Download or read book The Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Milkweed Asclepiadaceae and Monarch Butterfly Danaus Plexippus Larva written by Terri Jeneé Matiella and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Three Species of Milkweed AsclepiIadaceae and Monarch Butterfly Danaus Plexippus Larva Feeding Preference written by Terri Jenee Matiella and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolism and Disposition of Milkweed Asclepiadaceae Cardenolides in Monarch Butterfly Larvae Danaus Plexippus and in a Predator Peromyscus Maniculatus written by Melanie Anne Marty and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Common Milkweed Asclepias Syriaca Quality on Monarch Butterfly Danaus Plexippus Oviposition Preference and Larval Performance written by Sydney Gilmour and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Species are experiencing shifts in their phenology (i.e., seasonal timing of recurring biological events) due to climate change, leading to disruptions in the relative timing of interacting species. These shifts can be detrimental to the fitness of the consumer (e.g., herbivore) in the interaction. In its larval form, the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a specialist herbivore that feeds on milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Given that plants generally experience seasonal declines in quality, it is hypothesized that if climate change disrupts the timing of the larval stage relative to the availability of younger milkweed plants, monarch performance will be negatively affected. In this thesis, I explore the potential for negative consequences for the eastern monarch population due to potential shifts in the timing of their interaction with milkweed-due to phenological shifts in either species. I used field surveys around Ottawa, ON to determine monarch oviposition preference on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) plants and the seasonal availability of their preferred plants. To determine the potential consequences for monarch fitness where females oviposit on non-preferred plants, I conducted a field experiment to assess the effect of milkweed size on monarch larval performance. Based on field surveys, females preferentially oviposited on smaller milkweed plants in earlier developmental stages with low levels of discolouration. Plants in early developmental stages were consistently available in large proportion over the summer season. These results suggest that even if the relative timing of the monarch-milkweed interaction in the eastern population is shifted due to climate change, there will likely be suitable milkweed plants available for oviposition throughout the breeding season, which could act as a buffer to disruptions in the relative timing of the interaction. I found that bigger plants exuded more latex and had thicker leaves than smaller plants. However, larval performance was unaffected by these plant quality differences. While it is unclear how the relative timing of the monarch-milkweed interaction will change in the future, my results suggest that shifts in the relative timing of their interaction within the breeding season are unlikely to have negative consequences for larval performance in eastern Ontario. Future studies should determine how the relative timing of the interaction will change in the region and explore how climate change will affect the quality of milkweed plants.

Download or read book Monarchs and Milkweed written by Anurag Agrawal and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-07 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fascinating and complex evolutionary relationship of the monarch butterfly and the milkweed plant Monarch butterflies are one of nature's most recognizable creatures, known for their bright colors and epic annual migration from the United States and Canada to Mexico. Yet there is much more to the monarch than its distinctive presence and mythic journeying. In Monarchs and Milkweed, Anurag Agrawal presents a vivid investigation into how the monarch butterfly has evolved closely alongside the milkweed—a toxic plant named for the sticky white substance emitted when its leaves are damaged—and how this inextricable and intimate relationship has been like an arms race over the millennia, a battle of exploitation and defense between two fascinating species. The monarch life cycle begins each spring when it deposits eggs on milkweed leaves. But this dependency of monarchs on milkweeds as food is not reciprocated, and milkweeds do all they can to poison or thwart the young monarchs. Agrawal delves into major scientific discoveries, including his own pioneering research, and traces how plant poisons have not only shaped monarch-milkweed interactions but have also been culturally important for centuries. Agrawal presents current ideas regarding the recent decline in monarch populations, including habitat destruction, increased winter storms, and lack of milkweed—the last one a theory that the author rejects. He evaluates the current sustainability of monarchs and reveals a novel explanation for their plummeting numbers. Lavishly illustrated with more than eighty color photos and images, Monarchs and Milkweed takes readers on an unforgettable exploration of one of nature's most important and sophisticated evolutionary relationships.

Download or read book Range wide Variation in Common Milkweed Traits and Its Effect on Larvae of the Monarch Butterfly written by David De La Mater and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants play an important role in structuring ecological communities from the bottom up through interactions with herbivores, and environmental variation can affect these interactions. We use the interaction between common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to examine 1) the role of environmental variation in dictating plants traits, and 2) how those variations affect herbivores. We quantified intraspecific trait variation in 53 natural common milkweed populations, then remeasured these traits when population representatives were regrown in a common garden to control for environmental variation. We then measured growth, performance, and survival of monarch larvae feeding on these same plants. Our findings indicate distinct spatial patterns in traits throughout the range of A. syriaca, but these patterns dissipate when genets are regrown in a common environment. When monarch larvae are raised on these milkweeds, those fed on plants from the Northeast gain more weight than those fed on plants from the Northcentral and Southcentral regions. These results can better inform monarch conservation efforts; current conservation efforts have been focused on milkweed restoration in the Midwest, but an increased focus on milkweed restoration in the Northeast may be beneficial. Furthermore, we demonstrated plasticity in specific plant traits in response to environmental change, which could have theoretical implications in light of current and projected changes in climate.

Download or read book Are You what You Eat Selective Sequestration of Toxic Milkweed Cardenolides in the Monarch Butterfly written by Jacob Brammer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, is projected to face substantial quasi-extinction risk over the next 20 years after decades of population decline (Semmens et al., 2016). The butterfly shares an exciting and oft-studied chemical relationship with its larval food source, milkweed. Monarchs have the ability not only to tolerate the plant’s toxic cardenolide defenses, but also to sequester them into their own tissue for defense against predators and parasites. Recent work demonstrating a strong correlation between the cardenolides of the milkweed host and the eventual parasite load of the metamorphosed adult motivated us to further investigate the passage of defenses from plant to herbivore (De Roode et al., 2016). Here we perform a feeding trial with seven unique genets of Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and collect samples of Monarch larvae, pupae, adults and frass. We compare these samples’ cardenolide chemistry to that of their host plants using high-performance liquid chromatography. We find that cardenolide concentration varies significantly between D. plexippus and A. syriaca but not between the individual tissue types mentioned above. Our seven milkweed genets were obtained either from sites in North Carolina or Virginia and this geographic variation did not affect variation in cardenolide concentration. Our results suggest that cardenolide concentration varies over time (throughout development) in insect tissue. We show that some cardenolides identified are substantially more concentrated than others and that some appear only in milkweed or Monarch tissue. We find the relative concentrations of several most prominent cardenolides to vary significantly between plant and insect samples. We show that cardenolide profiles in Monarchs vary significantly from those in milkweed and vary significantly over time. We demonstrate that insects exercise substantial discrimination in their cardenolide sequestration and we show that this sequestered profile is stable throughout their development. The observation of many insect-unique cardenolides suggests some conversion of plant-derived defenses before sequestration. Replication and a larger dataset are needed to draw finer conclusions about differences in cardenolide content between milkweed, Monarchs, and their respective tissues.

Download or read book Milkweed Monarchs and More written by Ba Rea and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A field guide to the insects and spiders living in milkweed communities in North america north of the Mexican border.

Download or read book Pathology of the Green flowered Milkweed Asclepias Viridis and Its Relationship to Arthropods and Monarch Butterfly Danaus Plexippus Survivorship written by Kelsey Contreras and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Monarch Butterflies Danaus Plexippus written by Rebecca Victoria Batalden and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Canadian Journal of Botany written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 1920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture with Subject Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Status of Pollinators in North America written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-13 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollinators-insects, birds, bats, and other animals that carry pollen from the male to the female parts of flowers for plant reproduction-are an essential part of natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout North America. For example, most fruit, vegetable, and seed crops and some crops that provide fiber, drugs, and fuel depend on animals for pollination. This report provides evidence for the decline of some pollinator species in North America, including America's most important managed pollinator, the honey bee, as well as some butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds. For most managed and wild pollinator species, however, population trends have not been assessed because populations have not been monitored over time. In addition, for wild species with demonstrated declines, it is often difficult to determine the causes or consequences of their decline. This report outlines priorities for research and monitoring that are needed to improve information on the status of pollinators and establishes a framework for conservation and restoration of pollinator species and communities.

Download or read book Insect Chemoreception written by M.F. Ryan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-01-31 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume encompasses and unites all the major topics relating to Insect Chemoreception. Part 1 addresses topics such as plant/insect interactions, pheromones, ultrastructure, electrophysiology and the biochemistry of chemoreceptors. Part 2 embraces applications of plant chemicals and cultivars in insect pest control, host plant resistance and pheromones. A concluding chapter discusses the scope and potential of genetic engineering. This comprehensive account of the major aspects of sustainable insect pest control, together with the key references cited, will point the way to relevant research projects, and provide an up-to-date awareness of recent developments in the field. Audience: Graduate students and researchers in insect chemoreception, chemical ecology and sustainable pest control.

Download or read book Insect Plant Biology written by Louis M. Schoonhoven and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-12 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Half of all insect species are dependent on living plant tissues, consuming about 10% of plant annual production in natural habitats and an even greater percentage in agricultural systems, despite sophisticated control measures. Plants are generally remarkably well-protected against insect attack, with the result that most insects are highly specialized feeders. The mechanisms underlying plant resistance to invading herbivores on the one side, and insect food specialization on the other, are the main subjects of this book. For insects these include food-plant selection and the complex sensory processes involved, with their implications for learning and nutritional physiology, as well as the endocrinological aspects of life cycle synchronization with host plant phenology. In the case of plants exposed to insect herbivores, they include the activation of defence systems in order to minimize damage, as well as the emission of chemical signals that may attract natural enemies of the invading herbivores and may be exploited by neighbouring plants that mount defences as well." "Insect-Plant Biology discusses the operation of these mechanisms at the molecular and organismal levels, in the context of both ecological interactions and evolutionary relationships. In doing so, it uncovers the highly intricate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions that have evolved between plants and insects. The book concludes with a chapter on the application of our knowledge of insect-plant interactions to agricultural production." "This multidisciplinary approach will appeal to students in agricultural entomology, plant sciences, ecology, and indeed anyone interested in the principles underlying the relationships between the two largest groups of organisms on earth: plants and insects."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Download or read book Herbivorous Insects written by Sami Ahmad and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herbivorous Insects: Host-Seeking Behavior and Mechanisms addresses mechanisms of searching behavior leading ultimately to host location of herbivorous insects. It is divided into four sections, wherein the first two sections deal with neurophysiology and the diversity of behavioral induction cues. The third section covers the searching mechanisms as affected by insects' breadth of diet. The last part examines the evolutionary analysis of the behavioral and physiological adaptations in insect/host plant relations. This book starts with an introduction to the chemical sensory system as it relates to host selection in general. This is followed by considerable discussions on host-seeking behavior and allied patterns in behavior. This text also includes the study of oviposition behavior in butterflies belonging to Papilionidae. The third section presents host selection and colonization by three insects within the saprophage-predator continuum, namely, Hylurgopinus rufipes, Scolytus multistriatus, and Pissodes strobi. The behaviors by which certain oligophagous insects locate and select food plants are also considered. The concluding part addresses the unifying theme and the diversity of responses of phytophagous insects to plants. The book provides direction toward developing a unifying theme and improving the ability to unravel the complexities of insect/plant interactions. Behaviorists, ecologists, entomologists, evolutionary biologists, and physiologists will find this book invaluable.