Download or read book The Effect of Soil Factors on Glyphosate Availability in Soil written by Michael Ken Kawate and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is an effective foliar-applied herbicide with broad-spectrum activity. Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the importance of soil moisture, autoclaved soil, soil type, sphagnum peat, soil pH, added phosphorus, and plant residues on crop establishment and growth when glyphosate was applied before emergence of the crop. Glyphosate was applied preemergence with a track-mounted sprayer in 281 or 374 L/ha spray volume. Counts and fresh weights were taken to determine the effect of the glyphosate application. Radiolabelled glyphosate was used to determine Freundlich adsorption isotherms for Chehalis, Crooked, and Semiahmoo-2 soils at various pH or phosphorus levels. Glyphosate application to sandy soils (Chehalis and Crooked) reduced fresh weight of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), whereas application to finer-textured soils seldom caused plant injury, indicating that soil texture may be an important factor. Also, on Chehalis and Crooked soils, increasing the soil pH caused increased injury to Italian ryegrass, suggesting that more glyphosate was available at higher soil pH. This was confirmed in an adsorption study using radiolabelled glyphosate. Other interactions also should be considered. The incidence of damping-off (Pythium spp.) was higher on plants grown in glyphosate-treated Chehalis soil than plants grown in untreated soil. Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.) and Italian ryegrass were injured by a preemergence application of glyphosate to sphagnum peat. However, glyphosate application to muck (organic) soils did not injure bioassay species. These results suggest that nondecomposed organic matter does not render glyphosate unavailable, and therefore, caution is advised when applying glyphosate to media with sphagnum peat or other nondecomposed plant material. Adjusting soil moisture, autoclaving soil, or adding phosphorus did not influence glyphosate availability in soil. Dead or dying perennial ryegrass residues, whether chemically treated or not, reduced fresh weight of Italian ryegrass seedlings. Roots or whole plant residues were more inhibitory than shoots. Increasing the time interval between treating perennial ryegrass and planting Italian ryegrass reduced phytotoxicity to Italian ryegrass. Adding fertilizer to pots to alleviate competition for nutrients did not prevent the phytotoxic effect of perennial ryegrass residues. Experiments exposing ryegrass seedling roots or shoots to various concentrations of glyphosate, in the absence of soil, showed that roots were damaged more than shoots when roots were treated with glyphosate. However, roots and shoots were injured equally when shoots were treated with glyphosate, indicating that glyphosate is readily translocated to the roots. Italian ryegrass and bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth. 'Highland') were more sensitive to glyphosate applied preemergence than crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Bonny Best'). Glyphosate activity in soil varied considerably from one study to another, suggesting that a particular factor, or combination of factors has not been identified. But, soil activity did occur, hence, precautions should be taken when applying glyphosate preplant or preemergence to: a) light-textured soils; b) limed soils; c) potting media with sphagnum peat; and d) areas with high weed densities (plant residues). One precaution could be to increase the time interval between treatment and planting to reduce the possibility of glyphosate or phytotoxin injury because microorganisms would have more time to degrade glyphosate or phytotoxins.

Download or read book Glyphosate Adsorption and Mineralisation in Soils written by Anne Louise Gimsing and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley written by Kurt J. Leonard and published by American Phytopathological Society. This book was released on 2003 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive record of current knowledge on the nature of Fusarium head blight, the damage it causes, and current research on how to control it. The book begins with a historical account of Fusarium head blight epidemics that gives context to recent attempts to control epidemics in wheat and barley. A review of pathogen taxonomy and population biology helps scientists to see relationships among head blight pathogens and other Fusarium species. The information on epidemiology included in this review also provides an understanding of the weather conditions and cultural practices that promote explosive epidemics. New information on infection processes will lead the reader to a better understanding of how to breed for resistance in wheat and barley.

Download or read book The Herbicide Glyphosate written by E. Grossbard and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1985 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literatuuronderzoek betreffende herbicide glyfosaat, met aandacht voor de chemie; werkingsmechanisme bij zowel onkruiden als gewassen; werkzaamheid in diverse gewassen; gevolgen voor het milieu (inclusief non-target organismen) en de toepassingsmethodiek

Download or read book Mycorrhizal Symbiosis written by Sally E. Smith and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The roots of most plants are colonized by symbiotic fungi to form mycorrhiza, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil and therefore in plant nutrition. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is recognized as the definitive work in this area. Since the last edition was published there have been major advances in the field, particularly in the area of molecular biology, and the new edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate these exciting new developments. - Over 50% new material - Includes expanded color plate section - Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza - Presents new taxonomy - Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area

Download or read book Weed Crop Competition written by Robert L. Zimdahl and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-11-19 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past 20 years, the first edition of this text has been widely cited as authoritative academic reference. The latest edition continues the tradition set by the original book, and covers weed science research that has been published since 1980. This book aims to reduce the instance of research duplication—saving scientists and supporting institutions time and money. Not only does the second edition of Weed Crop Competition review, summarize, and combine current research; it critiques the research as well. This text has the potential to accelerate advancements in weed crop competition, which remains an important factor that affects crop yields. Scientists in foreign countries where access to literature is often limited or nonexistent, will find the information in this text invaluable. Weed scientists, crop scientists, plant ecologists, sustainable agriculturists, and organic agriculturists will be well-pleased with this long overdue and much needed new editionWeed Crop Competition provides a unique reference that reviews, summarises and synthesizes the literature published concerning research on this topic. The first edition has been one of the most frequently cited sources in weed science for the past 20 years. The second edition covers the significant body of literature that has been published since 1980. Originally intended to survey existing research, the intent of the book is to reduce the instance of research duplication, thus saving scientists and their institutions time and money, and expediting advancements in weed crop competition, an important factor affecting crop yields. Scientists in foreign countries where access to the literature is often limited or non-existent, find the information an invaluable resource. This long overdue and much needed new edition rejuvenates the tradition set by the original book.

Download or read book Impacts of Glyphosate and Its Formulation on Soil Microbial Function written by Binh Duy Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The herbicide glyphosate is an important tool for weed management, but there are concerns that it negatively impacts on soil health. The thesis examined the impact of glyphosate and a commercial formulation (RoundupCT®) on soil functions. A meta-analysis of published literature showed no impacts of glyphosate on soil microbial biomass (SMB) or respiration at field rates, but at higher doses inhibition of soil microbial biomass (SMB) was detected. Laboratory studies demonstrated that soil microbial communities and functions were generally resilient to high doses of glyphosate in loam and clay soils, but sandy soils were more at risk. Nevertheless, at field application rates, glyphosate or its commercial formulation RoundupCTTM had negligible longer-term effect on soil function.

Download or read book Soil pollution a hidden reality written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-04-30 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents key messages and the state-of-the-art of soil pollution, its implications on food safety and human health. It aims to set the basis for further discussion during the forthcoming Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18), to be held at FAO HQ from May 2nd to 4th 2018. The publication has been reviewed by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soil (ITPS) and contributing authors. It addresses scientific evidences on soil pollution and highlights the need to assess the extent of soil pollution globally in order to achieve food safety and sustainable development. This is linked to FAO’s strategic objectives, especially SO1, SO2, SO4 and SO5 because of the crucial role of soils to ensure effective nutrient cycling to produce nutritious and safe food, reduce atmospheric CO2 and N2O concentrations and thus mitigate climate change, develop sustainable soil management practices that enhance agricultural resilience to extreme climate events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution.

Download or read book Glyphosate written by Kassio Ferreira Mendes and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world for post-emergence weed control. Given the wide spectrum of control and agronomic efficacy of this herbicide associated with the increase in the cultivation of genetically modified crops resistant to glyphosate, it is very important to understand the behavior and fate of this chemical product in the environment. Glyphosate should be used sustainably to reduce environmental impact, and this subject is covered in this book.

Download or read book Managing Cover Crops Profitably 3rd Ed written by Andy Clark and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-07 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover crops slow erosion, improve soil, smother weeds, enhance nutrient and moisture availability, help control many pests and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. At the same time, they can reduce costs, increase profits and even create new sources of income. You¿ll reap dividends on your cover crop investments for years, since their benefits accumulate over the long term. This book will help you find which ones are right for you. Captures farmer and other research results from the past ten years. The authors verified the info. from the 2nd ed., added new results and updated farmer profiles and research data, and added 2 chap. Includes maps and charts, detailed narratives about individual cover crop species, and chap. about aspects of cover cropping.

Download or read book Pesticides in Crop Production written by Prabhat Kumar Srivastava and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the diversity of pesticides used in modern agricultural practices, and the relevant social and environmental issues Pesticides in Crop Production offers an important resource that explores pesticide action in plants; pesticide metabolism in soil microbes, plants and animals; bioaccumulation of pesticides and sensitiveness of microbiome towards pesticides. The authors explore pesticide risk assessment, the development of pesticide resistance in pests, microbial remediation of pesticide intoxicated legumes and pesticide toxicity amelioration in plants by plant hormones. The authors include information on eco-friendly pest management. They review the impact of pesticides on soil microorganism, crops and other plants along with the impact on other organisms like aquatic fauna and terrestrial animals including human beings. The book also contains an analysis of pesticide by GC-MS/MS (Gas Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry) a reliable method for the quantification and confirmation of multiclass pesticide residues. This important book: Offers a comprehensive guide to the use of the diversity of pesticides and the pertinent social and environmental issues Explores the impact of pesticides from morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical perspectives Shows how pesticides affects soil microorganisms, crops and other plants along with the impact on other organisms like aquatic fauna and animals Critically examines whether chemical pesticides are boon or bane and whether they can be replaced by environmental friendly pesticides Written for students, researchers and professionals in agriculture, botany, entomology and biotechnology, Pesticides in Crop Production examines the effects of chemical pesticides and the feasibility of using bio-pesticides.

Download or read book Healthy Crops written by Francis Chaboussou and published by Jon Carpenter Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work powerfully asserts the idea that rather than using pesticides, the key to helping crops resist attacks from pests is to improve their strength through natural processes. Many of industrial agriculture's fundamental principles for fighting disease, in particular the reliance on pesticides and fertilizers, are explained and convincingly challenged and a new set of guiding principles for an ecological agricultural system are presented as a genuine alternative to the widespread use of chemicals.

Download or read book Management of Fungal Plant Pathogens written by Arun Arya and published by CABI. This book was released on 2010 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of our current knowledge of some plant-pathogen interactions in economically important crops, emphasizing the importance of pathogenic fungi on fruits, cereals, postharvest crops and the establishment of plant diseases and drawing together fundamental new information on their management strategies based on conventional and eco-friendly methods, with an emphasis on the use of microorganisms and various biotechnological aspects of agriculture, which could lead to sustainability in modern agriculture. The book examines the role of microbes in growth promotion, as bioprotectors and bioremediators, and presents practical strategies for using microbes in sustainable agriculture. In addition, the use of botanicals vis-a-vis chemical pesticides is also reviewed. Contributions on new research fields such as mycorrhizas and endophytes are included. The book also examines in different chapters host-pathogen interactions in the light of the new tools and techniques of molecular biology and genetics.

Download or read book The Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Microbial Communities written by Matthew Lane and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the most widely used herbicide in the world. First sold in 1974 under the trade name Roundup, its use has increased dramatically in recent years with the introduction of genetically modified, glyphosate resistant (GR) crops. There is growing anecdotal evidence in the Midwestern United States of potassium (K) deficiency in corn, which appears to be related to the adoption of GR soybeans grown in rotation with corn. It is possible that the use of glyphosate in GR cropping systems is creating a selection pressure in soil microbial communities which could affect soil K dynamics. The first objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of rates of glyphosate on microbial respiration. The second thesis objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of glyphosate on microbial community structure, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K in soils that had no, limited, or high amounts of glyphosate exposure under field conditions. The objectives of Chapter 2 were to determine the effect of foliar glyphosate applied to GR soybean on: 1) the rhizosphere soil microbial community composition, 2) exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K; and 3) leaf concentration K. In an incubation experiment, the addition of glyphosate was shown to significantly increase microbial respiration rates. The magnitude and duration of rates of respiration were greater in soils with a previous history of glyphosate applications, indicating that previous exposure to glyphosate may be associated with an increase in organisms able to metabolize glyphosate. In a second experiment, glyphosate was applied repeatedly to soils over a 180 day period. There were no significant shifts in soil microbial community structure based on ester linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) analysis. In addition, glyphosate application did not significantly affect microbial biomass K. In a third experiment, glyphosate resistant soybeans grown in the greenhouse were exposed to repeated glyphosate applications. Glyphosate application did cause a significant decrease in the total microbial biomass in soybean rhizosphere soil, as measured by total extracted EL-FAMEs, in the soil that had no previous exposure to glyphosate at seven days after the glyphosate application. However, no significant changes were observed in the overall microbial community structure. These studies indicated that: 1) glyphosate stimulates microbial respiration; 2) repeated glyphosate application to soil may increase populations of microorganisms able to degrade glyphosate; 3) the application of glyphosate can lower total microbial biomass in the glyphosate resistant soybean rhizosphere; 4) changes in the structural diversity of the soil microbial community due to glyphosate application were not detectable using EL-FAME profiling, and; 5) glyphosate does not appear to reduce the plant availability of K, as no significant decreases in exchangeable or plant tissue K, nor increases in microbial biomass K, were observed after glyphosate application.

Download or read book The Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Microbial Communities written by Matthew Lane and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the most widely used herbicide in the world. First sold in 1974 under the trade name Roundup, its use has increased dramatically in recent years with the introduction of genetically modified, glyphosate resistant (GR) crops. There is growing anecdotal evidence in the Midwestern United States of potassium (K) deficiency in corn, which appears to be related to the adoption of GR soybeans grown in rotation with corn. It is possible that the use of glyphosate in GR cropping systems is creating a selection pressure in soil microbial communities which could affect soil K dynamics. The first objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of rates of glyphosate on microbial respiration. The second thesis objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of glyphosate on microbial community structure, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K in soils that had no, limited, or high amounts of glyphosate exposure under field conditions. The objectives of Chapter 2 were to determine the effect of foliar glyphosate applied to GR soybean on: 1) the rhizosphere soil microbial community composition, 2) exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K; and 3) leaf concentration K. In an incubation experiment, the addition of glyphosate was shown to significantly increase microbial respiration rates. The magnitude and duration of rates of respiration were greater in soils with a previous history of glyphosate applications, indicating that previous exposure to glyphosate may be associated with an increase in organisms able to metabolize glyphosate. In a second experiment, glyphosate was applied repeatedly to soils over a 180 day period. There were no significant shifts in soil microbial community structure based on ester linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) analysis. In addition, glyphosate application did not significantly affect microbial biomass K. In a third experiment, glyphosate resistant soybeans grown in the greenhouse were exposed to repeated glyphosate applications. Glyphosate application did cause a significant decrease in the total microbial biomass in soybean rhizosphere soil, as measured by total extracted EL-FAMEs, in the soil that had no previous exposure to glyphosate at seven days after the glyphosate application. However, no significant changes were observed in the overall microbial community structure. These studies indicated that: 1) glyphosate stimulates microbial respiration; 2) repeated glyphosate application to soil may increase populations of microorganisms able to degrade glyphosate; 3) the application of glyphosate can lower total microbial biomass in the glyphosate resistant soybean rhizosphere; 4) changes in the structural diversity of the soil microbial community due to glyphosate application were not detectable using EL-FAME profiling, and; 5) glyphosate does not appear to reduce the plant availability of K, as no significant decreases in exchangeable or plant tissue K, nor increases in microbial biomass K, were observed after glyphosate application.

Download or read book Pests Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production written by Dimitrios Kontogiannatos and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-12-23 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights some of the most recent research with respect to emerging pest challenges in agricultural crop and animal husbandry production: analytical methods for glyphosate detection in foods, biopesticides and essential oils, environmental safety in pest control, herbicide and glyphosate resistance, herbicides and weed management, integrated pest management, mass spectrometry for insect physiology studies, pheromones and chemical communication, pasteurellosis outbreaks, and tick identification and management.

Download or read book Glyphosate written by John E. Franz and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyphosate is a popular global post-emergent perennial herbicide. This volume is a comprehensive review of glyphosate's history, properties, chemistry, biology, formulation, technology, enzymology, and structure/activity relationship. The discussion covers glyphosate's unique environmental properties, broad range of application, soil inactivity, soil and plant metabolism, low toxicity, and uptake and transport in plants. It also covers the syntheses of hundreds of analogs and derivatives and clarifies glyphosate's molecular mode of action and its effect on the target enzyme EPSP synthase.