Download or read book The Effects of Interannual Precipitation Variability on the Functioning of Grasslands written by Laureano Gherardi Arbizu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change will result not only in changes in the mean state of climate but also on changes in variability. However, most studies of the impact of climate change on ecosystems have focused on the effect of changes in the central tendency. The broadest objective of this thesis was to assess the effects of increased interannual precipitation variation on ecosystem functioning in grasslands. In order to address this objective, I used a combination of field experimentation and data synthesis. Precipitation manipulations on the field experiments were carried out using an automated rainfall manipulation system developed as part of this dissertation. Aboveground net primary production responses were monitored during five years. Increased precipitation coefficient of variation decreased primary production regardless of the effect of precipitation amount. Perennial-grass productivity significantly decreased while shrub productivity increased as a result of enhanced precipitation variance. Most interesting is that the effect of precipitation variability increased through time highlighting the existence of temporal lags in ecosystem response. Further, I investigated the effect of precipitation variation on functional diversity on the same experiment and found a positive response of diversity to increased interannual precipitation variance. Functional evenness showed a similar response resulting from large changes in plant-functional type relative abundance including decreased grass and increased shrub cover while functional richness showed non-significant response. Increased functional diversity ameliorated the direct negative effects of precipitation variation on ecosystem ANPP but did not control ecosystem stability where indirect effects through the dominant plant-functional type determined ecosystem stability. Analyses of 80 long-term data sets, where I aggregated annual productivity and precipitation data into five-year temporal windows, showed that precipitation variance had a significant effect on aboveground net primary production that is modulated by mean precipitation. Productivity increased with precipitation variation at sites where mean annual precipitation is less than 339 mm but decreased at sites where precipitation is higher than 339 mm. Mechanisms proposed to explain patterns include: differential ANPP response to precipitation among sites, contrasting legacy effects and soil water distribution. Finally, increased precipitation variance may impact global grasslands affecting plant-functional types in different ways that may lead to state changes, increased erosion and decreased stability that can in turn limit the services provided by these valuable ecosystems.

Download or read book Ecosystem Sensitivity to Variation in Precipitation and Defoliation Across Grasslands of Alberta written by Batbaatar Amgaa and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate models project a greater likelihood of increases in precipitation variability and droughts over the Great Plains of North America. Drought's interactions with other co-occurring factors, such as grazing, can lead to substantial and long-lasting changes to ecosystem goods and services. In this thesis, I examine variations in precipitation and defoliation to better understand how their interactive effects shape ecosystem structure and function. First, I test the effects of grazing on ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation using spatially extensive long-term records of aboveground net plant productivity (ANPP) and precipitation. I found that grazing increased ANPP sensitivity to interannual variability in precipitation, especially at arid grasslands, suggesting that the explanatory power of the precipitation-ANPP relationship may not hold for ecosystems subjected to two or more global change drivers. Second, I examine the commonly assumed but little tested hypothesis - that drought impacts are progressive through time. I do so using a factorial experiment crossing drought and defoliation that I conducted at seven northern temperate grasslands over four years. I found that multi-year drought led to greater changes to community composition than productivity, and effects did not compound through time. Shifts in species composition were driven by variation in the abundance of dominant species, which also likely resulted in stability in ANPP under drought. Third, I examine the sensitivity of both shoot and root biomass to the combined effects of drought and defoliation. This topic is important because root responses are often overlooked in ecosystem models. I found that ANPP increased under drought relative to the ambient treatment, and the combined effects of drought and defoliation reduced ANPP but had no impacts on root biomass. Moreover, using minirhizotrons, I further examine root length dynamics in response to drought and defoliation at two of my seven field sites. I found root length dynamics were affected by every factor manipulated or measured in this thesis. In general, I found decreases in length, production, and lifespan of roots with drought in the shallow soil depth in the absence of defoliation. Notably, I found that the two sites exhibited general convergence in many aspects of their root length dynamics when exposed to both drought and defoliation, but when differences existed, they occurred under the ambient condition or at the deep soil depth. Further, the mortality and lifespan of roots were the aspects of root length dynamics that caused the observed shifts in total root length resulting from drought and variation in defoliation. In sum, this thesis demonstrates that northern temperate grasslands are highly resistant to a reduction in water availability via stability among dominant species or root responses, particularly root length dynamics, but defoliation, regardless of what regime, makes these systems sensitive to drought. Further, my results emphasize that the combined effects of global change drivers on plant root and shoot responses must be included in ecosystem models and will more accurately project ecosystem sensitivity to future variable weather.

Download or read book The Effects of Temporal Variation in Precipitation on Plant Coexistence in an Annual Grassland Community written by Mary N. Van Dyke and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation aims to contribute to our understanding of plant coexistence and explore how global change could disrupt these dynamics thus altering the composition of future communities. I have attempted to answer these broad ecological questions by studying the coexistence mechanisms operating in an annual grassland in coastal southern California that experiences high interannual variability in climate, particularly in precipitation. I have explored multiple mechanisms of coexistence operating in the community and the physiological bases of the interacting plant species to make my results more broadly applicable. Each chapter also discusses how the results can inform our predictions about how plant communities will continue to respond to global change. Chapter one explores how interactions between neighboring species are altered by changes in rainfall. Precipitation patterns have long been known to shape plant distributions but how changes in these patterns effect species interactions and thus community composition is less understood. As precipitation patterns across the globe are altered by global change, understanding how interactions like competition between plants is impacted will help us anticipate potential community composition changes. We studied how changes in precipitation altered competitive dynamics by studying the direct effects of changes on individual species, as well as, by the changing strength of competitive interactions between species. We grew six annual species under two rainfall conditions with varying densities and identities of competitors. We parameterized a population growth model that allowed us to determine stabilizing niche differences and fitness differences between species pairs which determine their ability to coexist. We found that reduced precipitation had little direct impact on species grown alone, but it qualitatively shifted predicted competitive outcomes for 10 of 15 species pairs. We also found that species that were more similar in their functional traits were less likely to experience changes in their competitive outcomes than species that were less similar. In chapter 2, we investigated the mechanism that might be driving the changes in species competitive interactions that we found with changes in precipitation. We hypothesized that species flowering phenology (timing) might contribute to species ability to coexist by separating resource intensive periods for species over the growing season. These critical temporal dynamics could be disturbed if changes in precipitation affect the flowering phenology of some species and not others. We found that changes in rainfall shift some species flowering phenology, but sensitivity differed among neighboring species. Four of seven species we studied started and/or peaked flowering earlier in response to reduced water availability. The idiosyncratic responses among neighboring species has the potential to disrupt temporal coexistence mechanisms because it alters the flowering overlap between species pairs. We found the species pairs whose competitive interactions changed in the experiment described in chapter one had larger differences in their phenological responses to reduced rainfall than pairs whose competitive outcomes did not change. This shows that species pairs whose flowering time overlap changed more, were more likely to experience a change in their competitive interaction. Therefore, current temporal spacing between peak flowering times likely contributes to coexistence in the community and if changes in rainfall disrupt this, species may lose their ability to coexist, altering the composition of the community. Chapter 3 explores coexistence at a broader timescale and investigates how multiple mechanisms of coexistence operate simultaneously. Southern coastal California experiences high interannual variation in rainfall. Modern coexistence theory suggests that coexistence mechanisms, such as the temporal storage effect, may be important in communities experiencing fluctuating abiotic conditions. To examine the effects of temporal variation in abiotic conditions on coexistence, we studied an annual grassland community that experiences high interannual variation in precipitation. We found that species demographic rates from the last 15 years, including germination rate and low-density fecundity, are rarely strongly positively correlated with other species in the community, indicating that species differ in which years they perform best, and therefore likely specialize on distinct abiotic conditions. Variation in response to interannual differences in rainfall concentrates intraspecific interactions relative to interspecific interactions and favors coexistence. Additionally, we found that species differences in functional traits, especially rooting depth, water use efficiency, and leaf nitrogen were well correlated with differences in species demographic responses, such that species with similar traits did best in the same years. Taken together this deepens our understanding of coexistence in the community and provides greater context for how plant communities may respond to future increases in climatic variability.

Download or read book Aboveground Belowground Linkages written by Richard D. Bardgett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aboveground-Belowground Linkages provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in our understanding of the roles that interactions between aboveground and belowground communities play in regulating the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and their responses to global change. It charts the historical development of this field of ecology and evaluates what can be learned from the recent proliferation of studies on the ecological and biogeochemical significance of aboveground-belowground linkages. The book is structured around four key topics: biotic interactions in the soil; plant community effects; the role of aboveground consumers; and the influence of species gains and losses. A concluding chapter draws together this information and identifies a number of cross-cutting themes, including consideration of aboveground-belowground feedbacks that occur at different spatial and temporal scales, the consequences of these feedbacks for ecosystem processes, and how aboveground-belowground interactions link to human-induced global change.

Download or read book Grasslands and Climate Change written by David J. Gibson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive assessment of the effects of climate change on global grasslands and the mitigating role that ecologists can play.

Download or read book Potential Effects of Altered Precipitation Regimes on Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems written by Joanna Su-Ting Hsu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to causing an increase in mean temperatures, climate change is also altering precipitation regimes across the globe. General circulation models project both latitude-dependent changes in precipitation mean and increases in precipitation variability. These changes in water availability will impact terrestrial primary productivity, the fixation of carbon dioxide into organic matter by plants. In my thesis, I addressed the following three questions: 1.) What will be the relative effect of changes in the mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation on mean annual primary production? 2.) Which ecosystems will be the most sensitive to changes in precipitation? 3.) Will increases in production variability be disproportionately greater than increases in precipitation variability? I gathered 58 time series of annual precipitation and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) from long-term ecological study sites across the globe. I quantified the sensitivity of ANPP at each site to changes in precipitation mean and variance. My results indicated that mean ANPP is about 40 times more sensitive to changes in precipitation mean than to changes in precipitation variance. I showed that semi-arid ecosystems such as shortgrass steppe in Colorado or typical steppe in Inner Mongolia may be the most sensitive to changes in precipitation mean. At these sites and several others, a 1% change in mean precipitation may result in a change in ANPP that is greater than 1%. To address how increases in interannual precipitation variability will impact the variability of ANPP, I perturbed the variability of observed precipitation time series and evaluated the impact of this perturbation on predicted ANPP variability. I found that different assumptions about the precipitation-ANPP relationship had different implications for how increases in precipitation variability will impact ANPP variability. Increases in ANPP variability were always directly proportional to increases in precipitation variability when ANPP was modeled as a simple linear or a lagged function of precipitation. However, when ANPP was modeled as a nonlinear, saturating function of precipitation, increases in ANPP variability were disproportionately low compared to increases in precipitation variability during wet years but disproportionately high during dry years. My thesis addresses an existing research gap regarding the long-term impact of increases in interannual precipitation variability on key ecosystem functioning. I showed that increases in precipitation variability will have negligible impacts on ANPP mean and have disproportionately large impacts on ANPP variability only when ANPP is a concave down, nonlinear function of precipitation. My work also demonstrates the importance of the precipitation-ANPP relationship in determining the magnitude of impacts to ANPP caused by changes in precipitation. Finally, my thesis highlights the potential for considerable changes in ANPP variability due to increases in precipitation variability.

Download or read book Grassland Ecosystems Functioning and Stability in Response to Climatic Variability and Climate Extremes written by Md Lokman Hossain and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grasslands have been considered the most imperiled ecosystems in the world because, over the past three decades, grasslands have been subjected to major natural and anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., land-use change and global climate change). Despite there is increasing evidence that grassland ecosystems are under threat of global climate change, our understanding of the functioning (e.g., aboveground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB)) and stability (e.g., resistance and resilience) of these ecosystems in response to climatic variability and climate extremes is limited. In this thesis, grassland biomass observations in 5 ecoregions (cold steppe, humid temperate, humid savanna, savanna and temperate dry steppe) and Bayreuth Biodiversity Experiment were studied to examine the effects of climatic variability and climate extremes on ecosystem functioning and assess the role of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and stability. Growing-season climatic variables were defined based on respective harvests (hereafter single-harvest), which include growing-season temperature (GST), precipitation (GSP), mean temperature (GSTmean), maximum temperature (GSTmax), minimum temperature (GSTmin) and cumulative precipitation (GSPcum). Annual climatic variables include mean annual temperature (MAT), maximum temperature (MATmax), minimum temperature (MATmin), annual precipitation (AP) and frequency (APfreq). Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index was used to identify growing-season and annual climatic conditions (extreme dry, moderate dry, normal, moderate wet and extreme wet) based on drought index classification. Annual harvest frequencies were classified into extensive, low-intensive, mid-intensive, and intensive. Biomass (i.e., AGB, BGB and BGB:AGB ratio) data were analyzed using multiple tests (i.e. Pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA, post-hoc test, generalized linear models and linear mixed-effects models. Results showed that irrespective of study sites, ecoregions and plant types, growing-season climatic variables were the strong determinants in controlling single-harvest biomass rather than the annual climatic variables in explaining annual biomass. For example, single-harvest AGB in cold steppe, humid temperate and humid savanna ecoregions increased with increasing GSP and GST. For total BGB in C3- and C4- dominated grasslands across ecoregions, GST, GSTmax and GSTmin had significantly positive effects on the single-harvest BGB of C3 plants in humid temperate and cold steppe, and C4 plants in temperate dry steppe and savanna ecoregions. When BGB:AGB ratio was examined, I found that the single-harvest BGB:AGB ratio of C4-dominated grasslands increased, and C3-dominated grassland decreased with GST and GSTmax. The differential effects of climate extremes on biomass were not only caused by the differences in sites, ecoregions and plant types, but also ascribed by the direction and timescale of climate extremes. Compared to normal climatic conditions, the single-harvest BGB:AGB ratio of C3-dominated grasslands in cold steppe and C4- dominated grasslands in savanna and humid savanna ecoregions was higher (lower) in growing-season dry (wet) climatic conditions. Higher single-harvest BGB:AGB ratio of C4-dominated grasslands in savanna and humid savanna in growing-season extreme dry climatic conditions caused by a decrease (increase) of AGB (BGB) in iii these grasslands. The C3-dominated grasslands in cold steppe ecoregion are at great threat of drought, as it was observed that growing-season extreme dry climates reduced both the single-harvest AGB and BGB. The relationships between species richness and AGB were (i) concave-up in June harvest and unimodal in September harvests for dry conditions, and (ii) negative linear in June harvests and positive linear in September harvests for the wet conditions. Species richness increased ecosystem resistance against climate extremes of different intensities and directions but decreased resilience towards climate extremes of all dry events. This research concludes that growing-season climatic variables rather than annual climatic variables are the strong determinant in predicting grassland biomass productivity. The observed significant effects of climate extremes on biomass in most sites and ecoregions suggest that the functioning and stability of grasslands in these ecoregions are potentially under threat of increasing intensity and frequency of climate extremes. However, in order to buffer the negative effects of climate extremes on ecosystem functioning, the presence of higher species richness and functional groups is of great importance. This research helps improve the understanding of the differences in the responses of grassland functioning to climatic variability and climate extremes across ecoregions and provides new insights into biodiversity-functioning and biodiversity-stability relationships under climate extremes, which is of importance to achieving sustainable grassland management in different geographical regions.

Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Grass Versus Forb Years in California Rangelands written by Lauren Margaret Hallett and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global circulation models consistently forecast an increase in the frequency of extreme events such as severe storms and droughts. These changes will alter species interactions and ecosystem functions shaped by precipitation, such as productivity. Ecosystem management will need to anticipate, and where possible, mitigate the effects of increased climate variability in order to maintain ecosystem services and biodiversity. This is a pressing issue for California rangelands, which host a high percentage of California's endemic plants and support a large ranching industry that depends on reliable forage production. My dissertation uses observational and experimental approaches to understand the implications of increased precipitation variability for the stability of forage production (i.e. aboveground productivity) and the persistence of rare species in California rangelands. Chapter 1 explores how species interactions affect the stability of aboveground productivity and whether these patterns change along precipitation gradients. I compiled and analyzed nine long-term datasets of plant species composition and aboveground productivity from grassland sites across the United States. I found that productivity in mesic grasslands was stabilized by species richness, whereas productivity in climatically variable grasslands was stabilized by species asynchrony over time. The latter pattern was exemplified by California rangelands, which experienced the most variable precipitation as well as exhibited the most species asynchrony. Chapters 2 and 3 experimentally test the relationship between precipitation variability and species asynchrony in California rangelands and its implications for the stability of cover and aboveground productivity over time. In Chapter 2, I used rainout shelters and irrigation to experimentally create dry and wet conditions, which I replicated across areas with both low and moderate grazing histories. In moderately grazed areas, my rainfall treatments generated a classic pattern of "grass years" in wet conditions and "forb years" in dry. This pattern helped to stabilize cover across rainfall treatments and is a likely reason for the relationship between precipitation variability and species asynchrony that I observed in Chapter 1. In low grazed areas, however, my treatments essentially generated "grass years" in wet conditions and "no-grass years" in dry; forb cover was both low and unresponsive to rainfall in these areas. This suggests that moderate grazing may be an important management tool to maintain the functional responsiveness of California rangelands to precipitation variability. Chapter 3 tests whether competitive and functional differences between grasses and forbs affect the degree to which asynchrony stabilizes total biomass production. Within wet and dry plots I manipulated species interactions to create monocultures of Avena barbata (the most abundant grass), Erodium botrys (the most abundant forb) and a mixture of Avena and Erodium. I found that Avena exerted a stronger competitive effect on Erodium under wet conditions relative to dry, which should help stabilize community productivity. However, this effect was overwhelmed by highly unequal production capacity between the two species; Erodium productivity was much lower than Avena and, consequently, tradeoffs between the species did not increase the stability of the mixture relative to either monoculture. Chapter 4 further investigates tradeoffs between grass and forb years, but in the context of species population dynamics in a ecosystem of conservation concern. Serpentine grassland patches in California host a unique, predominately native flora that is threatened by non-native grass invasion. I focused on a serpentine site that over the past 32 years has exhibited high fluctuations in native forb abundances, and has experienced a series of invasions and subsequent recessions by a non-native annual grass, Bromus hordeaceus. Effective native species conservation and invasive species management require an understanding of what drives such variation in species abundances. I applied a population model to the six most-abundant species at the site - four native annual forbs, a native annual grass and Bromus - to test factors affecting their population size and stability. I found that species could have large population sizes (measured as mean abundance over time) for different reasons - three species had high intrinsic growth rates, whereas the other three, including Bromus and the native grass, had minimal self-limitation. Population stability was highly affected by these differences: species with both low intrinsic growth rates and minimal self-limitation had less stable populations and were more sensitive to rainfall. These findings suggest a framework to describe population stability and to identify which species are likely to be sensitive to environmental change.

Download or read book Climate Change and Global Crop Productivity written by K. R. Reddy and published by CABI. This book was released on 2000-04-25 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation. Worldwide climatic changes have been raising concerns about potential changes to crop yields and production systems. Such concerns include the ability to accommodate these uncertain effects in order to ensure an adequate food supply for an increasing population. Written by leadinginternational experts, this book is the first comprehensive examination of the potential effects climate change, particularly green house gases, will have on agroecosystems. It also reviews the effects such systems have on climate change itself.

Download or read book Biogeochemical Response of U S Great Plains Grasslands to Regional and Interannual Variability in Precipitation written by Rebecca Lynne McCulley and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ecology and the Environment written by Russell K. Monson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, plant biology is considered from the perspective of plants and their surrounding environment, including both biotic and abiotic interactions. The intended audience is undergraduate students in the middle or final phases of their programs of study. Topics are developed to provide a rudimentary understanding of how plant-environment interactions span multiple spatiotemporal scales, and how this rudimentary knowledge can be applied to understand the causes of ecosystem vulnerabilities in the face of global climate change and expansion of natural resource use by human societies. In all chapters connections are made from smaller to larger scales of ecological organization, providing a foundation for understanding plant ecology. Where relevant, environmental threats to ecological systems are identified and future research needs are discussed. As future generations take on the responsibility for managing ecosystem goods and services, one of the most effective resources that can be passed on is accumulated knowledge of how organisms, populations, species, communities and ecosystems function and interact across scales of organization. This book is intended to provide some of that knowledge, and hopefully provide those generations with the ability to avoid some of the catastrophic environmental mistakes that prior generations have made.

Download or read book The Impact of Variable Precipitation on the Performance of Wetland and Grassland Plants written by Teresa Julia Didiano and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Vegetation based Degradation and Restoration on the Alpine Grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau written by Yanfu Bai and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-08-13 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Known as the “roof of the world,” the Tibetan Plateau is the highest and largest plateau on Earth. Tibetan Plateau hosts several mountain ecosystems characterized by high elevations, cold conditions, and a wide range in water availability. Its unique physical and geographical environment includes ecosystems typical for alpine regions, classified as alpine grasslands, which account for 50-70% of the total land area of the Tibetan plateau. Most of these grasslands contain fragile tundra-like environments which are seriously affected by anthropogenic modifications and whose restoration presents a challenge. These natural grassland types include alpine deserts, alpine steppes, alpine meadows, and alpine swamp meadows along precipitation gradients, as well as the transition types between them. Alpine grasslands remain subject to severe degradation by multiple factors, mainly overgrazing and climate warming. As a result, grasslands exhibit a decreased capacity to support biodiversity and complexity, and more generally, ecosystem functions. Therefore, these changes also affect social and recreational activities and restrict access to clean water and food by local communities.

Download or read book Ecosystem Functioning in Restored Grassland as Influenced by Ecotypic Variation Precipitation and Biodiversity written by Kiersten Bergquist and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The restoration of degraded tallgrass prairies can mitigate climate change due to the carbon accrued during the development of grasslands. The focal species, dominant grass Andropogon gerardii, can assist the recovery of grassland ecosystem functioning. Climate, local adaptation, and biodiversity have been found to impact the accrual of carbon in grasslands. This study examined the difference in ecosystem functioning between ecotypes along a dry to mesic precipitation scale. The study site for this project was at the Southern Illinois University Agriculture Research Center in Carbondale, Illinois. The field site was planted with seeds originating from dry to mesic ecotypes, and the resulting ecosystem functioning was analyzed. It was found that the Kansas non-local ecotypes had significantly higher biodiversity, while the local Illinois sites demonstrated local adaptation with A. gerardii. Aboveground plant biomass was higher in the local sites, but there was no difference in carbon accrual between any of the ecotypes. While ecotypic variation in a dominant species will usually differentially influence ecosystem functioning, in this case, high biodiversity and local adaptation result in similar carbon inputs in grassland soil. It is necessary to analyze the carbon content of the soil in the drier field sites in order to determine if major differences in rainfall leads to differences in carbon accrual. If the goal of restoring a tallgrass prairie in southern Illinois is to assist with climate change mitigation, then it does not make a significant difference if the dominant species is sourced locally or non-locally.

Download or read book The effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on patterns structures and functions of terrestrial ecosystems written by Guoqi Wen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Grasses and Grassland Ecology written by David J. Gibson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the most up to date and thorough account of the natural history of the plants that comprise the most important food crop on Earth, the grasses and grasslands.

Download or read book The Regional Impacts of Climate Change written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.