Download or read book The Development of Law Pertaining to Desegregation of Public Schools in North Carolina written by Elton D. Winstead and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Development of Law Pertaining to Desegregation of Public Schools in North Carolina: Circumvention of the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Ruling for Ten Years in North Carolina Includes Interviews with Gov. Luther H. Hodges, Gov. Terry Sanford, Thomas J. Pearsall, William Medford, Conrad O. Pearson, James E. Miller, Larry I. Moore This book is the dissertation submitted to Duke University, Durham, North Carolina in 1966 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education by Elton D. "E. D." Winstead. The information in this book has historical significance and deserves to be more readily available as a contemporary perspective during that time period leading up to the desegregation of the North Carolina school system. A reflection on this perspective is especially appropriate now on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case and on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The 1964 Civil Rights Act basically ended North Carolina's Pearsall Plan, not only as a way to preserve the North Carolina school system, but also as a way to circumvent the Supreme Court ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case. The Pearsall Plan, as the vehicle for the circumvention of the Brown decision, was declared to be unconstitutional by two federal courts in 1966 and 1969 after this study was completed, and two of the people interviewed in this study were instrumental in those cases. Some of the persons closest to, and most influential in shaping, North Carolina's official reaction to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in the Brown case were interviewed. A few selected quotes from the interviews: Question: The Report of the Supreme Court Decision of May 17, 1954 by the Institute of Government at Chapel Hill discussed the alternatives open to the State, and the alternatives appear to boil down to three possibilities; that is, as stated in the report, defiance, compliance, or to play for time, making haste slowly enough to avoid litigation, and yet make haste fast enough to come within the law; thereby keeping the peace and keeping the schools. I have simplified the third alternative by calling it what it appears to be – circumvention, which of course, means to go around, to gain advantage over by artfulness or stratagem. Do you agree that the three possibilities cover the alternatives available to North Carolina at the time? Mr. Conrad O. Pearson (General Counsel, NAACP for North Carolina): “Yes, and North Carolina followed the alternative offered by circumvention.” Mr. Conrad O. Pearson: “The committee [The Special Advisory Committee appointed by the Governor] took a negative approach. They made no effort to influence public opinion toward compliance with the Court's decision.” Gov. Luther H. Hodges: “I did not practice circumvention. We did make an effort to play for time.” Question: Did the committee [Special Advisory Committee, chaired by you] ever seriously consider immediate desegregation as a possible solution? Dr. Thomas J. Pearsall: “No.” Mr. Larry I. Moore:“The Pearsall Plan made possible a more orderly transition.” “At that time, if North Carolina had integrated the schools in proportion to population ratios, the school system would have been destroyed and there would have been riots. The people would not have accepted integration.” The modern reader will notice that word choice has changed since 1966, when the word “Negro” was standard terminology, for example, as used by Mr. Conrad O. Pearson, the General Counsel for the North Carolina NAACP in his interview published in the appendix of this book. Ray L. Winstead Editor
Download or read book The Development of Law Pertaining to Desegregation of Public Schools in North Carolina written by Elton Dewitt Winstead and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The development of law pertaining to desegregation of public schools inNorth Carolina 1966 written by Elton Dewitt Winstead and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Race and Education in North Carolina written by John E. Batchelor and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2015-12-16 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The separation of white and black schools remained largely unquestioned and unchallenged in North Carolina for the first half of the twentieth century, yet by the end of the 1970s, the Tar Heel State operated the most thoroughly desegregated school system in the nation. In Race and Education in North Carolina, John E. Batchelor, a former North Carolina school superintendent, offers a robust analysis of this sea change and the initiatives that comprised the gradual, and often reluctant, desegregation of the state’s public schools. In a state known for relative racial moderation, North Carolina government officials generally steered clear of fiery rhetorical rejections of Brown v. Board of Education, in contrast to the position of leaders in most other parts of the South. Instead, they played for time, staving off influential legislators who wanted to close public schools and provide vouchers to support segregated private schools, instituting policies that would admit a few black students into white schools, and continuing to sanction segregation throughout most of the public education system. Litigation—primarily initiated by the NAACP—and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 created stronger mandates for progress and forced government officials to accelerate the pace of desegregation. Batchelor sheds light on the way local school districts pursued this goal while community leaders, school board members, administrators, and teachers struggled to balance new policy demands with deeply entrenched racial prejudice and widespread support for continued segregation. Drawing from case law, newspapers, interviews with policy makers, civil rights leaders, and attorneys involved in school desegregation, as well as previously unused archival material, Race and Education in North Carolina presents a richly textured history of the legal and political factors that informed, obstructed, and finally cleared the way for desegregation in the North Carolina public education system.
Download or read book Reading Writing and Race written by Davison M. Douglas and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using Charlotte, North Carolina, as a case study of the dynamics of racial change in the 'moderate' South, Davison Douglas analyzes the desegregation of the city's public schools from the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision through the early 1970s, when the city embarked upon the most ambitious school busing plan in the nation. In charting the path of racial change, Douglas considers the relative efficacy of the black community's use of public demonstrations and litigation to force desegregation. He also evaluates the role of the city's white business community, which was concerned with preserving Charlotte's image as a racially moderate city, in facilitating racial gains. Charlotte's white leadership, anxious to avoid economically damaging racial conflict, engaged in early but decidedly token integration in the late 1950s and early 1960s in response to the black community's public protest and litigation efforts. The insistence in the late 1960s on widespread busing, however, posed integration demands of an entirely different magnitude. As Douglas shows, the city's white leaders initially resisted the call for busing but eventually relented because they recognized the importance of a stable school system to the city's continued prosperity.
Download or read book The Development of Law Pertaining to Desegregaton of Public Schools in North Carolina written by Elton Dewitt Winstead and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Case Law Development of School Desegregation for the State of North Carolina written by Stafford Bullock and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Policies and Guidelines for School Desegregation written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The School Segregation Decision written by University of North Carolina (1793-1962). Institute of Government and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guidelines for School Desegregation written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Special Subcommittee on Civil Rights and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Policies and Guidelines for School Desegregation Hearings Before The written by United States. Congress. House Rules and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book School Desegregation in the Carolinas written by William Bagwell and published by Columbia : University of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 1972 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Public School Law of North Carolina written by North Carolina and published by . This book was released on 1893 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Schoolhouse Gate written by Justin Driver and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Washington Post Notable Book of the Year A New York Times Book Review Editors’ Choice An award-winning constitutional law scholar at the University of Chicago (who clerked for Judge Merrick B. Garland, Justice Stephen Breyer, and Justice Sandra Day O’Connor) gives us an engaging and alarming book that aims to vindicate the rights of public school students, which have so often been undermined by the Supreme Court in recent decades. Judicial decisions assessing the constitutional rights of students in the nation’s public schools have consistently generated bitter controversy. From racial segregation to unauthorized immigration, from antiwar protests to compulsory flag salutes, from economic inequality to teacher-led prayer—these are but a few of the cultural anxieties dividing American society that the Supreme Court has addressed in elementary and secondary schools. The Schoolhouse Gate gives a fresh, lucid, and provocative account of the historic legal battles waged over education and illuminates contemporary disputes that continue to fracture the nation. Justin Driver maintains that since the 1970s the Supreme Court has regularly abdicated its responsibility for protecting students’ constitutional rights and risked transforming public schools into Constitution-free zones. Students deriving lessons about citizenship from the Court’s decisions in recent decades would conclude that the following actions taken by educators pass constitutional muster: inflicting severe corporal punishment on students without any procedural protections, searching students and their possessions without probable cause in bids to uncover violations of school rules, random drug testing of students who are not suspected of wrongdoing, and suppressing student speech for the viewpoint it espouses. Taking their cue from such decisions, lower courts have upheld a wide array of dubious school actions, including degrading strip searches, repressive dress codes, draconian “zero tolerance” disciplinary policies, and severe restrictions on off-campus speech. Driver surveys this legal landscape with eloquence, highlights the gripping personal narratives behind landmark clashes, and warns that the repeated failure to honor students’ rights threatens our basic constitutional order. This magisterial book will make it impossible to view American schools—or America itself—in the same way again.
Download or read book With All Deliberate Speed written by Arthur Larentz Carlson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The decision of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. the Board of Education legally ended the operation of segregated schools in the South. In North Carolina, a series of legal challenges began under the Pupil Assignment Act and, later, the Pearsall Plan to delay the desegregation of the state's school systems. In an effort to avoid massive public demonstrations, violence, and the closing of public schools as a result of public outrage, the Pearsall Plan transferred control of pupil assignments, along with the power to request the closing of schools, to local school boards. The decentralization of desegregation allowed communities to determine the level of social change comfortable to the majority of an area's residents. As a result, no school in any of the over one-hundred independent school systems in North Carolina lost a single day of classes on account of civil disobedience. This thesis examines the background, development, and effect of the Pearsall Plan on North Carolina's educational, political, and social systems. It also outlines the factors that led North Carolina's leaders to deliberately embark down a path with one known ending: the declaration of the unconstitutionality of the Pearsall Plan. The decisions of these individuals and the outcome of their efforts comprise the focus of this thesis.
Download or read book Dead End written by J. Morgan Kousser and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1986 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Professor Kousser examines the development of the laws pertaining to racial segregation in American schools during the 19th-century.
Download or read book Desegregation and the Law written by Albert P. Blaustein and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
