Download or read book The Effect of EPA and DHA on Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Energy Balance written by Saeed Jebor Ghnaimawi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation commonly suggested during pregnancy confers many health benefits on offspring and more recently improves fetal BAT development and induces myoblast trans-differentiation into adiopocytes through activating PPARs expression. Embryonic myoblast is a highly flexible cell showing great capacity to change its phenotype into adipocyte in response to EPA and DHA supplementation in many in vitro models. However, a little is known about the identity of derived adipocytes, whether, they change into brown or white adipocyte, and in vivo evidence is still missing. Given that the myogeneis process is initiated at the mid of gestation and fetal BAT development is formed at the late stage of pregnancy, we sought to investigate the effect of EPA and DHA supplementation on fetal muscle growth and energy regulation. To achieve our goal, the study was mapped in two patterns: three in vitro experiments, devoted to test the effect of combined and isolated EPA and DHA on C2C12 undergoing differentiation into white and brown adipocytes, and in vivo experiment devoted to investigate the effect of maternal ingestion of EPA and DHA enriched diet on muscle growth, BAT activity, lipid metabolism regulation in liver, and browning of sWAT. C2C12 cell have frequently been used as a representative model of myoblasts in preclinical trials. In vitro, Cells were induced to differentiate into white or brown adipocytes using hormonal cocktail in the absence (CON) or presence of (50 æm) EPA and (50 æm) DHA in combination or separately. The results suggested that EPA and DHA treatments potentiate the route of C2C12 trans-differentiation into white- like adipocytes with a greater potency of DHA in compared to EPA. The effect was mediated via inhibiting myogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis processes and up-regulating the expression of WAT signature genes and impairing the aquistion of brown adipocyte phenotype. Changing genes profile was concurrent with increasing lipid droplets formation and impairing mitochondrial function. In vivo, mice were fed a diet containing (3.05%) fish oil (FA) enriched with EPA and DHA or diet devoid of fish oil (CON) throughout the entire period of gestation and lactation. The results showed partial inconsistency with in vitro trials where transient increase in myogenesis regulating genes and MHC4 without increasing muscle mass were observed in FA treated group. An increasing intramuscular fat infiltration as a result of stimulating the expression of adipogenesis regulating genes was predominant in FA treated group at day 1 and 21 post-parturition. Also, maternal EPA/ DHA intake induced up-regulation the expression of fatty acids catabolism regulating genes in liver. Stimulating BAT development and activity and browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue were demonstrated in FA treated group in weaned mice. Taken together, EPA and DHA supplementation is associated with ectopic lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle but not on the expense of myoblasts, and it can be suggested as an excellent therapeutic option to combat childhood obesity as a result of their potential role in stimulating energy expenditure transcriptional program.

Download or read book The Effects of Omega 3 Supplementation on Whole Body and Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism in Humans written by Sebastian Jannas-Vela and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In humans, evidence regarding the effects of (omega-3) n-3 supplementation on whole body resting metabolic rate (RMR) and fatty acid (FA) oxidation is limited and controversial. In the first study of this thesis, supplementing with a high dose of fish oil (FO) containing 2 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1 g/d docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 12 weeks, in healthy young males did not affect RMR and substrate oxidation. However, FA oxidation was increased (36%) with a concomitant decrease (34%) in carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, during the winter season, independent of supplementation. These data demonstrate that RMR and substrate oxidation were unaffected by n-3 supplementation in healthy young males, and that substrate utilization may be affected by changes in external temperature. The second study of the present thesis investigated whether supplementing with purified EPA or DHA would influence whole body RMR and substrate oxidation, in healthy young females and males. Supplementing with olive oil (OO), EPA or DHA had no effect on RMR and substrate oxidation, in males. However, in females, supplementing with DHA decreased (-7%) RMR with no effect on substrate oxidation, whereas OO and EPA, had no effect on these measurements. These data confirmed previous studies reporting small effects of n-3s in RMR and substrate oxidation in females and males. A previous study, in healthy older females, reported a significant increase in resting oxygen consumption (14%) and fat oxidation (19%), after a 12-week period of FO supplementation. Therefore, we examined the effects of FO on RMR, substrate oxidation and skeletal muscle Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity in healthy older adults. There was no effect on RMR, substrate oxidation, and skeletal muscle NKA and SERCA activity and protein content, after a 12-week supplementation period with OO or FO. However, there was a decrease in NKA pump sensitivity to Na+, after FO supplementation. These data suggest, that in healthy older adults, n-3s have no effect on whole body and skeletal muscle resting energy metabolism. Altogether, this thesis supports recent evidence, arguing that the necessity to supplement with EPA and DHA, in healthy individuals has been overemphasized.

Download or read book The Effects of Omega 3 Supplementation on Human Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemmal and Mitochondrial Membrane Fatty Acid Composition and Whole Body Substrate Oxidation written by Christopher Gerling and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Muscle Atrophy written by Junjie Xiao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book addresses the development of muscle atrophy, which can be caused by denervation, disuse, excessive fasting, aging, and a variety of diseases including heart failure, chronic kidney diseases and cancers. Muscle atrophy reduces quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality worldwide. The book is divided into five parts, the first of which describes the general aspects of muscle atrophy including its characteristics, related economic and health burdens, and the current clinical therapy. Secondly, basic aspects of muscle atrophy including the composition, structure and function of skeletal muscle, muscle changes in response to atrophy, and experimental models are summarized. Thirdly, the book reviews the molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy, including protein degradation and synthesis pathways, noncoding RNAs, inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, mitochondria signaling, etc. Fourthly, it highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of muscle atrophy in aging and disease. The book’s fifth and final part covers the diagnosis, treatment strategies, promising agents and future prospects of muscle atrophy. The book will appeal to a broad readership including scientists, undergraduate and graduate students in medicine and cell biology.

Download or read book Frontiers in Skeletal Muscle Wasting Regeneration and Stem Cells written by Carlos Hermano J. Pinheiro and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-05-25 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The search for knowledge on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mass homeostasis and regeneration is an exciting scientific area and extremely important to develop therapeutic strategies for neuromuscular disorders and conditions related to muscle wasting. The mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and regeneration consist of molecular signaling pathways modulating protein synthesis and degradation, bioenergetics alterations and preserved function of muscle stem cells. In the last years, different kinds of stem cells has been reported to be localized into skeletal muscle (satellite cells, mesoangioblasts, progenitor interstitial cells and others) or migrate from non-muscle sites, such as bone marrow, to muscle tissue in response to injury. In addition, myogenic progenitor cells are also activated in skeletal muscle wasting disorders. The goal of this research topic is to highlight the available knowledge regarding skeletal muscle and stem cell biology in the context of both physiological and pathological conditions. Our purpose herein is to facilitate better dissemination of research into skeletal muscle physiology field. Frontiers in Physiology is a journal indexed in: PubMed Central, Scopus, Google Scholar, DOAJ, CrossRef.

Download or read book The Multifaceted Roles of Lipids in Physiological and Pathophysiological States written by Simona Lobasso and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-23 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolving Human Nutrition written by Stanley J. Ulijaszek and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-10-18 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploration of changing human nutrition from evolutionary and social perspectives and its influence on health and disease, past and present.

Download or read book Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance written by Debasis Bagchi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-05 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance: Muscle Building, Endurance and Strength, Second Edition, includes comprehensive sections on the role of nutrition in human health, various types of physical exercises, including cardiovascular training, resistance training, aerobic and anaerobic exercises, bioenergetics and energy balance, and the nutritional requirements associated with each. Other sections cover sports and nutritional requirements, the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle building, an exhaustive review of various foods, minerals, supplements, phytochemicals, amino acids, transition metals, competition training, healthy cooking, physical training, and lifestyle and dietary recommendations for sports performance. This updated edition includes new chapters on mood, alertness, calmness and psychomotor performance in sports, extreme sports, natural myostatin inhibitor and lean body mass, the benefits of caffeine in sport nutrition formulations, the role of vitamin D in athletic performance, probiotics and muscle mass. - Provides a comprehensive appraisal of the nutritional benefits of exercise in human health - Compiles chapters reviewing the nutritional prophylaxis in human health - Addresses performance enhancement drugs and sports supplements - Presents various types of physical exercises and addresses exercise and nutritional requirements in special populations - Discusses sports nutrition and the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle building - Contains an exhaustive review of various food, minerals, supplements, phytochemicals, amino acids, transition metals, small molecules and other ergogenic agents - Highlights the aspects of healthy cooking, physical training, lifestyle and dietary recommendations for sports performance

Download or read book Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012 written by Nordic Council of Ministers and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2014-03-06 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nordic countries have collaborated in setting guidelines for dietary composition and recommended intakes of nutrients for several decades through the joint publication of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). This 5th edition, the NNR 2012, gives Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for nutrients, and compared with earlier editions more emphasis has been put on evaluating the scientific evidence for the role of food and food patterns contributing to the prevention of the major diet-related chronic diseases. Recommendations on physical activity are included and interaction with physical activity has been taken into account for the individual nutrient recommendations wherever appropriate. A chapter on sustainable food consumption has been added. A Nordic perspective has been accounted for in setting the reference values.The NNR 2012 has used an evidence-based and transparent approach in assessing associations between nutrients and foods and certain health outcomes. Systematic reviews form the basis for the recommendations of several nutrients and topics, while a less stringent update has been done for others. The systematic reviews and individual chapters have been peer reviewed and the systematic reviews are published in the Food & Nutrition Research journal. The draft chapters were subject to an open public consultation. Recommendations have been changed only when sufficient scientific evidence has evolved since the 4th edition. The primary aim of the NNR 2012 is to present the scientific background of the recommendations and their application. A secondary aim is for the NNR 2012 to function as a basis for the national recommendations that are adopted by the individual

Download or read book Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle written by Stéphane Walrand and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle provides coverage of the evidence of dietary components that have proven beneficial for bettering adverse changes in skeletal muscle from disuse and aging. Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, providing elements of contraction and locomotion and acting as an important contributor to whole body protein and amino metabolism, glucose disposal and lipid metabolism. However, muscle loss, atrophy or weakness can occur when there are metabolic imbalances, disuse or aging. This book addresses the topic by providing insight and research from international leaders, making it the go-to reference for those in skeletal muscle physiology. - Provides an understanding of the crucial role of skeletal muscle in global metabolic homeostasis regulation - Delivers the information needed to understand the utilization of crucial supplements for the preservation of skeletal muscle - Presents insights on research from international leaders in the field

Download or read book Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds written by Giovanni M. Turchini and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-07-19 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts are predicting that demand for marine fish oil will soon outstrip supply, creating extreme urgency within the global aquafeed industry to find viable alternatives. Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds is the first comprehensive review of this multifaceted, complex issue. It also addresses the crucial quest

Download or read book Nutrient Regulation of Insulin Secretion written by Peter R. Flatt and published by Ashgate Publishing. This book was released on 1992 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanisms of release of insulin in response to the body's intake of nutrients has long been one of the central problems of research into diabetes. This book presents the latest findings on the topic from the leading laboratories in the field.

Download or read book Sarcopenia written by Kunihiro Sakuma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sarcopenia: Molecular Mechanism and Treatment Strategies provides answers and guidance on a disease that has serious health consequences in terms of fractures, frailty, disability and diminished quality of life. Written by experts around the world, this book is for all those that care for aging populations. As the global population ages, sarcopenia remains a therapeutic challenge and major public health concern. Difficulties in defining sarcopenia as a clinical phenotype remain and have hindered treatment. - Covers physical, dietary and pharmacological strategies to maintain adequate muscle mass to ensure healthy aging - Provides a complete and up-to-date reference on molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia - Presents a clear definition of sarcopenia, along with the latest research in one volume

Download or read book Food Components to Enhance Performance written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settingsâ€"among othersâ€"experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting.

Download or read book Protein Phosphorylation in Human Health written by Cai Huang and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-09-06 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 15 chapters on protein phosphorylation and human health written by expert scientists. Covers most important research hot points, such as Akt, AMPK and mTOR. Bridges the basic protein phosphorylation pathways with human health and diseases. Detailed and comprehensive text with excellent figure illustration.

Download or read book Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults written by Danielle R. Bouchard and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2020-04-23 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Go beyond aging theories and examine the physiological and physical impacts of aging. Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults takes a close look at the physical implications of the aging process and how health, physical activity, and exercise interact in aging adults. With an international team of contributors composed of leading experts from across the field of gerontology, Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults delivers comprehensive, interdisciplinary coverage of the physical aging process and its effects on movement and exercise. Research on the physiological and physical implications of aging is presented, focusing on study outcomes and their practical application in optimizing healthy aging. Presented in an integrated and cohesive manner, this text is organized into four parts. Part I covers the theoretical foundations of biological aging, the implications of aging theories on medical research, and the social and economic impacts of demographic shifts due to population aging and global population size. Part II addresses age-related changes to the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine systems. Part III covers the physical effects of aging on other dimensions of life, including balance, motor control, and physical functions. Part IV focuses on exercise and older adults, taking an in-depth look at exercise measurements and the main barriers to regular exercise. One full chapter is devoted to recommendations for optimizing health for the general public, while another chapter is focused on performance by elite older athletes who exercise beyond functional fitness. Chapter objectives, end-of-chapter summaries, and review questions highlight key concepts and promote learning retention. Behavior Check sidebars look at the impacts of aging on behavior, how behavior affects physical health and activity, and how changes in behavior can improve everyday living. Functional Fitness Checkup sidebars focus on the performance of daily movements that are vital for older adults who want to maintain their physical independence. Putting It Into Practice elements provide examples of real-life application of the concepts presented, facilitating a practical understanding of how to use the content to benefit clients. A definitive resource for students and health care professionals who study physical aging, conduct clinical research, or work with older adults as clients and patients, Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults helps readers understand the aging process and its effects on movement, exercise, and other dimensions of life.

Download or read book Phytochemicals of Nutraceutical Importance written by Dhan Prakash and published by CABI. This book was released on 2014-02-28 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutraceuticals are bioactive phytochemicals that protect or promote health and occur at the intersection of food and pharmaceutical industries. This book will cover a wider spectrum of human health and diseases including the role of phytonutrients in the prevention and treatment. The Book includes chapters dealing with biological and clinical effect, molecular level approach, quality assurance, bioavailability and metabolism of a number phytochemicals and their role to combat different diseases.