Download or read book The Effects of Differences in Fat Free Weight of Endurance Trained Athletes on Energy Balance and Physical Work Capacity written by Leonard F. Marquart and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Time Restricted Feeding on Metabolism and Sport Performance in Trained Male Runners written by Ashley Tovar and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Athletes have often relied on nutritional strategies to enhance their ability to recover and perform in their sport. One form of dietary manipulation that has gained popularity with athletic populations is time restricted feeding (TRF), specifically the 16/8 diet. This form of time restricted feeding instructs an individual to fast for 16 hours each day, only allowing for water or non-caloric beverages, and consume all of their calories in the same 8-hour feeding window each day. The proposed benefits that have been observed in resistance trained or sedentary populations that may provide sport performance benefits to endurance athletes include higher fat oxidation, maintenance of lean muscle mass with reductions in fat mass, and improvement of biochemical markers of recovery, such as reduced cytokines. However, these possible benefits that are associated with improvements to endurance performance are juxtaposed to the potential negative effects that endurance athletes may experience from reduced windows of caloric intake. Training in a low energy state, as what would occur with extended fasting windows, may cause an athlete's physiology to shift to conserve energy by altering hypothalamic hunger and satiety signals, decrease cellular maintenance, and suppress sympathetic nervous system activity during exercise. All of which have been associated with impairments to performance, metabolism, and recovery. Therefore, the purpose of these investigations was to examine how 4-weeks of adherence to a TRF dietary pattern may be beneficial or detrimental to an endurance athlete's ability to perform in their sport. Chapter 1 provides a review of the current literature discussing forms of time restricted feeding, including the 16/8 diet, as it relates to exercise performance, metabolism, recovery, and hypothalamic function affecting energy balance and hunger. We further examine how the potential adaptations from TRF that have been demonstrated in sedentary and resistance trained populations, as well as cellular models, may uniquely apply to an endurance athlete. Chapter 2 examines the effects of a TRF diet compared to a normal 12-hour eating pattern (ND) on endurance sport performance in trained male runners. This investigation demonstrated that similar to what has been seen in resistance trained athletes, in that when adhering to the TRF dietary pattern compared to the normal dietary pattern, endurance runners reduced body fat ([delta] = +0.05 ± 1.00 kg on ND, [delta] = -0.84 ± 1.29 kg on TRF, p = 0.05) while maintaining fat-free mass, thereby reducing body fat percent as well ([delta] = +0.06 ± 1.30 % on ND, [delta] = -1.00 ± 1.52 % on TRF, p = 0.04). The TRF diet also led to reductions in VCO2 ([delta] = +0.03 ± 0.22 L/min on ND, [delta] = -0.13 ± 0.12 L/min on TRF, p ≤ 0.01) during a treadmill substrate utilization test, with significant reduction to circulating lactate as intensity increased ([delta] = +0.09 ± 0.75 mmol/L on ND, [delta] = -0.32 ± 0.55 mmol/L on TRF, p = 0.03), specifically at a higher intensity (90% VO2peak). Yet these metabolic changes did not translate to changes in sport performance in a 10km race as assessed through a treadmill time trial. These findings contribute to our understanding of the appropriate application of a TRF diet as a training mechanism to induce favorable body composition changes for runners seeking to maximize their running economy, without negatively impacting their performance. In Chapter 3 we investigated how 4 weeks of adherence to a TRF dietary pattern may affect biochemical and subjective markers of recovery in trained male endurance runners. The examination concluded that there were no significant alterations to recovery as assessed through questionnaires and assessment of the hormones testosterone and cortisol. Yet the ratio of testosterone:cortisol (ND [delta] = -7.08 ± 6.07 nM, TRF [delta] = +0.84 ± 2.12 nM, p

Download or read book Endurance Sports Nutrition written by Suzanne Girard Eberle and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endurance Sports Nutrition will guide you in selecting the optimal foods, drinks, and supplements so you can train longer, recover more quickly, avoid injuries, and achieve your performance goals in any endurance endeavor. Sports dietitian and former elite runner Suzanne Girard Eberle presents a fueling program that addresses the unique concerns of endurance athletes: • Road and trail running, from 5K to 100+ miles • Cycling and mountain biking, from time trials to multiday rides • Duathlon and triathlon, from sprint to Ironman • Winter sports, from Nordic ski races to mountain ascents • Water sports, including rowing and open-water swimming • Environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures and high altitude The third edition includes meal planning recommendations for vegetarian athletes and those with food allergies and intolerances as well as profiles, advice from elite endurance athletes, and strategies for avoiding the most common pitfalls of training. Endurance Sports Nutrition will fuel your best performance.

Download or read book Exercise Physiology written by Charles O. Dotson and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Differences in Energy Expenditure Between Low and Adequate Energy Balance Female Endurance Athletes written by Tina Marie Canfield and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gender Differences in Metabolism written by Mark Tarnopolsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-15 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender Differences in Metabolism: Practical and Nutritional Implications is the first book to successfully integrate nutritional science, exercise physiology/medicine, and metabolism. This volume explores recent scientific evidence that male and female athletes exhibit different metabolic responses and, therefore, differ in their nutritional needs and advice. Anyone interested in good health, exercise, and nutrition will find this book a valuable resource.

Download or read book Diet and Health written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 765 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries.

Download or read book Eating for Endurance written by Ellen Coleman and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Ellen Coleman provides solid, concise information and offers advice based on her many years as a dietitian, endurance athlete, and sports nutrition columnist. By referring to actual competitive events and writing in a casual, friendly style, she brings accurate and scientific information to life. This completely revised edition includes new recommendations on carbohydrate intake, fluid replacement, vitamin and mineral supplements, and sports nutrition fads."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Eating Body Weight and Performance in Athletes written by Kelly D. Brownell and published by Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1992 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to integrate, evaluate, and synthesize information on eating and weight problems in athletes. It identifies: the scope of the problem, the genesis of the problem, the effects on health, psychological well-being and performance, and the appropriate methods for prevention and management of the problem.

Download or read book The Effects of Time Restricted Feeding on Cardio metabolic Risk Variables in Competitive Male Runners written by Christine Richardson and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weight loss through reductions in fat mass while maintaining muscle mass is a common goal for athletes as this may provide them with a competitive advantage. Although caloric restriction is the most commonly used and the most widely studied strategy, an alternate method that is becoming increasingly popular is time restricted feeding (TRF). TRF is a form of intermittent fasting and is term used to describe the manipulation of meal timing in order to prolong the fasted portion and decrease the feeding window, which may or may not also involve caloric restriction. Most people traditionally fast overnight during sleep but those adhering to time restrictive feeding will prolong this fast to 16-20 hours of the day. This type of eating pattern has recently become popular in athletes due to its perceived performance and health benefits. However, to date, of the studies that have been done in athletes, all have used resistance-trained athletes. However, this means that the findings of these studies may not apply to endurance athletes since resistance-training results in different exercise-induced metabolic adaptations when compared to endurance exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the 16/8 diet on cardio-metabolic health outcomes in competitive male runners. Fifteen subjects (28.7 ± 5.2 years, 73.5 ± 8.6 kg, 177.7 ± 6.6 cm) completed the randomized cross-over study. Upon completing an orientation visit to determine eligibility, subjects were randomly assigned to either a 4-week TRF group or a normal diet group (ND) (12 hours fed and 12 hours fasted), followed by a 2-week washout period, then began the other 4-week dietary pattern. Subjects maintained their caloric and macronutrient intake as well as the same exercise routine throughout both arms of the study. Subjects arrived fasted for 4 test days on the beginning and end of each dietary pattern. Upon arrival, subject weight was determined, followed by indirect calorimetry to determine resting energy expenditure, a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan to obtain body composition measurements, and a blood draw for biochemical markers related to glucose metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk. All data was analyzed using a mixed linear model and if a sequence effect was determined, all data was then analyzed using a Tukey's post hoc test. The present study showed no significant difference between groups for resting energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), TC/HDL, LDL/HDL, non-HDL, triglycerides (TG), and blood pressure. This study did show that the TRF group lost a significant amount of fat mass (p = 0.05) and body fat percentage (p = 0.04) while maintaining muscle mass. These results suggest that endurance athletes adhering to the 16/8 dietary pattern for 4 weeks may be able to lose fat mass while maintaining fat free mass and energy expenditure. A reduction in fat free mass and energy expenditure is often associated with hypocaloric diets meaning adopting an isocaloric TRF dietary pattern may be a better alternative to caloric restriction. Athletes that are trying to reduce fat mass before an event should adopt a TRF dietary pattern as opposed to an isocaloric diet due to this diet's ability to maintain fat free mass and resting energy expenditure as well as the lack of any adverse effects on other health-related outcome variables.

Download or read book Energy Balance and Run Performance in Elite Collegiate Male and Female Cross Country Runners written by Brittany Day and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of this thesis was to evaluate potential relationships between energy balance (EB) and run performance among NCAA Division I male and female collegiate cross country runners. During the Fall 2013 season, baseline questionnaires, evaluating anthropometric, health, and run performance times, were completed by 49 UCLA and Stanford cross-country team volunteer subjects, including 19 females and 30 males. Runners then completed three, unannounced 24-hour dietary recalls and submitted a 7-day exercise log to provide information regarding their energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Food intake information was entered into the Food Processor SQL Nutrition software (ESHA) to obtain mean daily energy intake (EI). The American College of Sports Medicine Compendium of Physical Activities converted runners' exercise training to mean daily exercise energy expenditure. Additionally, runners' total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and energy balance (EB) were determined. Run performance data was collected from baseline questionnaires and from the university cross country teams' Fall 2013 season results web pages. Female subjects' personal best 6k times were converted into 8k male equivalent times to allow for analysis of the sample as a whole. The chi-square, independent sample t-tests, and Pearson correlation tests, were used to determine any relationship between indicators of energy status and cross-country performance times among the male and female endurance runners. No significant relationship was found between the main independent variable (EB) and the dependent variable (Fall 2013 best performance). Yet, in a supplementary analysis, the author found that among male endurance runners, weekly mileage was significantly correlated with Fall 2013 performance times. This study points to a need for further research, with larger samples of male and female athletes, to further establish the relationship between indicators of energy balance and run performance among elite endurance runners.

Download or read book Nature and Nurture written by Andreas Kreutzer and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endurance sports, including running, cycling, and swimming, remain popular among recreational athletes in the U.S. and across the world. Many of these athletes compete in local, regional, and national races throughout the year. Their performance in competitions is affected by many factors, including genetics, nutrition, and training. Often, recreational athletes receive conflicting recommendations regarding strategies to optimize performance. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies promise to give insights into supposed genetic markers of endurance ability; blogs and social media tout the latest diet strategies to lose weight and perform better; virtual coaches and performance-improvement websites sell training plans with sometimes contradictory training strategies. It remains unclear which of these strategies actually benefit endurance athletes. Therefore, this dissertation examined the effects of genetics, diet composition, and training characteristics on endurance performance in recreational athletes, who often spend a considerable percentage of their disposable income and their time on improving race outcomes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), variations in a single base pair of a gene, have been proposed to affect physical performance. A SNP in the ACTN3 gene (XX genotype), results in deficiency of a-actinin-3, a structural muscle protein that appears important for explosive movements. Studies in rodents suggest that this deficiency could be beneficial for endurance performance. Yet, few studies in humans have directly assessed the effects of ACTN3 genotype on endurance performance. In our first study, we compared self-reported 1-mile and 5-km running personal records (PR) between participants expressing the three different ACTN3 genotypes. Among women, those with the ACTN3 XX genotype reported faster 1-mile PRs compared to those with the RR and RX genotype. We found no differences between genotypes for 1-mile PRs among men or 5-km PRs among either sex. A long-standing strategy to improve endurance performance is to increase carbohydrate (CHO) availability before and during competition to slow the fatigue process. An opposing approach introduced by researchers, coaches, and athletes, is to increase fat oxidation (FATox) capacities by employing a low-CHO or ketogenic diet (KD). This improved ability for FATox at typical race-intensities would open access to an essentially limitless supply of energy substrates stored in the body as fat. However, studies investigating the effects of KD and high-CHO diets (HC) on endurance performance have found conflicting results. In our second study, participants followed an HC and a KD for two weeks each in a random order. They performed a simulated 30-km cycling time trial (TT) at baseline and following each intervention. Participants' average power output or endurance performance during the TT was substantially lower following the KD when compared with the HC. Endurance training is the main mechanism to improve general cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in races. Training characteristics include frequency, volume, intensity, and training intensity distribution (TID). TID can be determined by the time spent in the easy (Zone 1), moderate (Zone 2), and hard (Zone 3) training zones. Recently, a polarized TID (time in Z1 > Z3 > Z2) has gained popularity, after research suggested that many elite endurance athletes appear to follow this approach. However, the TID employed by recreational athletes and its association with performance is unknown. In our third study, we analyzed the training characteristics of recreational cyclists and triathletes. We investigated their association with endurance performance as measured by estimated relative critical power (CPrel). In our sample, very few recreational athletes followed a polarized TID. When controlling for age, we found that increased training volume and polarization were positively associated with CPrel. In conclusion, ACTN3 genotype does not appear to have a strong effect on endurance performance. Our results, along with findings from other studies investigating so-called endurance SNPs, suggest that individual genetic markers are not good indicators of endurance performance ability; thus, athletes and coaches should not rely upon direct-to-consumer genetic testing for talent identification and sport selection. Further, based on the results of our second study, the KD appears to decrease endurance performance. While additional research using longer nutrition interventions and different performance measures is needed, it appears that maximizing CHO availability remains the best strategy to improve endurance performance. Finally, we found that few recreational athletes follow a polarized TID despite its potentially beneficial effect on performance.

Download or read book Effects of Endurance Training on the Regulation of Energy Balance and Appetite in Overweight Men written by Mads Rosenkilde Larsen and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Paleo Diet for Athletes written by Loren Cordain and published by Rodale. This book was released on 2012-10-16 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adapts the author's nutritional program to the needs of athletes in a diet based on natural selection and evolution that promotes weight loss, normalizes blood cholesterol, increases energy levels, and enhances overall fitness.

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1844 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance written by Melinda Manore and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2009 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors sort fact from fiction to help students and practitioners of sports nutrition present sound advice to athletes on correct nutrition and dietary requirements.