Download or read book The Effect of Plant Cutting and Burndown Herbicides on Weed Management in Double crop Soybeans Following Winter Wheat written by Colton P. Carmody and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The agricultural practice of 'double-cropping,' harvesting two crops from the same piece of land in a single growing season, is a popular practice in Southern Illinois where growers often plant soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) soon after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest. Horseweed (Conyza canadensis L. Cronq.) competition and lack of control can cause detrimental effects on yield for double-crop producers in Illinois due to the development of multiple herbicide resistance in this weed species. To combat this problem of herbicide resistance, new herbicide-tolerant soybean technologies and new herbicide formulations have been developed, but these technologies will quickly lose efficacy unless stewarded properly. Therefore, our objective for this study was to evaluate the control of horseweed and other weeds and crop yield as influenced by weed-cutting height, herbicide treatments, timing of herbicide application in three studies (a greenhouse study and in-crop and non-crop field studies) with the goal of improving weed management in double-crop soybean. Data obtained from the non-crop study that focused on the evaluation of different cutting heights, herbicide treatments and application timings was observed to be significantly different by weed species evaluated: horseweed, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.). Horseweed control and biomass accumulation was observed to be strongly influenced by cutting height, where cutting to 15 cm resulted in the greatest control efficacy and reduction in overall biomass irrespective of herbicide treatment used. While application timing following cutting in relation to control efficacy and biomass accumulation was only observed to be significant based upon the translocation properties of the herbicide applied, i.e. contact or systemic. Differences in the perennial weed species Canada goldenrod were observed compared to horseweed; cutting in combination with herbicide treatments resulted in a decrease in control compared to herbicide applications made to noncut Canada goldenrod plants. Data obtained in this study suggest that cutting in combination with the use of effective burndown herbicides may lead to increased control of certain weed species and could be a component of herbicide technology stewardship in double-crop soybeans. The in-crop study focused on evaluating yield potential of burndown herbicides in double-crop soybean systems. Observations from this study revealed that similarly to full-season beans, yield in double-crop soybeans was limited dependent upon the burndown herbicide programs ability to achieve broad-spectrum weed control. When effective burndown herbicides dicamba, glufosinate, and paraquat were combined with herbicides that possessed the ability to provide soil residual activity, such as saflufenacil, chlorimuron, chloransulam, metribuzin, sulfentrazone or flumioxazin, yield potential was maximized compared to these active ingredients applied as standalone treatments. Data from this study further stresses the importance of utilizing multiple effective sites of actions to achieve higher yields while maintaining good herbicide stewardship practices.

Download or read book Effect of Herbicides and Nutrient Management on Productivity of Soybean Merrill and their Residual Effect on Succeeding Wheat written by Dr. Jai Prakash Bhimwal and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-09-13 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2018 in the subject Agrarian Studies, , language: English, abstract: In the recent past, India has made an impressive progress in achieving self sufficiency in food grains. However, efforts to increase the production of oilseeds have not brought any perceptible change in per capita availability of oil to predominantly vegetarian population of our country. The domestic demand for vegetable oils and fats has also been rising rapidly at an increasing rate due to increase in per capita income and increase standard. The present per capita annual consumption of edible oil is 14.4 kg and in 2030 it will likely to be 19.1 kg. India will continue to depend on imports of edible oils even in the coming decades. The domestic production of edible oils is projected to be about 12 million tonnes by 2020 and 19 million tonnes by 2030. These facts clearly emphasize urgent need to achieve substantial and sustained growth in production of oilseeds.

Download or read book Double Cropping with Soybeans written by Harold L. Owens and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Various Cultural Practices on Yields of Double cropped Soybeans G l yc in e M ax L Following Winter Grains in Michigan written by Darell Lorne McIntyre and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Soybean glycine Max Cultivar as a Factor of Weed Control in No till Double cropped Production Following Wheat triticum Aestivum written by Drew Trussell Newcomer and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Herbicide Applications in Tillered Winter Wheat for Doublecrop Soybean Weed Control written by Martha J. McHarry and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ecologically Based Weed Management written by Nicholas E. Korres and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-12-06 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecologically Based Weed Management Protect crop yields and strengthen ecosystems with this essential guide Research into weed management is an increasingly critical component of both environmental stewardship and food production. The potential cost of weed propagation can be measured in crop yield reductions, under-nourished populations, stymied economies, and more. The propagation of herbicide-resistant weed populations means that purely chemical weed management is no longer viable; food production can now be secured only with an ecological approach to weed control. Ecologically Based Weed Management details such approaches and their potential to manage weeds across a range of agricultural and environmental contexts. It emphasizes the deployment of ecological principles to prevent weed infestations, reduce crop losses, and strengthen ecosystems. In a time when growing population and changing climates are placing enormous pressure on global food production, this approach to weed management has never been more vital. Ecologically Based Weed Management readers will also find: A global team of expert contributors to a multidisciplinary approach Detailed discussion of topics like herbicide limitation, integrated weed management, and more Insights pertinent to agriculture, academia, government, industry, and more Ecologically Based Weed Management is ideal for researchers in agriculture chemistry, weed science, agronomy, ecology, and related fields, as well as for regulators and advanced students.

Download or read book Managing Cover Crops Profitably 3rd Ed written by Andy Clark and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-07 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover crops slow erosion, improve soil, smother weeds, enhance nutrient and moisture availability, help control many pests and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. At the same time, they can reduce costs, increase profits and even create new sources of income. You¿ll reap dividends on your cover crop investments for years, since their benefits accumulate over the long term. This book will help you find which ones are right for you. Captures farmer and other research results from the past ten years. The authors verified the info. from the 2nd ed., added new results and updated farmer profiles and research data, and added 2 chap. Includes maps and charts, detailed narratives about individual cover crop species, and chap. about aspects of cover cropping.

Download or read book Integrated Weed Management and Herbicide Application Parameters for Herbicide resistant Soybean in Kansas written by Chad Joseph Lammers and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated weed management and herbicide application practices were assessed in field and greenhouse studies to improve weed control in herbicide-resistant soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown in Kansas. The field study was conducted to evaluate weed control, soybean yield, and profitability in two herbicide-resistant soybean systems and two row spacings. 2,4-D-, glyphosate-, and glufosinate- resistant (Enlist E3) and isoxaflutole-, glyphosate-, and glufosinate- resistant (LLGT27) soybeans were planted in 38- and 76-cm row spacing for four site-years. Three herbicide treatments were evaluated in each system: pre-emergence herbicide only (PRE), PRE followed by early post-emergence (POST), and POST plus overlapping residual (POR). Weed control was evaluated every 2 weeks after PRE application through R7 soybean. Weed biomass was collected before POST applications and at R7 soybean. Soybean yield was recorded at harvest. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separation. In Ottawa during 2020, POST and POR treatments resulted in ≥ 99% control for all species four WAT, while PRE resulted in ≥ 84% control. Similarly, control at Ashland Bottoms was ≥ 90% for POST and POR treatments, while PRE resulted in 7% for isoxaflutole- 62% for 2,4-D-resistant soybeans. All treatments resulted in ≥ 95% control at Scandia in 2021. Row spacing had a minimal effect on weed control and mixed results for yield. In the greenhouse study, the objective was to determine the effect of herbicide combination, optimize carrier volume, and evaluate weed height on weed control. Co-applications of combinations of 2,4-D choline, glyphosate, and glufosinate were applied in carrier volumes of 93-, 140-, and 187- L ha−1to 5-, 10-, and 20-cm Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.). Visual ratings and above ground biomass were collected four weeks after treatment. Water-sensitive paper was also sprayed with the same herbicide combinations and carrier volumes to evaluate differences in spray coverage. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separation. Carrier volume did not affect Palmer amaranth or large crabgrass control. Control of 5-, 10-, and 20-cm Palmer amaranth was 100%, ≥ 91%, and 6.7 to 79%, respectively, and variation was caused by the herbicide combinations. 2,4-D plus glyphosate provided the greatest Palmer amaranth control. Large crabgrass control pooled for both experiments was ≥ 82% when treatments were applied at 5 cm, but control of 10- or 20-cm large crabgrass was reduced to 51 to 56%. There was a carrier volume by herbicide co-application interaction for the number of droplets deposited and percent area covered on water-sensitive paper. Co-applications containing glufosinate had more droplets than those not containing glufosinate. 2,4-D plus glyphosate had the smallest percent area covered, compared to the other herbicide co-applications. Data from the field study confirms that two-pass herbicide programs are superior to PRE- only programs, regardless of the inclusion of a layered residual herbicide. However, this research did not evaluate the impact of layered residual herbicides on weed seed production, which is crucial for long-term weed management. Results from the greenhouse study suggest that under ideal conditions, carrier volume is less important than herbicide combination and weed size for control of Palmer amaranth and large crabgrass.

Download or read book Dynamics of Early season Weed Management and Soybean Nutrition written by Nick T. Harre and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The popularity of growers using only postemergence (POST) herbicides for weed management in soybean was enabled by the commercialization of glyphosate-resistant soybean. Field experiments were conducted across four sites throughout southern Illinois in 2012 and 2013 to study the influence of early-season weed management strategies on soybean nutrient accumulation, grain yield parameters, and the acquisition of nutrients by broadleaved and grass weeds. Increasing periods of weed competition duration were established by removing weeds at heights of 10, 20, 30 or 45 cm with glyphosate. A weed-free treatment utilizing a comprehensive soil residual and POST herbicide program was included to implement a weed-free comparison. Two standard herbicide management strategies that simulate common grower practices were also evaluated for comparison: flumioxazin PRE followed by glyphosate POST and two sequential POST glyphosate applications. Averaged across all 11 mineral nutrients analyzed in this experiment, broadleaved weeds accumulated 149 and 108% more nutrients than grasses in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Competition from 20-cm weeds reduced the acquisition of N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, B, Cu, and Zn by soybean in 2012; these nutrients in addition to K and Mn were reduced by the same level of competition in 2013. N and Fe were the nutrients in soybean most notably impacted by weed interference. Reductions in soybean grain yield were the result of competition with 30-cm weeds in 2012, and 10-cm weeds in 2013; while, both standard herbicide regimens yielded less than the weed-free treatment in 2013 only. Additionally in 2013, average soybean seed weight and grain oil content was reduced when weeds were not removed before a height of 10 and 20 cm, respectively. The rate of decomposition and nutrient release was measured for waterhemp and giant foxtail desiccated by glyphosate at heights of 10, 20, 30, and 45 cm in two southern Illinois soybean fields. Weed biomass was grown under greenhouse conditions to ensure homogeneity and litterbag methodology was utilized to track in situ mass and nutrient losses, expressed as a decay constant (k) regressed over time according to the single exponential decay model. The effect of specie and height both had a strong influence on the intrinsic properties of the weed biomass and the associated rate of decay. Concentrations of the recalcitrant cell wall components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) were generally greatest as weed height (plant age and development) increased and with giant foxtail compared with waterhemp. Ca, Mg, and S concentrations were greater in waterhemp, while N was greater in giant foxtail. N and K concentrations decreased with increasing weed height. After 16 weeks, 10-cm waterhemp and giant foxtail detritus had lost 10 and 12% more mass compared to the 45-cm height. Decomposition rates revealed mass loss was highest for 10-cm waterhemp (kD = 0.022) and lowest for 45-cm giant foxtail (kD = 0.011) and this process was negatively correlated to the overall amount of cell wall constituents (r = -0.73). Nutrient release rates followed a similar trend in that shorter (younger) weeds and waterhemp liberated nutrients more readily. Across all tested plant material, K was the nutrient most rapidly released, whereas, Ca was the most strongly retained nutrient. Although the pressing challenge of managing herbicide-resistant weeds justifies the implementation of early-season weed control tactics, this research suggests there are ancillary benefits that are provided by this strategy. The use of a robust, broad-spectrum soil residual herbicide program in conjunction with timely POST applications provides the foundation for early-season weed management, thereby minimizing non-crop nutrient use and enhancing the nutrient acquisition capacity in soybean. This strategy facilitates more sustainable crop production by requiring fewer supplemental nutritional inputs while also protecting grain yield. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Download or read book Cover Crop and Herbicide Combinations for Session long Weed Control in Dry Beans written by Ryan T. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herbicides remain an important weed management tool in dry edible beans but reducing reliance on herbicides through integrated weed management practices is important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover crops in combination with herbicides for weed suppression in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 near Lingle and Powell, WY. Three small grain cover crop (winter wheat) treatments were planted in March (early), or in April (late), with a control treatment of no cover crop. Pinto beans were planted in early June and the cover crop was terminated with glyphosate on the day of bean planting. Each cover crop whole-plot was divided into four split-plots consisting of the following herbicide treatments: no herbicide, preemergence (PRE) herbicide application only (pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P), postemergence (POST) herbicide application only (bentazon + imazamox), and sequential PRE and POST herbicide application. Spring-planted winter wheat cover crop combined with herbicides had a beneficial effect on dry bean yield in 3 out of the 4 studies. Weed control failure in all treatments occurred at Lingle, 2022 due to presence of herbicide-resistant kochia. For the other three sites, POST herbicide had a greater impact on protecting dry bean yield than PRE herbicides or cover crops. Cover crop helped to reduce kochia and lambsquarters density but was even more consistent at reducing the aboveground biomass of these two weed species. The wheat cover crop failed to reduce hairy nightshade density, but this weed species was controlled by either PRE or POST herbicide application. POST herbicide application contributed the most to protecting dry bean grain yield, followed closely by PRE herbicide, and lastly by the cover crop.

Download or read book Short term Effects of Winter Cover Crops on Soil Properties Yield and Partial Returns in a No tillage Soybean Rotation written by Drew Dillion Kirkpatrick and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover crops have the potential to provide many benefits including weed suppression, erosion control, and improvements to soil quality. These benefits can be affected by species, biomass accumulation, and management practices. Although large amounts of biomass are good for maximizing benefits, it can result in problems for establishing the subsequent crop. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] accounts for over 50% of Arkansas crop hectares annually; therefore, understanding the effect that a cover crop can have on the following soybean crop is crucial to the successful implementation of cover crops within the state. A study was established to evaluate winter cover crops as an alternative to traditional Arkansas practices, such as winter fallow, as well as winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) soybean double-crop system, and the effect each cropping system has on soybean yield and partial returns. Additionally, a goal of this study was to assess a variety of cover crop species and blends as well as their effect on aboveground biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake, and stand establishment of the following soybean crop. Soil organic matter (SOM) and pH were also used to evaluate overall soil health following three full rotations of each winter treatment. Results of the study show that winter cover crops do not affect the following soybean crop establishment, but had a positive influence on soybean yield and partial returns in a no-tillage system. Except for blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), each cover crop treatment proved to be an equally viable alternative to a traditional double-crop system and more profitable than a winter fallow system. Cover crops not only have an immediate impact of increasing soybean yield, but cover crops also have the potential to provide long-term benefits. Previous research has shown that increased biomass production typically increases SOM and results of this study indicate that cover crop treatments produced up to four times as much aboveground biomass compared to a winter fallow management strategy. Treatments that produced the most biomass also accumulated the most aboveground nutrient contents for the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). There were no differences in soil health calculations, but each treatment received a "good" soil health score. Our results indicate that winter cover crops provide a promising alternative to the winter wheat soybean double-crop system and winter fallow management program and with continuous management, soil quality can be improved.

Download or read book Weed Management Systems for Conventional and Glyphosate resistant Soybean Following Rice written by Larry G. Heatherly and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mitigating Herbicide Impacts to Soybean written by Grant Lawson Priess and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapidity in evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds and the resulting cost to U.S. farmers demonstrate the need to responsibly steward the limited number of herbicides available in agricultural systems. To reduce weed emergence and likewise added selection pressures placed on herbicides, early-season crop canopy formation has been promoted. However, impacts to soybean following a potentially injurious herbicide application have not been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to determine whether: 1) soybean injury from metribuzin or flumioxazin delayed canopy formation or changed the incidence of pathogen colonization; 2) residual herbicides applied preplant reduced the potential for soybean injury and achieved the same longevity of weed control as herbicides applied at planting; 3) POST-applied acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides alone and in combination with glufosinate delayed canopy formation or impacted grain yield. Few interactions between herbicides and soil-borne pathogens were observed. Results from various experiments showed that soybean canopy formation was delayed after an application of preemergence (PRE)-residual herbicides and postemergence (POST)-foliar-active herbicides. However, delays in crop canopy formation caused by a PRE application of metribuzin and flumioxazin were only observed in varieties with sensitivity to the herbicide. Soybean injury caused by PRE applications were mitigated by applying herbicides 14 days prior to planting. Treatments that were applied 14 days prior to planting and contained an effective herbicide with a half-life greater than 70 days suffered no reduction in longevity of Palmer amaranth control when compared to the same herbicide applied at planting. POST-applied herbicides delayed soybean canopy formation relative to the amount of injury present following application. Delays in canopy formation can result in a lengthened period of weed emergence, subsequently increasing the need for additional weed control and increasing selection pressure on sequentially applied herbicides. Nomenclature: Flumioxazin, glufosinate, metribuzin, Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats., soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. Key words: Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, canopy formation, half-life, herbicide-resistance weeds, POST foliar-active herbicide, preplant, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides, PRE-residual herbicide, soil-borne pathogen, soybean injury.

Download or read book Integrating Cover Crops in No till Corn and Soybean to Diversify Herbicide Resistant Weed Management in the Mid Atlantic written by Jess Marie Bunchek and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widespread adoption of genetically-engineered, herbicide-resistant (HR) crops have simplified crop rotation diversity and the use of single-tactic, herbicide-based weed management programs. These practices have resulted in an HR weed epidemic, where glyphosate-resistant weeds are especially problematic. Glyphosate-resistant weeds like horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.)] and pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) threaten grower productivity and long-term efficacy of common agronomic herbicides. Thus, integrated weed management (IWM) programs that implement both ecological- and herbicide-based tactics are needed in no-till annual grain systems to (1) manage current HR weeds, (2) reduce HR selection pressure for evolution of resistance to other herbicides, (3) preserve effective herbicide technology, (4) enhance environmental stewardship, (5) safeguard soil conservation gains, and (6) maintain farm profits and productivity. To address these goals, we established three field studies at two sites in the Mid-Atlantic and identified combinations of cover crop and herbicide tactics that achieve effective season-long annual weed management, minimize HR selection pressure, and increase sustainability by reducing herbicide inputs. The first two studies assessed the complementarity of cover crops treatments and herbicide programs in corn and soybean, where integrating a cover crop treatment combined with applying a spring, pre-plant burndown herbicide application as well as a POST-emergent application provided the most effective season-long annual weed control. The third study assessed cover crop treatments and varied management practices, such as planting and termination dates, on HR selection pressure reduction at the time of herbicide applications. While cover crops intercepted a portion of the burndown herbicide application from reaching the soil surface, weeds were effectively controlled by the cover crops before the application, thus reducing the HR selection pressure.

Download or read book Integrating Cover Crops and Herbicides for Horseweed and Palmer Amaranth Management in No till Soybean written by Chelsea Marie McCall and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Palmer amaranth and horseweed are problematic weeds in no-till soybeans in Kansas. Integrating cover crops and herbicide programs could suppress weed populations. To determine the emergence pattern and survival of horseweed, a study was conducted across six locations in eastern KS in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Horseweed seedlings and leaf number per seedling were recorded at two-week intervals. Cumulative GDDs required to reach 50% horseweed emergence increased from north to south. Horseweed survival ranged from 4 to 90%, and majority of horseweed emerged in the fall. Field studies were conducted to determine effects of cover crops and herbicide programs on Palmer amaranth near Manhattan, KS in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Five cover crop treatments included no cover, fall-sown winter wheat, spring-sown oat, pea, and mixture of oat and pea. Cover crops were terminated in May with glyphosate and 2,4-D alone or with residual herbicides of flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone. By 10 weeks after termination in 2014-2015, Palmer amaranth biomass and density, averaged across cover crops. was 95 and 69% less with residual herbicides than without, respectively, and Palmer amaranth biomass was 98% less in winter wheat and 91% less in spring oat, averaged across termination methods, compared to no cover. Time to 50% Palmer amaranth emergence was delayed with winter wheat, spring oat, and spring oat/pea mix without residual herbicide. Soybean yields were greater with residual herbicide and greater with winter wheat or spring oat cover crop in 2014-2015. A field study was conducted to determine suppression effects of cover crop and herbicide programs on horseweed and Palmer amaranth near Manhattan, KS in 2015-2016. Three fall treatments included fall-sown rye, a residual herbicide tank mix of glyphosate, dicamba, chlorimuron-ethyl, tribenuron-methyl, and AMS, and no fall application. Four spring treatments included no spring application or three herbicide tank mixes: glyphosate, dicamba, and AMS alone or with flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone as early preplant, or as split applied with 2/3 preplant and 1/3 at soybean planting. Similar levels of horseweed suppression were observed when some control measure was used in fall or spring. Fall rye completely suppressed horseweed while the fall herbicide suppressed biomass by 93% and density by 86% compared to no fall application. Palmer amaranth suppression was observed when a spring herbicide application was used. In rye, total weed biomass was reduced by 97% or more across all spring treatments. Total weed biomass was reduced with a spring herbicide was used. Soybean yields were least when no herbicide treatment was used in the spring. An integrated program of fall cover crops or herbicide applications together with spring herbicide applications maintained soybean yields.

Download or read book Weed Control Population Density Change and Herbicide Persistence in Soils in No tillage and Conventional Tillage Soybean wheat Double Cropping Systems written by Fitzroy Dennis Bullock and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: