Download or read book The Effect of Turbulent Flow on Corrosion of Mild Steel in High Partial CO2 Environments written by Azmi Mohammed Nor and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modelling of Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Corrosion in Turbulent Pipe Flow written by and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A predictive model is described to simulate the aqueous CO2 corrosion of iron in turbulent pipe flow. Mass transfer is modelled with a two dimensional low Reynolds number k- 3 turbulence model by simultaneously solving the conservation equations for mass, momentum, kinetic energy of turbulence and its dissipation rate, along with the concentrations of various dissolved species. The effect of the slow homogeneous chemical reaction Of CO2 hydration is incorporated into the model by including an extra source term in the transport equation for carbonic acid. Other homogeneous chemical reactions are assumed to be in equilibrium. The electrochemical reactions considered are iron dissolution and the reduction of H2CO3, H+ and H 2O. An iterative procedure is employed to calculate CO2 corrosion rates by ensuring the mixed potential theory is satisfied and the various surface chemical equilibria are preserved. It is shown that at a bulk PH 4 and very low flow velocities the reduction of H2CO3 is controlled by CO2 hydration. At higher velocities and in the high current density region where Tafel behavior is no longer observed, H2CO3 reduction is controlled by the interaction of chemical reaction (CO2 hydration) and mass transfer. The H+ reduction is more flow sensitive than the H2CO3 reduction. CO2 corrosion is more influenced by flow at PH 4 than at higher PH values. Generation of H 2CO3 by CO2 hydration enhances the H2CO 3 mass transport and reduces the H2CO3 mass transfer entrance length. The relative contributions of H2CO3, H+, find H2O reduction to the corrosion current depend on the solution PH. The CO2 corrosion rate is accelerated by turbulent flow and CO2 partial pressure through an approximate power law. Present model predictions were tested against experimental findings and other models. Good agreement is achieved. A simplified spreadsheet-based electrochemical model of CO2 corrosion is also developed. Overall mass transfer coefficients.
Download or read book A Study of Corrosion to the Carbon Steel in the Present of Carbon Dioxide written by Diyana Ghazali and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study describes on effect of several environmental factors of the corrosion rate in the pipeline. Transmission gas pipeline is an important part of oil and gas industries and the carbon steel is a primary material for construction the pipeline due to its low cost and availability, but it is very susceptible to corrosion in CO2 environments. Carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion is the major problem in oil and gas industries that causes the pipeline failures. Aqueous carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) is corrosive and corrodes the carbon steel pipelines and it is influenced by several environmental factors such as pH, temperature, partial pressure of CO2, hydrodynamics, etc. Actually there are many types of corrosion which occur in pipeline but in this study only focused on CO2 corrosion and only two environmental factors which is pH and temperature were investigated. In this study, SOLTEQ Corrosion Study Kits, Model BP01 is used as an apparatus to examine the corrosion rate of metal. Based on the result from the experiment, it was stated that acidic condition recorded the corrosion rate of weight loss was very high. In the temperature test with 3.5% NaCl solution, corrosion rate was high at temperature 1200C. From the research, the corrosion occured in high temperature condition and at low pH environment. As the temperature increase, the corrosion rate also increases due to the dissolution of iron ion and formation of weak carbonic acid. The weak carbonic acid dissociates into carbonate and hydrogen ion, which increase the cathodic reaction on the metal surface. In acidic condition, the available H+ ions makes H+ reduction the dominating cathodic reaction and corrosion rate is found to be sensitive at this low pH.
Download or read book Effect of Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Activity of Carbon on the Corrosion of High Temperature Alloys in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Environments written by Jacob Thomas Mahaffey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the course of the past couple decades, increased concern has grown on the topics of climate change and energy consumption, focusing primarily on carbon emissions. With modernization of countries like India and China, there are no signs of slowing of global carbon emissions and energy usage. To combat this, new more efficient power conversion cycles must be utilized. The Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (s-CO2) Brayton cycle promises increased efficiency and smaller component sizes. These cycles will push the limits of current high temperature materials, and must be studied before implementation is made possible. A large collection of high temperature CO2 corrosion research has been reported over the last thirty years. While many of the studies in the past have focused on corrosion in research grade (RG) (99.999%) and industrial grade (IG) (99.5%) CO2, very few have focused on studying the specific effects that impurities can have on the corrosion rates and mechanisms. The work described in this document will lay the foundation for advancement of s-CO2 corrosion studies. A testing facility has been constructed and was designed as an open flow s-CO2 loop with a fluid residence time of 2 hours. This facility is capable of heating up to 750°C at pressures up to 20 MPa. Instrumentation for monitoring oxygen and carbon monoxide concentration were added to make measurements both before and after sample exposure, for the duration of testing. Testing of both model and commercial alloys was conducted for temperatures ranging from 450-750°C at 20MPa for 1,000 hours. The effect of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) was studied by adding 100ppm of O2 to RG CO2 during testing. The activity of carbon (aC) was studied by adding 1%CO to RG CO2. Each environment greatly altered the mechanisms and rates of oxidation and carburization on each material exposed to the environment.
Download or read book Localized Corrosion Initiation of Steel in CO2 Environments written by Xin Gao and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this dissertation research was to investigate initiation mechanisms for CO2 localized corrosion on mild steel, encompassing the effects of chloride, oxygen, and acetic acid. In CO2 corrosion, iron in steel will be oxidized to ferrous ions under deareated conditions. The ferrous and carbonate ions can combine to form FeCO3 and precipitate once exceeding the solubility limit. When the precipitation of FeCO3 occurs evenly on the steel surface it forms a compact and protective layer. This acts as a diffusion barrier hindering the mass transfer of electrochemical species and covers/blocks the surface making it unavailable for corrosion, which enhances the resistance of mild steel to further uniform CO2 corrosion. However, there are various scenarios where localized corrosion may occur. When the environment becomes more aggressive, the FeCO3 could be partially removed. This leads to localized regions of the bare steel surface that become exposed to the corrosive solution and, subsequently, localized corrosion could be initiated. To study CO2 localized corrosion, two-stage experiments were performed: (1) a uniform protective FeCO3 layer was first formed on a carbon steel with high initial FeCO3 saturation; (2) localized CO2 corrosion scenarios were then developed by adding additional salts (NaCl or NaClO4), oxygen or acetic acid to challenge the protective FeCO3 layer. The experiments were conducted in a two-liter glass cell with a three-electrode system, working electrode (X65 carbon steel), reference electrode (Ag/AgCl saturated electrode), and counter electrode (platinum). Electrochemical measurements (linear polarization resistance) were carried out to observe electrochemical behaviors and calculate the corrosion rates.
Download or read book Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies written by A. M. El-Sherik and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-09 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies: Production and Transmission delivers the most up-to-date and highly multidisciplinary reference available to identify emerging developments, fundamental mechanisms and the technologies necessary in one unified source. Starting with a brief explanation on corrosion management that also addresses today’s most challenging issues for oil and gas production and transmission operations, the book dives into the latest advances in microbiology-influenced corrosion and other corrosion threats, such as stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen damage just to name a few. In addition, it covers testing and monitoring techniques, such as molecular microbiology and online monitoring for surface and subsurface facilities, mitigation tools, including coatings, nano-packaged biocides, modeling and prediction, cathodic protection and new steels and non-metallics. Rounding out with an extensive glossary and list of abbreviations, the book equips upstream and midstream corrosion professionals in the oil and gas industry with the most advanced collection of topics and solutions to responsibly help solve today’s oil and gas corrosion challenges. Covers the latest in corrosion mitigation techniques, such as corrosion inhibitors, biocides, non-metallics, coatings, and modeling and prediction Solves knowledge gaps with the most current technology and discoveries on specific corrosion mechanisms, highlighting where future research and industry efforts should be concentrated Achieves practical and balanced understanding with a full spectrum of subjects presented from multiple academic and world-renowned contributors in the industry
Download or read book Effect of Iron Carbonate Deposition on Mild Steel Corrosion in High Partial Pressure Carbon Dioxide Systems written by Muhammad Firdaus Sudor and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of new hydrocarbon gas fields with high CO2 content is inevitable as the market demand for natural gas increases. Some of these fields contain up to 70 mole % of CO2 at pressures of up to 100 bar and are of large volume, which make them important reserves for production development. The challenges span from production at wellheads to eventual underground storage that will require a major capital expenditure for the necessary infrastructure. Corrosion issues can become particularly significant when mild steel is the material of choice due to its economics, engineering adaptability, and bulk availability. However, current corrosion prediction tools significantly overestimate CO2 corrosion rates by up to five times when the CO2 partial pressures exceed 20 bar, thus disqualifying the use of mild steels even with the application of appropriate corrosion mitigation strategies such as corrosion inhibitors.
Download or read book The Effect of Flow on the Development and Retention of Iron Sulfide Corrosion Product Layers written by Ezechukwu John Anyanwu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of fluid flow on the mechanical integrity and protectiveness of corrosion product layers formed on the surface of carbon steel pipelines is a crucial aspect of corrosion in CO2/H2S environments typically encountered in oil and gas production. Produced fluids may travel inside pipelines at velocities that can generate high shear stresses on the pipe wall. The effect of shear stress on the development of corrosion product layers, and more specifically iron sulfide layers, or the retention of already developed layers is not known. In addition, high fluid velocities generate high mass transfer rates which impact the corrosion behavior of carbon steel substrates. The effect of high mass transfer rates on the characterization of iron sulfide layers is also yet to be fully understood. The goal of this project is to explore ways to identify the individual contributing effects of wall shear stress and mass transfer rate to the development and retention of iron sulfide layers in representative flow conditions and relate this to the corrosion behavior of a carbon steel substrate.
Download or read book Effect of Oxygen and CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the CORROSION 83 Symposium on CO2 Corrosion in the Oil and Gas Industry written by R. H. Hausler and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Underground Pipeline Corrosion written by Mark Orazem and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-02-17 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Underground pipelines transporting liquid petroleum products and natural gas are critical components of civil infrastructure, making corrosion prevention an essential part of asset-protection strategy. Underground Pipeline Corrosion provides a basic understanding of the problems associated with corrosion detection and mitigation, and of the state of the art in corrosion prevention. The topics covered in part one include: basic principles for corrosion in underground pipelines, AC-induced corrosion of underground pipelines, significance of corrosion in onshore oil and gas pipelines, numerical simulations for cathodic protection of pipelines, and use of corrosion inhibitors in managing corrosion in underground pipelines. The methods described in part two for detecting corrosion in underground pipelines include: magnetic flux leakage, close interval potential surveys (CIS/CIPS), Pearson surveys, in-line inspection, and use of both electrochemical and optical probes. While the emphasis is on pipelines transporting fossil fuels, the concepts apply as well to metallic pipes for delivery of water and other liquids. Underground Pipeline Corrosion is a comprehensive resource for corrosion, materials, chemical, petroleum, and civil engineers constructing or managing both onshore and offshore pipeline assets; professionals in steel and coating companies; and academic researchers and professors with an interest in corrosion and pipeline engineering. Reviews the causes and considers the detection and prevention of corrosion to underground pipes Addresses a lack of current, readily available information on the subject Case studies demonstrate how corrosion is managed in the underground pipeline industry
Download or read book Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry Second Edition written by and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1994, this second edition of Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry collects peer-reviewed articles written by experts in the field of corrosion that were specifically chosen for this book because of their relevance to the petrochemical industry. This edition expands coverage of the different forms of corrosion, including the effects of metallurgical variables on the corrosion of several alloys. It discusses protection methods, including discussion of corrosion inhibitors and corrosion resistance of aluminum, magnesium, stainless steels, and nickels. It also includes a section devoted specifically to petroleum and petrochemical industry related issues.
Download or read book Mechanical Effects of Flow on CO2 Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel Pipelines written by Wei Li and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Localized Corrosion written by Fumio Hine and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Erosion corrosion of Carbon Steel in Complex Flow Geometries in Oil Gas CO2 Environments written by Joshua James Owen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures written by Ramesh Singh and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-12 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A variable game changer for those companies operating in hostile, corrosive marine environments, Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures provides critical corrosion control tips and techniques that will prolong structural life while saving millions in cost. In this book, Ramesh Singh explains the ABCs of prolonging structural life of platforms and pipelines while reducing cost and decreasing the risk of failure. Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures places major emphasis on the popular use of cathodic protection (CP) combined with high efficiency coating to prevent subsea corrosion. This reference begins with the fundamental science of corrosion and structures and then moves on to cover more advanced topics such as cathodic protection, coating as corrosion prevention using mill applied coatings, field applications, and the advantages and limitations of some common coating systems. In addition, the author provides expert insight on a number of NACE and DNV standards and recommended practices as well as ISO and Standard and Test Methods. Packed with tables, charts and case studies, Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures is a valuable guide to offshore corrosion control both in terms of its theory and application. Prolong the structural life of your offshore platforms and pipelines Understand critical topics such as cathodic protection and coating as corrosion prevention with mill applied coatings Gain expert insight on a number of NACE and DNV standards and recommended practices as well as ISO and Standard Test Methods.
