Download or read book The Economic Laws of Scientific Research written by Terence Kealey and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 1996 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1980s Terence Kealey was universally derided for his claims that British and American science were expanding fast. Everyone else thought that they were in decline. He has been vindicated, but he had an unfair advantage; he knew the economic laws of scientific research and his critics did not. This book now makes them available to all. If state-funded research promotes economic, cultural or even scientific growth, why do Japan and Switzerland flourish in its near-absence while Russia and India have stagnated in a sea of government largesse? Why has Britain's relative economic decline, and that of America, coincided with their government's funding of research? Assessing the evidence from international comparisons and historical research, Terence Kealey shows how the free market approach has proved by far the most successful in promoting science, innovation, wealth and happiness.
Download or read book The Economic Laws of Scientific Research written by Terence Kealey and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 1996-05-15 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Dr Kealey's brave, entertaining and learned book makes a powerful case for his unpopular views. It must give pause to any open-minded student of science policy.' - R.C.O. Matthews 'Not since J.D. Bernal has a practising British scientist challenged conventional arguments about the funding of science so originally, and so powerfully.' - David Edgerton, Imperial College Does government funding of science promote economic and cultural growth? This burning question has come to dominate political and academic thought. The evidence seems mixed: Japan flourishes economically neglecting science while the USSR and India who actively promoted government-funded science have declined. The purpose of this book is to assess the myth that government-funded science works economically. Supported by historical argument and international contemporary comparison, Terence Kealey argues that the free market approach rather that of state funding has proved by far the most successful in stimulating science and innovation.
Download or read book From Market Magic to Calypso Science Policy written by Paul Allan David and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economics Without Laws written by Łukasz Hardt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-22 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a vision of economics in which there is no place for universal laws of nature, and even for laws of a more probabilistic character. The author avoids interpreting the practice of economics as something that leads to the formulation of universal laws or laws of nature. Instead, chapters in the book follow the method of contemporary philosophy of science: rather than formulating suggestions for practicing scientists of how they should do research, the text describes and interprets the very practice of scientific research. This approach demonstrates how economists can explain economic phenomena not by subsuming them under general laws, but rather by building models of these phenomena, by referring to causes, or even by investigating what is in the nature of given factors, events, or circumstances to produce.
Download or read book The Laws of Scientific Change written by Hakob Barseghyan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-17 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systematically creates a general descriptive theory of scientific change that explains the mechanics of changes in both scientific theories and the methods of their assessment. It was once believed that, while scientific theories change through time, their change itself is governed by a fixed method of science. Nowadays we know that there is no such thing as an unchangeable method of science; the criteria employed by scientists in theory evaluation also change through time. But if that is so, how and why do theories and methods change? Are there any general laws that govern this process, or is the choice of theories and methods completely arbitrary and random? Contrary to the widespread opinion, the book argues that scientific change is indeed a law-governed process and that there can be a general descriptive theory of scientific change. It does so by first presenting meta-theoretical issues, divided into chapters on the scope, possibility and assessment of theory of scientific change. It then builds a theory about the general laws that govern the process of scientific change, and goes into detail about the axioms and theorems of the theory.
Download or read book The Effortless Economy of Science written by Philip Mirowski and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compilation of essays by the author that reveals the value for science studies of examples arising within the history of economics.
Download or read book Science and Technology in International Economic Law written by Bryan Mercurio and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-12-13 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science and technology plays an increasingly important role in the continued development of international economic law. This book brings together well-known and rising scholars to explore the status and interaction of science, technology and international economic law. The book reviews the place of science and technology in the development of international economic law with a view to ensure a balance between the promotion of trade and investment liberalisation and decision-making based on a sound scientific process without hampering technological development. The book features chapters from a range of experts – including Lukasz Gruszczynski, Jürgen Kurtz, Andrew Mitchell and Peter K. Yu – who examine a wide range of issues such as investment law, international trade law, and international intellectual property. By bringing together these issues, the book asks how international trade and investment regimes utilise science and technology, and whether they do so fairly and in the interest of broader public policies. This book will be of great interest to researchers of international economic law, health law, technology law and international intellectual property law.
Download or read book The Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-08-29 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This symposium brought together leading experts and managers from the public and private sectors who are involved in the creation, dissemination, and use of scientific and technical data and information (STI) to: (1) describe and discuss the role and the benefits and costsâ€"both economic and otherâ€"of the public domain in STI in the research and education context, (2) to identify and analyze the legal, economic, and technological pressures on the public domain in STI in research and education, (3) describe and discuss existing and proposed approaches to preserving the public domain in STI in the United States, and (4) identify issues that may require further analysis.
Download or read book The Language of Science Education written by William F. McComas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-30 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Language of Science Education: An Expanded Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts in Science Teaching and Learning is written expressly for science education professionals and students of science education to provide the foundation for a shared vocabulary of the field of science teaching and learning. Science education is a part of education studies but has developed a unique vocabulary that is occasionally at odds with the ways some terms are commonly used both in the field of education and in general conversation. Therefore, understanding the specific way that terms are used within science education is vital for those who wish to understand the existing literature or make contributions to it. The Language of Science Education provides definitions for 100 unique terms, but when considering the related terms that are also defined as they relate to the targeted words, almost 150 words are represented in the book. For instance, “laboratory instruction” is accompanied by definitions for openness, wet lab, dry lab, virtual lab and cookbook lab. Each key term is defined both with a short entry designed to provide immediate access following by a more extensive discussion, with extensive references and examples where appropriate. Experienced readers will recognize the majority of terms included, but the developing discipline of science education demands the consideration of new words. For example, the term blended science is offered as a better descriptor for interdisciplinary science and make a distinction between project-based and problem-based instruction. Even a definition for science education is included. The Language of Science Education is designed as a reference book but many readers may find it useful and enlightening to read it as if it were a series of very short stories.
Download or read book How Economics Shapes Science written by Paula Stephan and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-07 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The beauty of science may be pure and eternal, but the practice of science costs money. And scientists, being human, respond to incentives and costs, in money and glory. Choosing a research topic, deciding what papers to write and where to publish them, sticking with a familiar area or going into something new—the payoff may be tenure or a job at a highly ranked university or a prestigious award or a bump in salary. The risk may be not getting any of that. At a time when science is seen as an engine of economic growth, Paula Stephan brings a keen understanding of the ongoing cost-benefit calculations made by individuals and institutions as they compete for resources and reputation. She shows how universities offload risks by increasing the percentage of non-tenure-track faculty, requiring tenured faculty to pay salaries from outside grants, and staffing labs with foreign workers on temporary visas. With funding tight, investigators pursue safe projects rather than less fundable ones with uncertain but potentially path-breaking outcomes. Career prospects in science are increasingly dismal for the young because of ever-lengthening apprenticeships, scarcity of permanent academic positions, and the difficulty of getting funded. Vivid, thorough, and bold, How Economics Shapes Science highlights the growing gap between the haves and have-nots—especially the vast imbalance between the biomedical sciences and physics/engineering—and offers a persuasive vision of a more productive, more creative research system that would lead and benefit the world.
Download or read book International Economic Law written by Leïla Choukroune and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 847 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of the core principles, landmark disputes, and modern developments in IEL reflecting a global approach.
Download or read book Natural Economic Law written by Henry Rawie and published by . This book was released on 1920 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Science Mart written by Philip Mirowski and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-29 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This trenchant study analyzes the rise and decline in the quality and format of science in America since World War II. Science-Mart attributes this decline to a powerful neoliberal ideology in the 1980s which saw the fruits of scientific investigation as commodities that could be monetized, rather than as a public good.
Download or read book Current Projects on Economic and Social Implications of Scientific Research and Development 1960 written by National Science Foundation (U.S.). Office of Special Studies and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Report on a survey of projects concerned with the economic implications and social implications of scientific research and development in the USA - includes research on management, agriculture and rural sociology, investment, automation, productivity, decision making, innovations and patents, political science, scientists and engineers, the impact of technological change on labour, etc.
Download or read book The Economics of Research and Technology written by Keith Norris and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1973 this book applies economic analysis to scientific research and to industrial reserch and development and analyses the interactions between these activities and economic activities in general. The book begins by looking at the relationships between science and technology and then: Analyses research and development in manufacturing industry Explains the different levels of expenditure in research and development in different industries and the role of such expenditure in the growth of firms Looks at the distribution of science and technology expenditure Discusses the international transfer of technology The book draws on evidence from several fields of study and imposes a theme upon the variety of evidence.
Download or read book Risk Uncertainty and Profit written by Frank H. Knight and published by Cosimo, Inc.. This book was released on 2006-11-01 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timeless classic of economic theory that remains fascinating and pertinent today, this is Frank Knight's famous explanation of why perfect competition cannot eliminate profits, the important differences between "risk" and "uncertainty," and the vital role of the entrepreneur in profitmaking. Based on Knight's PhD dissertation, this 1921 work, balancing theory with fact to come to stunning insights, is a distinct pleasure to read. FRANK H. KNIGHT (1885-1972) is considered by some the greatest American scholar of economics of the 20th century. An economics professor at the University of Chicago from 1927 until 1955, he was one of the founders of the Chicago school of economics, which influenced Milton Friedman and George Stigler.
Download or read book Economics And of Science written by David S. Caudill and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Images of scientific research and funding conventions are important in legal contexts when, for example, a trial judge or agency administrator evaluates the integrity of a scientific expert or risk assessment report -- is industry affiliation or sponsorship of research a marker of bias, and should the results of “independent” research be given greater weight? In the discourse concerning the commercialization of science, there is a geography of positions reflecting different images of how science is affected by, or alternatively rises above, financial or economic pressures or entanglements. Of course, science costs and has always cost a lot of money, but then the real debate begins on the question of whether financial interests or entanglements are (i) relatively benign, insofar as science is externally supported but not internally affected by money (except in the case of fraud, the occasional bad apple), (ii) seriously influential, especially nowadays, but generally good for science by fostering efficiency and innovation, or (iii) seriously influential, especially nowadays, with identifiable pernicious effects that variously degrade the quality of science, including the science on which law relies in litigation and policy contexts. In this article, I briefly introduce the notion that the economy “shapes” science, and then discuss the perceived direct, adverse effects of industry on science in legal contexts. Next, I discuss the indirect effects of commercial culture -- “less overt, but far more pervasive” -- on science. I conclude that legal discourses concerning scientific expertise would be enriched by viewing science as structured and constituted, not merely influenced or supported, by economic forces. Legal literature on scientific expertise too often focuses on the need for “fair, unbiased testimony and opinions” that are not “swayed by monetary reward.” Legal scholars highlight direct conflicts of interest, but rarely discuss the systemic and structural effects on “how we do research or what we find there.” An individualistic focus on more frequent disclosure of financial conflicts of interest, higher methodological quality, or making sure that one avoids favoring “a particular outcome [or accepting] remuneration geared to the outcome of a research project,” does not begin to address the systematic and structural changes brought about by economic forces on science. Such changes are not only hard to identify and even more difficult to measure, but they also require a new vocabulary or discursive regime. An interdisciplinary engagement with the growing literature on the economics of science reveals that the appropriate analytical division for legal assessments of scientific reliability is not simply between good scientists and those guilty of misconduct (an easier problem to identify), or between commercially funded and “independent” research (because either may or may not be biased), but rather a more complex (albeit fundamental) division between open and privatized science.
