case for a radical shift from the existing unfunded, pay-as-you-go single national program to a mandatory funded program with individual savings accounts. . . . An extensive analysis of how a privatized plan would work in the United States is supplemented with the experiences of five other countries that have privatized plans." —Library Journal "[A] high-powered collection of essays by top experts in the field."—Timothy Taylor, Public Interest
Download or read book Social Security Demographics and Risk written by Christoph Hendrik Borgmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-11-15 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses the most important issues of the ongoing discussion on designing social security. It provides fundamental results for pay-as-you-go social security, covers the issues of social security during demographic transition and examines the inclusion of risk aspects into the analysis of social security. An empirical case study of Germany yields the surprising result that de facto the German public pension scheme already comprises an implicit demographic factor. This book allows a subtle understanding of how interacting risks are treated within different pension systems and thereby provides a basis for the development of innovative ways of risk sharing.
Download or read book Behavioral Finance A Novel Approach written by Itzhak Venezia and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral Finance: A Novel Approach presents original papers exploring fresh ideas in behavioral finance. Its chapters span a wide range of topics in a distinct mix of traditional issues along with less conventional matters. This blend creates an optimal balance between chapters aiming at widening the scope of research in behavioral finance and those striving to refine the extant knowledge.Thus, along with traditional topics such as biases in pension decisions, analysts recommendation, gender differences in decisions and IPO's underpricing, the book also contains chapters on CEO and board members behavior, biased responses to regulation and regulatory reform, investors' attitudes towards corporate governance, cognitive biases in judicial decisions, the relations between behavioral finance and religion, new methods to calibrate the accuracy of forecasts, and the relations between behavioral finance and optimal contracting.Presenting original findings on a vast assortment of subjects, all in one venue, makes the book ideal as a reference book for researchers and practitioners interested in keeping up with the important developments in behavioral finance. The book could also serve as a handy guide for adapting insights from popular behavioral finance to some important underrepresented issues.
Download or read book Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2000 written by William C. Brainard and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2000-12-01 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published twice a year, BPEA offers authoritative, in-depth research on economic development for economists, government officials, and members of the financial and business communities. For nearly thirty years, BPEA has been an indispensable source for scholars and policymakers seeking objective analysis of major macroeconomic issues. " Social Security Reform and National Saving in an Era of Budget Surpluses" by Douglas W. Elmendorf and Jeffrey B. Liebman " E-Capital: The Link between the Stock Market and the Labor Market in the 1990s" by Robert E. Hall " Real Estate and the Macroeconomy" by Karl E. Case " The Economic Consequences of Disappearing Government Debt" by Vincent Reinhart and Brian Sack " Financial Market Implications of the Federal Debt Paydown" by Michael J. Fleming " Tax Smoothing Implications of the Federal Debt Paydown" by George J. Hall and Stefan Krieger
Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging written by John Piggott and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 1146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging synthesizes the economic literature on aging and the subjects associated with it, including social insurance and healthcare costs, both of which are of interest to policymakers and academics. These volumes, the first of a new subseries in the Handbooks in Economics, describe and analyze scholarship created since the inception of serious attention began in the late 1970s, including information from general economics journals, from various field journals in economics, especially, but not exclusively, those covering labor markets and human resource issues, from interdisciplinary social science and life science journals, and from papers by economists published in journals associated with gerontology, history, sociology, political science, and demography, amongst others. Dissolves the barriers between policymakers and scholars by presenting comprehensive portraits of social and theoretical issues Synthesizes valuable data on the topic from a variety of journals dating back to the late 1970s in a convenient, comprehensive resource Presents diverse perspectives on subjects that can be closely associated with national and regional concerns Offers comprehensive, critical reviews and expositions of the essential aspects of the economics of population aging
Download or read book The American Economic Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes papers and proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Economic Association. Covers all areas of economic research.
Download or read book Social Security Reform written by Robin Brooks and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-04-04 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the underlying economic issues of the debate over public pension system reform.
Download or read book Dimensions of Tax Design written by James A. Mirrlees and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-29 with total page 1360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Review was chaired by Nobel Laureate Professor Sir James Mirrlees of the University of Cambridge and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. --
