Download or read book The economic costs of COVID 19 in Sub Saharan Africa Insights from a simulation exercise for Ghana written by Amewu, Sena and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-06-12 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective in this paper is to estimate the economic costs of COVID-19 policies and external shocks in a developing country context, with a focus on agri-food system impacts. Ghana is selected as a case study. Ghana recorded its first two cases of COVID-19 infection on 12 March 2020. The government responded by gradually introducing social distancing measures, travel restrictions, border closures, and eventually a partial, two-week “partial” lockdown in the country’s largest metropolitan areas of Accra and Kumasi. Social distancing measures have been enforced nationwide and include bans on conferences, workshops, and sporting and religious events, as well as the closure of bars and nightclubs. All educational institutions are also closed. The partial lockdown measures in urban areas directed all residents to remain home except for essential business, prohibited non-essential inter-city travel and transport, and only essential manufacturing and services operations were permitted to continue (The Presidency 2020). At the time the lockdown was announced, Ghana’s Ministry of Finance revised its GDP growth estimate for 2020 downwards from 6.8 to 1.5 percent (MoF 2020), although the Minister warned that growth could fall further if lockdown measures were extended. The lockdown was initially extended for a third week but was officially lifted on 20 April. Social distancing measures remain in place nationwide, although a gradual easing of restrictions commenced in June. Ghana’s borders remain closed at the time of writing.

Download or read book Gendered impacts of COVID 19 Insights from 7 countries in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia written by Alvi, Muzna Fatima and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-02-18 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is widely recognized that periods of crisis affect men and women differently, mediated by their access to resources and information, as well as social and institutional structures that may systematically disadvantage women from being able to access relief, institutional support, and rehabilitation. To capture the gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, we conducted phone surveys in seven countries spread across Asia and Africa. The study was designed as a longitudinal panel study with five rounds of data collection in Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, and Senegal, and three rounds of data collection in Kenya, Niger, and Uganda. Both men and women were administered the same survey, with some modifications made across countries to adapt to local contexts. This report gives an overview of our findings covering several topics including income loss, coping strategies, labor and time use, food and water insecurity and child education outcomes. We find widespread reports of income loss, which declined over time, but increased again as countries experienced a resurgence in COVID-19 cases and fatality. We find that households first depleted savings when faced with income loss and over time, use of savings reduced while other measures began to be adopted. Women reported greater food and water insecurity compared to men, including worrying about insufficient food and eating less than usual. This is particularly worrying since a large proportion of women also did not have adequately diverse diets. Moderate to severe water insecurity was reported in many of the countries, and as with food insecurity, women were more likely to report issues with accessing water for drinking and other household activities. In some countries, additional modules were added to capture country specific issues of policy relevance, such agriculture extension, mental health, and child marriage. The results make it clear that proactive investments will be needed, including social safety nets, favorable credit policies, nutrition and water investments, to ensure that the crisis does not further widen the gender gap in resources and achievements in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries.

Download or read book The short run economic costs of COVID 19 in developing countries in 2020 A synthesis of results from a multi country modeling exercise written by Pauw, Karl and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2021-06-04 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As COVID-19 spread across the globe in early 2020, governments had to make difficult policy choices to balance the socioeconomic costs of social distancing and lockdown measures, on the one hand, and the human costs of increased morbidity and mortality of an unchecked pandemic, on the other. The challenge was particularly daunting for developing countries with their often illequipped and underfunded health systems coupled with general skepticism about the effectiveness of economic restrictions to curb viral spread, especially in densely populated informal urban communities (The Economist 2020). Poorer developing country populations also tend to be less resilient to income shocks, while the social protection measures needed to mitigate against income losses are costly. With developing country governments already heavily indebted before the pandemic (Onyekwena and Ekeruche 2019), and with further anticipated losses in tax revenues due to COVID-related economic restrictions, their ability to finance palliative measures without sacrificing much-needed, longer-term public investments has remained a major concern.

Download or read book Accessing the Economic Impact of COVID 19 and Policy Reponses in Sub Saharan Africa written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Trends 2040 written by National Intelligence Council and published by Cosimo Reports. This book was released on 2021-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.

Download or read book Assessing the short term impacts of COVID 19 on Ethiopia s economy External and domestic shocks and pace of recovery written by Aragie, Emerta and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-12-09 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper, we analyze the economic impacts of response measures adopted in Ethiopia to curtail the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We carry out simulations using an economywide multiplier model based on a 2017 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the country that properly depicts interactions between economic agents. The pandemic’s impact on the global economy combined with disruptions it causes in Ethiopia represents a large, unprecedented shock to the country’s economy. In such situations, a SAM-based multiplier model provides an ideal tool for measuring the short-term direct and indirect impacts of a shock on an economic system since there is limited room for proper adjustment of economic decisions. We model the seven-week partial lockdown policy implemented in Ethiopia from mid-March to early May 2020. We also consider two possible economic recovery scenarios that may emerge as the COVID-19 control policies are relaxed during the latter part of 2020 in order to generate insights on the potential continuing impact of the virus at the end of 2020. Although the country took early swift measures, our assessment of the partial lockdown measures suggests that they were not as strict as those observed in other Africa countries. Accordingly, our estimates of the economic costs of COVID-19 on Ethiopia are significantly lower than those reported for other countries on the continent. We estimate that during the lockdown period Ethiopia’s GDP suffered a 14 percent loss (43.5 billion Birr or 1.9 billion USD) compared to a no-COVID case over the same period. Nearly two-thirds of the losses were in the services sector. Although no direct restrictions were imposed on the agriculture sector, which serves as the primary means of livelihood for most Ethiopians, the sector faced a 4.7 percent loss in output due to its linkages with the rest of the economy. Poor export performance due to a slowdown in global trade and restrictions on the transport sector also partly explain the decline in agricultural output. The broader agri-food system also was affected considerably because of its linkages with the rest of the economy. In terms of the welfare of Ethiopians, we estimate that the economic impacts during the lockdown caused 10.1 million additional people to fall below the poverty line. These findings have implications for better understanding the direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 and for policy design during the recovery period to return Ethiopia’s economy to a normal growth trajectory and to protect the livelihoods of the most vulnerable in the process.

Download or read book The short term impact of COVID 19 on Ethiopia s economy through external sector channels An economywide multiplier model analysis written by Aragie, Emerta and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-12-09 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to considerably affect the Ethiopian economy directly and indirectly due to global shocks and to the different restrictive preventative measures the country is taking. We analyze these economic effects using multisector economywide income multiplier models built on the two latest Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) developed for Ethiopia. Three external sector channels are the focus of the analysis: commodity exports, strategic imports, and remittances. Results indicate that in the absence of any policy responses, the Ethiopian economy is expected to experience a loss of approximately 4.3 to 5.5 percent of its annual GDP due to exports, strategic imports, and remittances that are one-third lower relative to the no-COVID situation over a period of six-months. This translates into estimated reductions in labor income of between 4.2 and 5.2 percent. The SAM multiplier model estimates also imply that these negative shocks lead to household income losses that amount to between 3.9 and 6.4 percent. In particular, the urban poor will be the most affected as they lose real incomes in the range of 6.6 to 8.5 percent. These income losses are estimated to result in a 3.5 percentage point rise in the national poverty headcount.

Download or read book Economic Environmental and Health Consequences of Conservation Capital written by Ramesh Chandra Das and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-26 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book tackles the oft ignored role of conservation capital in mainstream discussions in maintaining sustainable development of a country in particular, and the world economy in general. A continuous increase in global temperature trends, climate change, and other related factors has compelled academicians from natural as well as social sciences to reorient classical thought from high growth through large resource extraction, to sustainable growth through lower extraction. This leads one to the important role of generation of conservation capital to satisfy long-term growth and development objectives of economies. This book covers studies on the related issues of conservation capital, environmental crisis, and health impacts from the perspectives of different countries. The highlight is inclusion of some studies on the impact of environmental degradation in relation to COVID 19 pandemic. The book coaxes policy makers to rethink on the optimum use of environmental resources for economic and social activities. The broad coverage of studies included from different regions across the globe ensures that the book finds a wide readership among students and researchers from economics and other social sciences and natural sciences, along with policy makers intent on forming policies leading to a more sustainable growth model.

Download or read book The economy wide impact of Sudan s ongoing conflict Implications on economic activity agrifood system and poverty written by Siddig, Khalid and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Sudan entered its sixth month since it erupted on April 15th, 2023, with no signs of ending soon. The war has caused severe humanitarian catastrophe, destroyed key infrastructure, and constrained trade and production activities. Moreover, it disrupted access to public utilities, financial services, and markets, hence, triggering considerable scarcity of goods and services. In this paper, we utilize a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Multiplier modeling framework to assess the economywide implications of these disruptions of economic activity, productive resources, and livelihoods. Results reveal that the economy would shrink to nearly half its size before the war, household incomes decline by more than 40 percent in urban and rural areas, and the number of poor people increase by 1.8 million if the war continues until the end of the year. The impact would have been two thirds less should the war have ended before July 2023 and would be one third less if it would end before October 2023. This study therefore calls for rapid interventions from all relevant parties to help reach an end to the fighting.

Download or read book The State of the Global Education Crisis written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-09 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The global disruption to education caused by the COVD-19 pandemic is without parallel and the effects on learning are severe. The crisis brought education systems across the world to a halt, with school closures affecting more than 1.6 billion learners. While nearly every country in the world offered remote learning opportunities for students, the quality and reach of such initiatives varied greatly and were at best partial substitutes for in-person learning. Now, 21 months later, schools remain closed for millions of children and youth, and millions more are at risk of never returning to education. Evidence of the detrimental impacts of school closures on children's learning offer a harrowing reality: learning losses are substantial, with the most marginalized children and youth often disproportionately affected. Countries have an opportunity to accelerate learning recovery and make schools more efficient, equitable, and resilient by building on investments made and lessons learned during the crisis. Now is the time to shift from crisis to recovery - and beyond recovery, to resilient and transformative education systems that truly deliver learning and well-being for all children and youth."--The World Bank website.

Download or read book Changes in household income food consumption and diet quality in urban and rural areas of Ghana during the COVID 19 crisis Results of 2020 phone surveys written by Ragasa, Catherine and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2021-11-03 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides an assessment of changes in household income, livelihood sources, food consumption, and diet quality during the first months of the COVID-19 crisis in a sample of households drawn from both urban and rural areas in Ghana. Phone surveys were conducted in June 2020 with 423 urban consumers in Accra and with 369 small-scale crop and fish farmers in rural areas in six regions in middle and southern Ghana. Data was disaggregated by asset quintiles for both the urban and the rural samples. Reduction in incomes were reported by 83 percent of urban households in Accra, mainly due to business closures and lower sales from their trading enterprises. Most households, however, are showing resilience in terms of food consumption, with a majority of urban consumers surveyed maintaining their pre-COVID-19 level of food consumption; only 9 percent of urban consumers reported reductions in food consumption to cope with income loss due to COVID-19. For the respondents in the rural areas in middle and southern Ghana, 76 percent reported income loss, and all reported that their livelihoods had been affected. Thirty-four percent of 2020 minor season crop farmers experienced difficulty in selling their produce, and 43 percent of all sample crop farmers anticipated difficulties in accessing inputs in the 2020 major season, mainly fertilizers and agrochemicals. Of those growing fish, 53 percent experienced difficulty in accessing inputs, mainly feeds; 60 percent reported increased input prices; and 64 percent of those harvesting from March to June 2020 experienced difficulties in selling their fish because of lower demand, lower tilapia prices, and higher transportation costs. Despite farm and nonfarm income losses, a majority of households in the rural sample reported maintaining previous levels of diet diversity and food consumption - only 11 percent reported reducing their food consumption to cope with income loss. Several months into the COVID-19 crisis in Ghana, households in both rural and urban areas showed some resilience in terms of their agricultural production and food consumption. Regular monitoring is needed, however, especially if household savings start to dry up and coping mechanisms become more restrictive.

Download or read book Proceedings of the 3rd Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities and Social Science 2021 BIS HSS 2021 written by Muji Setiyo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-10 with total page 1094 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. Still related to the big theme of reinforcement the SDG’s at the previous conference, we try to invite academics and researchers in the world to participate in the 3rd Borobudur International Symposium 2021 (3rd BIS 2021). As we know, The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on all 17 SDGs have demonstrated that what began as a health catastrophe swiftly transformed into a human and socioeconomic crisis. In September 2019, the UN Secretary-General urged all sectors of society to mobilize for a decade of action on three fronts: global action to ensure increased leadership, increased resources, and smarter solutions for the Sustainable Development Goals; local action to embed the necessary transitions into governments’ policies, budgets, institutions, and regulatory frameworks; and international action to ensure greater leadership, increased resources, and smarter solutions for the Sustainable Development Goals. Especially in 3rd BIS 2021, we brought up “Decade of Action towards Environmental Issues: Advancing the Innovation to Recover our Planet” as main theme. The conference will be held on Wednesday, December 15, 2021 in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Scope includes Art & Linguistics, Communication, Economics, Education, Government Studies, Health Administration, Hospitality, International Relations, Law, Pharmacy, Political Studies, Psychology, Public Health, Religious Studies, Sociology, Health Sciences.

Download or read book Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-12-23 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edition of the biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity report brings sobering news. The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and its associated economic crisis, compounded by the effects of armed conflict and climate change, are reversing hard-won gains in poverty reduction and shared prosperity. The fight to end poverty has suffered its worst setback in decades after more than 20 years of progress. The goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030, already at risk before the pandemic, is now beyond reach in the absence of swift, significant, and sustained action, and the objective of advancing shared prosperity—raising the incomes of the poorest 40 percent in each country—will be much more difficult. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune presents new estimates of COVID-19's impacts on global poverty and shared prosperity. Harnessing fresh data from frontline surveys and economic simulations, it shows that pandemic-related job losses and deprivation worldwide are hitting already poor and vulnerable people hard, while also shifting the profile of global poverty to include millions of 'new poor.' Original analysis included in the report shows that the new poor are more urban, better educated, and less likely to work in agriculture than those living in extreme poverty before COVID-19. It also gives new estimates of the impact of conflict and climate change, and how they overlap. These results are important for targeting policies to safeguard lives and livelihoods. It shows how some countries are acting to reverse the crisis, protect those most vulnerable, and promote a resilient recovery. These findings call for urgent action. If the global response fails the world's poorest and most vulnerable people now, the losses they have experienced to date will be minimal compared with what lies ahead. Success over the long term will require much more than stopping COVID-19. As efforts to curb the disease and its economic fallout intensify, the interrupted development agenda in low- and middle-income countries must be put back on track. Recovering from today's reversals of fortune requires tackling the economic crisis unleashed by COVID-19 with a commitment proportional to the crisis itself. In doing so, countries can also plant the seeds for dealing with the long-term development challenges of promoting inclusive growth, capital accumulation, and risk prevention—particularly the risks of conflict and climate change.

Download or read book Epidemic Preparedness and Control written by Márcia Aparecida Sperança and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-05-22 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epidemics and pandemics caused by infectious diseases, mainly zoonosis, have existed since the beginning of humanity. They affect health, social, economic, and cultural policies around the world. Epidemic Preparedness and Control highlights epidemiology as an important scientific matter of research on the prevention and control of infectious diseases. It also examines different aspects of public health after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. The book is organized into six sections addressing general aspects of pandemics and epidemics as a result of climate change, environmental degradation, socio-cultural interactions and occurrence of zoonoses, and the experience of SARS-CoV-2 contributing to different tools for use in COVID-19 epidemics and other airborne infectious diseases.

Download or read book Societal Transformations and Resilience in Times of Crisis written by Shoukat, Ghazala and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world and left turmoil in every facet of society in its wake. As in-person activities came to an end for public safety, businesses closed, classrooms scrambled to transition online, and society was forever changed. As the pandemic comes to a close, it is essential that researchers take this opportunity to study the changes that have occurred so that society may revive what has been lost and promote resilience should another crisis arise. Societal Transformations and Resilience in Times of Crisis focuses on the revival of societal institutions after events such as natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil, and global crises, and looks toward building more resilient structures. It contributes novel approaches and provides implications for countries to improve the social system through novel approaches. Covering topics such as employee psychological distress, democracy, and higher education institutions, this premier reference source is a dynamic resource for government officials, community leaders, non-governmental organizations, students and faculty of higher education, sociologists, business executives and managers, human resource managers, researchers, and academicians.

Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Crisis Leadership in Higher Education written by Choon-Yin Sam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a frame of reference for the global challenges facing higher education leadership today. Focusing on recommendations and directions for the future rather than simply a recap of measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic, the contributors also delve into contexts such as the climate crisis, issues of diversity, equity and inclusion, digitalisation, funding and marketisation, the war in Ukraine and China-Taiwan and Hong Kong tensions. They collate a systematic, global view of higher education systems during the pandemic and beyond, and explore possibilities for the future, providing recommendations for "the new normal". With contributions from across six continents, the book will be of interest to students and scholars of higher education and governance, university leaders, government and accreditation bodies, and anyone else interested in reflecting on the past few years in higher education and the road ahead. Jürgen Rudolph is Director of Research and Learning Innovation at Kaplan Singapore. Joseph Crawford is Senior Lecturer in Management, Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Education), University of Tasmania, Australia. Sam Choon Yin is Dean (Academic Partnerships), Kaplan Singapore. Shannon Tan is Research Executive at Kaplan Singapore.

Download or read book Deep Learning for Medical Applications with Unique Data written by Deepak Gupta and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-02-15 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep Learning for Medical Applications with Unique Data informs readers about the most recent deep learning-based medical applications in which only unique data gathered in real cases are used. The book provides examples of how deep learning can be used in different problem areas and frameworks in both clinical and research settings, including medical image analysis, medical image registration, time series analysis, medical data synthesis, drug discovery, and pre-processing operations. The volume discusses not only positive findings, but also negative ones obtained by deep learning techniques, including the use of newly developed deep learning techniques rarely reported in the existing literature. The book excludes research works with ready data sets and includes only unique data use to better understand the state of deep learning in real-world cases, along with the feedback and user experiences from physicians and medical staff for applied deep learning-based solutions. Other applications presented in the book include hybrid solutions with deep learning support, disease diagnosis with deep learning focusing on rare diseases and cancer, patient care and treatment, genomics research, as well as research on robotics and autonomous systems. - Introduces deep learning, demonstrating concepts for a wide variety of medical applications using unique data, excluding research with ready datasets - Encompasses a wide variety of biomedical applications, including unsupervised learning, natural language processing, pattern recognition, image and video processing and disease diagnosis - Provides a robust set of methods that will help readers appropriately and judiciously use the most suitable deep learning techniques for their applications