Download or read book The Effects of Acute and Binge 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Exposure on Learning and Memory in Rats written by Charlotte Jane Kay and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Acute and Long Term Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy in Rats written by Kirsten Claire Morley and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mechanisms Underlying the Acute and Long term Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy on Social Interaction in the Rat written by Murray Robert Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Prenatal Exposure to 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy Has Lasting Consequences on Neural Development and Behavior written by Valerie Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability and perceived safety of the club drug "ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) has contributed to a steady increase in recreational use by teenagers and young adults. Because these individuals are of child-bearing age, the risk for accidental prenatal exposure to MDMA has risen as well. In order to determine whether fetal exposure has lasting effects on neurodevelopment, our laboratory has created a rodent model of prenatal MDMA exposure. In previous studies, we have shown that prenatal exposure to MDMA increased dopaminergic neurite density in target structures, including the prefrontal cortex, the striatum, and the nucleus accumbens. The objective of these studies was to determine whether prenatal MDMA had a comparable effect on the developing noradrenergic system, to assess whether the observed anatomical changes were associated with behavioral deficits, and to determine the mechanism underlying MDMA's ability to induce hyperinnervation of target structures. Using techniques including computer-assisted stereology and direct tissue autoradiography we showed that prenatal MDMA exposure increased noradrenergic fiber density and binding of the norepinephrine transporter in the hippocampus. High performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that prenatal MDMA was associated with an increase in basal norepinephrine levels in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens. Behavioral assays designed to assess attention demonstrated that adult rats that had been exposed prenatally to MDMA failed to habituate, and showed a reduction in anxiety-like behavior, when placed in a novel environment. MDMA-exposed rats also showed signs of cognitive inflexibility during a cued Morris Water Maze task. These results suggest that prenatal MDMA exposure has lasting effects on the circuitry associated with attention and working memory. Finally, using an in vitro model developed by our laboratory, we demonstrate that target-derived factors in both the prefrontal cortex and the striatum promote MDMA-mediated dopaminergic neurite outgrowth. These findings point towards a potential mechanism whereby MDMA may elicit hyperinnervation of target structures in vivo. Overall, these findings suggest that prenatal exposure to MDMA enhances growth-promoting factors in regions innervated by catecholaminergic neurons during a critical period in the formation of functional circuitry. The resulting increase in catecholaminergic innervation of target structures may in turn contribute to the observed behavioral deficits in attention and working memory. These findings represent an important step towards understanding the pathology associated with prenatal MDMA exposure, and provide insight into critical features associated with the normal development of catecholamine systems.

Download or read book Behavioural and Neurochemical Effects of Acute 3 4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA in the Dopamine D1 Receptor Mutant Rat written by Hanna Squire and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Thermoregulatory Behavioural and Neurochemical Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA and Related Stimulant Drugs written by Emily Jaehne and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is an amphetamine derivative widely used in rave party and club scenes. In some users, MDMA causes fatalities, most often due to acute hyperthermia which leads eventually to multi-organ failure. Other structurally related drugs, including methamphetamine and para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), as well as structurally unrelated cocaine, have also been associated with death due to hyperthermia, and are also often taken with or instead of MDMA. Harm minimisation advice to prevent this acute hyperthermia depends on appropriate thermoregulatory behaviour by drug users, an aspect of thermoregulation which had not been studied with respect to MDMA previously. The purpose of this thesis was to use a novel behavioural thermoregulation model in rats to investigate the effects of MDMA and other stimulant drugs on behavioural thermoregulation and related physiological parameters, as well as investigating residual neurochemical changes caused by these substances. The behavioural thermoregulation model used throughout most of this thesis involved rats being administered a drug, immediately prior to being confined to a set ambient temperature (30 ± 1o or 21.5 ± 1.5oC) for 30 minutes. Rats were then immediately allowed access to a thermally graded runway (11-41oC) where they were able to choose their preferred temperature for a further 4 hours. The final study consisted of giving rats a drug in their home cages at an elevated ambient temperature. Firstly, a dose-response study was conducted using MDMA, PMA, methamphetamine and cocaine. All drugs lead to a dose dependent increase in core temperature at high ambient temperature, and this led to animals seeking the cool end of the runway after MDMA, methamphetamine and cocaine administration, but not after PMA. Methamphetamine was the most potent drug at increasing core temperature, followed by MDMA and PMA, then cocaine as the least potent, however, MDMA and PMA showed steeper slopes on the dose-response curves than methamphetamine and cocaine. The second study consisted of rats receiving MDMA at 30 or 21.5oC for three consecutive days a week for one week or 6 weeks before being tested in the thermal gradient. The main findings of this study were that heart rate (HR) response to MDMA progressively decreased with repeated dosing over 6 weeks at both ambient temperatures, and that there was a difference in core temperature between rats treated for 6 weeks compared to 1 week when they were in the thermal gradient. The third study looked at the effects of MDMA in an animal model of depression, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat. We showed that FSL rats were much more sensitive to the effects of MDMA at a high ambient temperature compared to Sprague-Dawley controls, however there were limited differences in behaviour in the thermal gradient between the strains. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was no difference in blood or brain concentrations of MDMA, or its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) which could have explained the different responses. These concentrations also showed that the dosing regimens used throughout this thesis led to similar plasma concentration as those reported in human users. The final study was a pilot study done to see if proteomics could be a useful method to investigate the effects of MDMA and other stimulants on the brain after administration at a high ambient temperature. Rats were administered MDMA, methamphetamine or a combination, and several changes in protein expression were found. These were mostly evident in rats treated with MDMA which was in contrast to the effects on neurotransmitter concentration and acute hyperthermia, which was only seen in rats treated with MDMA and methamphetamine together. Three of the four results chapters in this thesis have been published or have been accepted for publication, while the fourth has been prepared as a manuscript ready for publication.

Download or read book Consequences of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Administration in the Rat written by Megan M. W. Straiko and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular drug of abuse that produces long-term decreases in neurochemical markers of 5-HT that are believed to be indicative of selective toxicity to the 5-HT nerve terminal. A potential mechanism underlying this proposed neurotoxicity involves reactive nitrogen species. In vivo microdialysis studies demonstrated that MDMA increases extracellular nitrite/nitrate (NOx), a marker of NO, and that this is iNOS dependent. However, iNOS-dependent MDMA-induced NOx formation is unrelated to long-term 5-HT toxicity, as iNOS inhibition had no effect on long-term MDMA-induced 5-HT depletion. Histological evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT nerve terminal damage is inconsistent. Antibodies to the cleaved form of the microtubule associated protein tau (C-tau) were used to characterize neurotoxicity produced by psychostimulant drugs. Amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH), both DA-depleting compounds, produced an increase in C-tau immunoreactivity, whereas the 5-HT-depleting drugs MDMA, para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and the prototypic 5-HT neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) did not. C-tau was localized to astrocytes, not neurons, suggesting that C-tau is not a direct marker of neuronal damage, but may be an alternative indicator of reactive gliosis. Furthermore, these data are in agreement with previous findings that AMPH and METH produce reactive gliosis, whereas MDMA, PMA and 5,7-DHT do not. Human users of MDMA have reported cognitive/behavioral deficits following chronic use, including impaired sexual function and reduced sexual motivation. In the rat, prior treatment with MDMA may alter the rewarding properties of other drugs of abuse. Given the potential similarities in neural pathways mediating the rewarding properties of drugs and sex, studies were designed to assess the effect of MDMA on the response to a natural reward, i.e., sex, in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Rats treated with a 5-HT-depleting regimen of MDMA exhibited no impairment in sexual function, but failed to form CPP to sex, potentially indicating impairments in the neural circuits mediating sexual reward. These studies indicate that iNOS contributes to MDMA-induced NO formation, but not 5-HT depletion, and that MDMA does not produce an appreciable glial response as indicated by increased C-tau formation. Furthermore, MDMA administration is accompanied by failure to exhibit behavior associated with the rewarding properties of sex.

Download or read book Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma on Cholinergic Neurons in the Rat Brain written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), an amphetamine analog, is a psychomotor stimulant and a popular drug of abuse. The effect of MDMA on the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) has been well documented. In contrast, very little is known about the influence of MDMA on other neurotransmitter systems. In view of feelings of heightened awareness and behavioral arousal in human MDMA users, and the role of the cholinergic system in processing environmental cues following novel and arousing stimuli, the influence of MDMA on acetylcholine (ACh) release was examined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Using in vivo microdialysis, it was determined that MDMA enhances the release of ACh in the PFC and hippocampus, possibly by mechanisms localized to these brain regions. In addition, it was also determined that MDMA-induced release of ACh in the PFC, but not hippocampus, is mediated by serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. Further studies examining the role of various 5-HT and DA receptors in the MDMA-induced release of ACh in the PFC indicate that receptors of the 5-HT4 and D1 subtype mediate the release of cortical ACh induced by MDMA. Whereas MDMA use has been associated with behavioral activation and cortical arousal immediately following drug intake, in the long term the drug is known to produce significant cognitive impairments. In view of the cognitive impairments following MDMA use and administration, and the central role of ACh in attentional processing and cognition, studies were designed to assess the influence of a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA, on the subsequent stimulation of ACh release in the PFC. Prior treatment with a 5-HT depleting regimen of MDMA resulted in decreased ACh release in response to subsequent administration of MDMA. In contrast, treatment with a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA did not significantly alter the subsequent stimulation of ACh release induced by application of tail pinch or by the novelty of an intruder rat. Thus, results from the present study indicate that although a 5-HT depleting regimen appears to inhibit subsequent MDMA-induced ACh release in the PFC, it has little impact on subsequent stimulation of ACh release by physiological stressors.

Download or read book Fanaroff and Martin s Neonatal Perinatal Medicine E Book written by Richard J. Martin and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-10-04 with total page 2022 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fanaroff and Martin’s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine covers everything you need to improve the quality of life and long-term outcomes of your patients. Drs. Richard J. Martin, Avroy A. Fanaroff, and Michele C. Walsh, along with a multi-disciplinary team of contributors guide you through the sweeping developments in diagnosis and treatment of the mother fetus, and neonate. The completely updated 9th edition keeps you current on the late preterm infant, the fetal origins of adult disease, neonatal anemia, genetic disorders, and more. Get comprehensive guidance on treating patients through a dual focus on neonatology and perinatology. See nuances and details in over 800 illustrations that depict disorders in the clinical setting and explain complex information. Find the information you need easily with indexing in both volumes that provides quick access to specific guidance. Spot genetic problems early and advise parents of concerns thanks to completely new section on this topic. Tackle the health problems associated with preterm births through a new chapter on The Late Preterm Infant. Understand the fetal origins of adult disease through a new chapter that focuses on conditions that originate in the womb. Stay current on the developments and research surrounding neonatal anemia from the entirely new chapter on Blood and Hematopoietic System highlights. Obtain more global perspectives and best practices from an increased number of international contributions in this edition.

Download or read book Neurobiology of Spontaneous Object Exploration in Recognition Memory written by Owen Chao and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-06-01 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Animals show a natural tendency to explore novel, as opposed to familiar, stimuli, suggesting an underlying memory process in regard to previously encoded information. Dependent on this tendency, spontaneous object exploration paradigms have been developed in animals to measure memory processes regarding what an object is, where an object is located, when an object is present, the association of an object and its location, in which context an object is shown and an episodic context of the combined “what-where-when” components. These paradigms feature in the absence of extensive training and reward or aversive incentives, analogous to incidental encoding of daily memory. The application of these object exploration tests is broad and covers many fields, such as behavioral neuroscience, psychopharmacology and the neurobiology of recognition memory across species. The medial prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex and medial temporal lobe (the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex) are the main neuroanatomical structures that are considered to underlie recognition memory. However, the retrosplenial cortex, insular cortex, anterior thalamus, nucleus reuniens of thalamus, striatum and amygdala are also considered to play a part. As well, recent findings also indicate that the lateral hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus and cerebellum contribute to recognition memory under certain conditions. Neurotransmitter systems actively mediate and orchestrate the neuronal communication between these structures during the processing of learning and memory. An entire picture of the neuroanatomy and neurobiology of recognition memory will, however, require multidisciplinary approaches of imaging, lesion, pharmacology, optogenetics, chemogenetics and behavioral studies. Recognition memory deficits are also major symptoms in multiple neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Parkinson’s disease, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Although the etiology of the shared memory deficits is not fully understood, it may be associated with environmental, pharmacological and genetic factors that are commonly exposed to these disorders. Spontaneous object exploration paradigms with minimal involvement of emotional valences are appropriate in the study of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders as these disorders may sensitize one to emotional stimuli, leading to a deficit in recognition memory. Given the impact of these disorders and their memory deficits on our society there is a strong need to understand the underlying mechanisms and development of innovative pharmaceuticals and gene therapeutics.

Download or read book Effects of Acute and Chronic Treatment with 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA and the Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Win55 212 2 on Behaviour and Cognition in Rats written by Sybille Schulz and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Long term Effects of 3 4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA on Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Functioning written by Jodi Lynn Kohutek and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) popularly known as "Ecstasy" continues to gain popularity as a recreational drug that has been shown to increase serotonin and dopamine levels. The present study has demonstrated that repeated exposure to MDMA produces long-term damage to serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in various regions of the rat brain.

Download or read book Behavioral Toxicology written by Bernard Weiss and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral toxicology is a young discipline in the United States; so young, in fact, that this is one of its first books. Behavioral questions are bound to play a major role in future scientific work and governmental decisions involving the health effects of environmental contaminants and other chemicals. This role springs from two key problems that face scientists and public agencies required to set acceptable exposure standards or to determine criteria for the toxicity of therapeutic chemicals: How do you evaluate effects that may show up only as subtle functional disturbances? And how do you de tect toxic effects early enough so that they may still be reversible, before they produce major damage? The contributions in this book come from a collection of scientists whose interests span a wide variety of problem areas. The focus is largely on me thodological issues because they represent the most immediate concern of the discipline. We expect that this collection of papers will represent a useful source book for behavioral toxicology for some time. For the past few years, the University of Rochester's Department of Radiation Biology and Biophysics has sponsored a series of international conferences on chemical toxicity, partly as a response to concern over the con sequences to health of the rich chemical soup in which we live. This book is based upon presentations made to the fifth of the series. Held in June, 1972, it was the first formal meeting devoted to behavioral toxicology in this country.

Download or read book MDMA 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine written by Katrina Nelson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Neonatal 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Hippocampal Gene Expression Spatial Learning and Long term Potentiation written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a ring substituted amphetamine similar in structure to mescaline. Exposure to MDMA from postnatal days (P)11-20 has been shown to induce deficits in spatial learning and memory as well as in path integration learning when the animals are tested as adults. These learning and memory deficits emerge at P30 and persist until P360. This dosing regimen has been shown to decrease serotonin and alter serotonin signaling in the adult brain; however these effects were independent of the learning and memory deficits observed. Finally, dosing on P11 has been shown to increase corticosterone levels during the stress hyporesponsive period, a time when there are attenuated CORT levels. While these areas appear to be important in elucidating the mechanisms underlying MDMA, it is important to investigate systems that may not have been previously implicated in MDMA pharmacology. Microarray analysis revealed 71 genes with altered expression (66 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated) in the hippocampus of adult animals treated from P11-20 with MDMA. Real-time PCR analysis verified 8 out of the 24 genes selected for verification. The 8 verified genes were examined in the striatum of adult animals, with the gene encoding angiotensinogen (AOGEN) up-regulated approximately 75%. Following examination in the hippocampus and striatum, the 8 verified genes were examined in the hippocampi of P12 and P21 MDMA-exposed animals. In P12 animals, nuclear orphan receptor 1 was up-regulated by ~600% and AOGEN was down regulated by 50%; while AOGEN was up-regulated by 3 fold on P21. One gene was selected for further investigation. CAPON, the gene that showed the highest up-regulation during microarray analysis, was analyzed with common pathway members nNOS, PSD-95, and the NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NR1). While CAPON protein was unchanged, the remaining proteins were increased in the dentate gyrus of adult animals. Together with the protein changes associated with NMDA, NMDA signaling was altered since long-term potentiation was decreased in the hippocampus of adult animals. On P11, phosphorylation of CAM-KII and nNOS appear to be unchanged after a single dose of MDMA. The results of these studies implicate the NDMA receptor in MDMA-induced learning and memory deficits.

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cognition and Addiction written by Antonio Verdejo García and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-29 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cognition and Addiction: A Researcher’s Guide from Mechanisms Towards Interventions provides researchers with a guide to recent cognitive neuroscience advances in addiction theory, phenotyping, treatments and new vistas, including both substance and behavioral addictions. This book focuses on “what to know and “how to apply information, prioritizing novel principles and delineating cutting-edge assessment, phenotyping and treatment tools. Written by world renowned researcher Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, this resource will become a go-to guide for researchers in the field of cognitive neuroscience and addiction. Examines cognitive neuroscience advances in addiction theory, including both substance and behavioral addictions Discusses primary principles of cutting-edge assessment, phenotyping and treatment tools Includes detailed chapters on neuro-epidemiology and genetic imaging