Download or read book The Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Microbial Communities written by Matthew Lane and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the most widely used herbicide in the world. First sold in 1974 under the trade name Roundup, its use has increased dramatically in recent years with the introduction of genetically modified, glyphosate resistant (GR) crops. There is growing anecdotal evidence in the Midwestern United States of potassium (K) deficiency in corn, which appears to be related to the adoption of GR soybeans grown in rotation with corn. It is possible that the use of glyphosate in GR cropping systems is creating a selection pressure in soil microbial communities which could affect soil K dynamics. The first objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of rates of glyphosate on microbial respiration. The second thesis objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of glyphosate on microbial community structure, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K in soils that had no, limited, or high amounts of glyphosate exposure under field conditions. The objectives of Chapter 2 were to determine the effect of foliar glyphosate applied to GR soybean on: 1) the rhizosphere soil microbial community composition, 2) exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K; and 3) leaf concentration K. In an incubation experiment, the addition of glyphosate was shown to significantly increase microbial respiration rates. The magnitude and duration of rates of respiration were greater in soils with a previous history of glyphosate applications, indicating that previous exposure to glyphosate may be associated with an increase in organisms able to metabolize glyphosate. In a second experiment, glyphosate was applied repeatedly to soils over a 180 day period. There were no significant shifts in soil microbial community structure based on ester linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) analysis. In addition, glyphosate application did not significantly affect microbial biomass K. In a third experiment, glyphosate resistant soybeans grown in the greenhouse were exposed to repeated glyphosate applications. Glyphosate application did cause a significant decrease in the total microbial biomass in soybean rhizosphere soil, as measured by total extracted EL-FAMEs, in the soil that had no previous exposure to glyphosate at seven days after the glyphosate application. However, no significant changes were observed in the overall microbial community structure. These studies indicated that: 1) glyphosate stimulates microbial respiration; 2) repeated glyphosate application to soil may increase populations of microorganisms able to degrade glyphosate; 3) the application of glyphosate can lower total microbial biomass in the glyphosate resistant soybean rhizosphere; 4) changes in the structural diversity of the soil microbial community due to glyphosate application were not detectable using EL-FAME profiling, and; 5) glyphosate does not appear to reduce the plant availability of K, as no significant decreases in exchangeable or plant tissue K, nor increases in microbial biomass K, were observed after glyphosate application.
Download or read book The Effect of Glyphosate on Soil Microbial Communities written by Matthew Lane and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the most widely used herbicide in the world. First sold in 1974 under the trade name Roundup, its use has increased dramatically in recent years with the introduction of genetically modified, glyphosate resistant (GR) crops. There is growing anecdotal evidence in the Midwestern United States of potassium (K) deficiency in corn, which appears to be related to the adoption of GR soybeans grown in rotation with corn. It is possible that the use of glyphosate in GR cropping systems is creating a selection pressure in soil microbial communities which could affect soil K dynamics. The first objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of rates of glyphosate on microbial respiration. The second thesis objective of Chapter 1 was to determine the effect of glyphosate on microbial community structure, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K in soils that had no, limited, or high amounts of glyphosate exposure under field conditions. The objectives of Chapter 2 were to determine the effect of foliar glyphosate applied to GR soybean on: 1) the rhizosphere soil microbial community composition, 2) exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and microbial K; and 3) leaf concentration K. In an incubation experiment, the addition of glyphosate was shown to significantly increase microbial respiration rates. The magnitude and duration of rates of respiration were greater in soils with a previous history of glyphosate applications, indicating that previous exposure to glyphosate may be associated with an increase in organisms able to metabolize glyphosate. In a second experiment, glyphosate was applied repeatedly to soils over a 180 day period. There were no significant shifts in soil microbial community structure based on ester linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) analysis. In addition, glyphosate application did not significantly affect microbial biomass K. In a third experiment, glyphosate resistant soybeans grown in the greenhouse were exposed to repeated glyphosate applications. Glyphosate application did cause a significant decrease in the total microbial biomass in soybean rhizosphere soil, as measured by total extracted EL-FAMEs, in the soil that had no previous exposure to glyphosate at seven days after the glyphosate application. However, no significant changes were observed in the overall microbial community structure. These studies indicated that: 1) glyphosate stimulates microbial respiration; 2) repeated glyphosate application to soil may increase populations of microorganisms able to degrade glyphosate; 3) the application of glyphosate can lower total microbial biomass in the glyphosate resistant soybean rhizosphere; 4) changes in the structural diversity of the soil microbial community due to glyphosate application were not detectable using EL-FAME profiling, and; 5) glyphosate does not appear to reduce the plant availability of K, as no significant decreases in exchangeable or plant tissue K, nor increases in microbial biomass K, were observed after glyphosate application.
Download or read book The Herbicide Glyphosate written by E. Grossbard and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1985 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literatuuronderzoek betreffende herbicide glyfosaat, met aandacht voor de chemie; werkingsmechanisme bij zowel onkruiden als gewassen; werkzaamheid in diverse gewassen; gevolgen voor het milieu (inclusief non-target organismen) en de toepassingsmethodiek
Download or read book Glyphosate written by John E. Franz and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyphosate is a popular global post-emergent perennial herbicide. This volume is a comprehensive review of glyphosate's history, properties, chemistry, biology, formulation, technology, enzymology, and structure/activity relationship. The discussion covers glyphosate's unique environmental properties, broad range of application, soil inactivity, soil and plant metabolism, low toxicity, and uptake and transport in plants. It also covers the syntheses of hundreds of analogs and derivatives and clarifies glyphosate's molecular mode of action and its effect on the target enzyme EPSP synthase.
Download or read book Impacts of Glyphosate and Its Formulation on Soil Microbial Function written by Binh Duy Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The herbicide glyphosate is an important tool for weed management, but there are concerns that it negatively impacts on soil health. The thesis examined the impact of glyphosate and a commercial formulation (RoundupCT®) on soil functions. A meta-analysis of published literature showed no impacts of glyphosate on soil microbial biomass (SMB) or respiration at field rates, but at higher doses inhibition of soil microbial biomass (SMB) was detected. Laboratory studies demonstrated that soil microbial communities and functions were generally resilient to high doses of glyphosate in loam and clay soils, but sandy soils were more at risk. Nevertheless, at field application rates, glyphosate or its commercial formulation RoundupCTTM had negligible longer-term effect on soil function.
Download or read book 30th Scientific Experts Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry written by Muhamed Brka and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-03 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the proceedings of the 30th Scientific-Experts Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry, held on September 26-27, 2019, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It reports on the application of innovative technologies in food sciences and agriculture, and covers research in plant and animal production, agricultural economics and food production. Further, the book discusses key social and environmental issues, and proposes answers to current challenges. The conference was jointly organized by the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences of the University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Faculty of Agriculture of Ege University, Turkey, the Bosnia and Herzegovina Medical and Biological Engineering Society, and the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Belgrade, Serbia. The proceedings offer a timely snapshot of cutting-edge, multidisciplinary research and developments in modern agriculture. As such, they address the needs of researchers and professionals, agricultural companies, food producers, and regulatory and food safety agencies.
Download or read book Pesticides in Crop Production written by Prabhat Kumar Srivastava and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the diversity of pesticides used in modern agricultural practices, and the relevant social and environmental issues Pesticides in Crop Production offers an important resource that explores pesticide action in plants; pesticide metabolism in soil microbes, plants and animals; bioaccumulation of pesticides and sensitiveness of microbiome towards pesticides. The authors explore pesticide risk assessment, the development of pesticide resistance in pests, microbial remediation of pesticide intoxicated legumes and pesticide toxicity amelioration in plants by plant hormones. The authors include information on eco-friendly pest management. They review the impact of pesticides on soil microorganism, crops and other plants along with the impact on other organisms like aquatic fauna and terrestrial animals including human beings. The book also contains an analysis of pesticide by GC-MS/MS (Gas Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry) a reliable method for the quantification and confirmation of multiclass pesticide residues. This important book: Offers a comprehensive guide to the use of the diversity of pesticides and the pertinent social and environmental issues Explores the impact of pesticides from morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical perspectives Shows how pesticides affects soil microorganisms, crops and other plants along with the impact on other organisms like aquatic fauna and animals Critically examines whether chemical pesticides are boon or bane and whether they can be replaced by environmental friendly pesticides Written for students, researchers and professionals in agriculture, botany, entomology and biotechnology, Pesticides in Crop Production examines the effects of chemical pesticides and the feasibility of using bio-pesticides.
Download or read book Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils written by Juan C. Sanchez-Hernandez and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-03-14 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quality of agricultural soils are always under threat from chemical contaminants, which ultimately affect the productivity and safety of crops. Besides agrochemicals, a new generation of substances invades the soil through irrigation with reclaimed wastewater and pollutants of organic origin such as sewage sludge or cattle manure. Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials and microplastics are now present in agricultural soils, but the understanding of their impact on soil quality is still limited. With focus on in situ bioremediation, this book provides an exhaustive analysis of the current biological methodologies for recovering polluted agricultural soils as well as monitoring the effectiveness of bioremediation.
Download or read book Microbial Ecotoxicology written by Cristiana Cravo-Laureau and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a treatise on microbial ecotoxicology, discussing the effect of pollutants on microbial ecosystems and the role of microorganisms in ecosystems services. Emphasizing the microbial responses to pollution at different biological levels, it focuses on metabolic pathways, genetic adaptation and response at the whole-microbial community level. It also addresses the ecological indicators of ecosystem recovery, as well as microbial biomarkers and biosensors as tools for microbial ecotoxicology.
Download or read book OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section 3 Test No 307 Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Soil written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2002-04-24 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The method described in this Test Guideline is designed for evaluating aerobic and anaerobic transformation of chemicals in soil. The experiments are performed to determine the rate of transformation of the test substance, and the nature and rates ...
Download or read book Soil Management written by Jerry L. Hatfield and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-22 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Degradation of soils continues at a pace that will eventually create a local, regional, or even global crisis when diminished soil resources collide with increasing climate variation. It's not too late to restore our soils to a more productive state by rediscovering the value of soil management, building on our well-established and ever-expanding scientific understanding of soils. Soil management concepts have been in place since the cultivation of crops, but we need to rediscover the principles that are linked together in effective soil management. This book is unique because of its treatment of soil management based on principles—the physical, chemical, and biological processes and how together they form the foundation for soil management processes that range from tillage to nutrient management. Whether new to soil science or needing a concise reference, readers will benefit from this book's ability to integrate the science of soils with management issues and long-term conservation efforts.
Download or read book Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds written by Vijay K. Nandula and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-28 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New technologies are becoming available for managing glyphosate resistant (GR) weeds and reducing their spread. GR crop technology has revolutionized crop production in the developed world and the benefits are gradually spilling over to the developing world. In order to sustain an effective, environmentally safe herbicide such as glyphosate and the GR crop technology well in to the future, it is imperative that the issue of GR weeds be comprehensively understood. This book provides such an essential, up-to-date source of information on glyphosate resistance for researchers, extension workers, land managers, government personnel, and other decision makers. Provides comprehensive coverage of the intensely studied topic of glyphosate resistant (GR) in crops Details the development of glyphosate resistance and how to detect and manage the problem in crops Helps standardize global approaches to glyphosate resistance Encompasses interdisciplinary approaches in chemistry, weed science, biochemistry, plant physiology, plant biotechnology, genetics, ecology Includes a chapter on economic analysis of GR impact on crops
Download or read book Plant Growth and Health Promoting Bacteria written by Dinesh K. Maheshwari and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-28 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To cope with the increasing problems created by agrochemicals such as plant fertilizers, pesticides and other plant protection agents, biological alternatives have been developed over the past years. These include biopesticides, such as bacteria for the control of plant diseases, and biofertilizer to improve crop productivity and quality. Especially plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are as effective as pure chemicals in terms of plant growth enhancement and disease control, in addition to their ability to manage abiotic and other stresses in plants. The various facets of these groups of bacteria are treated in this Microbiology Monograph, with emphasis on their emergence in agriculture. Further topics are Bacillus species that excrete peptides and lipopeptides with antifungal, antibacterial and surfactant activity, plant-bacteria-environment interactions, mineral-nutrient exchange, nitrogen assimilation, biofilm formation and cold-tolerant microorganisms.
Download or read book Long Term Glyphosate Effects on Roundup Ready Soybean Rhizosphere Microorganisms written by Nathan Robert William Lee and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) was first introduced in 1974 as a non-selective, broad spectrum, post-emergent agrochemical, branded under the trade name Roundup® and intended to control weed competition in agricultural farming. It gained large popularity and increased usage in 1996 with the introduction of glyphosate resistant soybean (Glycine max) cultivars and again in 1998 with resistant corn (Zea mays) cultivars. Its widespread usage has increased the concern of unknown long-term effects on the soil rhizosphere microbial community. In the same long-term context there is also increased concern over glyphosate’s toxicity and accumulation of degradation products, notably aminomethylphosphponic acid (AMPA), which accounts for the majority of detected metabolites in the soil. Chapter one of this thesis will review the current literature on the toxicity and degradability of glyphosate and AMPA in the soil. In chapter two of this thesis a long-term glyphosate greenhouse experiment was designed with two main objectives, (1) determine the effects of long-term glyphosate application for three different glyphosate formulations on glyphosate resistant (GR) soybean rhizosphere microbial communities of two different soil managements, one with and one without a history of glyphosate exposure, and (2) use stable isotope probing (SIP) to identify possible glyphosate degrading microbial functional groups in these two soil managements. The objective of chapter three was to expand on chapter two by investigating the accumulation of glyphosate and AMPA in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil of the same long-term glyphosate greenhouse experiment. Research from a greenhouse study showed that repeated application of glyphosate increased the abundance of gram-negative microorganisms relative to a single application as detected by FAMEs. Likewise a field study also showed that repeated application of glyphosate increased Fusarium fungal colonization on both corn and soybean root systems over multiple growing seasons. Another study demonstrated that a glyphosate infused medium drastically reduced the abundance of arbuscular michorizae colonies. Additionally, the literature reveals that both glyphosate and AMPA have a higher absorption potential within the soil matrix than most other herbicides, and that microbial communities are mostly responsible for their degradation. AMPA is also found to persist longer in the soil matrix than glyphosate and can be used by some organisms as a source of phosphate. These studies suggest: (1) that long-term glyphosate application could upset the delicate balance between beneficial and non-beneficial microorganisms in the glyphosate resistant soybean rhizosphere by increasing the abundance of gram-negative and fungal microbial communities; (2) glyphosate resistant plants may have an increased risk of fungal disease and mycotoxicity stress from Fusarium fungal species; (3) fungal and gram-negative microorganisms may be major players in the degradation of glyphosate and; (4) accumulation of glyphosate and its metabolites is likely more pronounced in areas of the soil with less microbial activity. The major findings of this thesis indicate that glyphosate induces changes in the rhizosphere microbial communities of a soil that has never received glyphosate application and likely adapts to use glyphosate as a substrate, most notably by fungus. Additionally, glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA accumulate heavily in the bulk soil, and greater microbial biomass in the rhizosphere soil is associated with low levels of GLY and AMPA.
Download or read book Mycorrhizal Symbiosis written by Sally E. Smith and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The roots of most plants are colonized by symbiotic fungi to form mycorrhiza, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil and therefore in plant nutrition. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is recognized as the definitive work in this area. Since the last edition was published there have been major advances in the field, particularly in the area of molecular biology, and the new edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate these exciting new developments. - Over 50% new material - Includes expanded color plate section - Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza - Presents new taxonomy - Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area
Download or read book Soil Microbial Response to Glyphosate base Cotton Pest Management Systems written by Sarah Renee Lancaster and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, 74% of cotton acres in the United States are planted with glyphosatetolerant varieties. The average glyphosate-tolerant cotton crop is treated with glyphosate 2.1 times each year in addition to other herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. The primary objectives of this research were to: 1) describe the influence of glyphosate and pesticides commonly applied at or near the time of cotton planting on soil microbial activity and biomass; 2) study the effect of glyphosate on fluometuron degradation; 3) evaluate the response of Rhizoctonia solani to glyphosate and fluometuron; 4) study changes in glyphosate metabolism that occur as a result of repeated glyphosate applications; and 5) define shifts in the soil microbial community. Additionally, methods for accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of fluometuron from soils were developed. In one experiment, the addition of glyphosate reduced C-mineralization in soils treated with fluometuron, aldicarb, or mefenoxam + PCNB formulations. However, in a second experiment, C-mineralization increased when glyphosate was applied with fluometuron relative to fluometuron applied alone. Accelerated solvent extraction was used in experiments which demonstrated that application of glyphosate with fluometuron increased the rate of fluometuron degradation in soil relative to fluometuron alone. When glyphosate was added to minimal medium, degradation of fluometuron by R. solani was reduced and less fungal biomass was produced. The total amount of 14C-glyphosate mineralized was reduced when glyphosate was applied 5 times relative to 1, 2, 3, or 4 times. Incorporation of 14Cglyphosate residues into soil microbial biomass was greater following five glyphosate applications than one application 3 and 7 days after application (DAA). Soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were altered by five glyphosate applications relative to one application. Additionally, FAMEs common to gram-negative bacteria were present in higher concentrations following five applications relative to 1, 2, 3, or 4 applications both 7 and 14 DAA. These studies indicated that: 1) glyphosate altered the soil microbial response to other pesticides; 2) fluometuron-degrading microorganisms in soil responded differently to glyphosate; 3) changes in the dissipation or distribution of glyphosate following repeated glyphosate applications were associated with changes in the structural diversity of the soil microbial community.
Download or read book Chemical Equilibria in Soils written by Willard Lyman Lindsay and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book's objective is to bridge the gap between soil science and soil chemistry and to show that most reactions taking place in soils can be understood and predicted from basic chemical relationships.
