Download or read book The Development and Use of Genetic Markers to Study the Effects of Hatchery rearing on Family Contribution in Pacific Oysters Crassostrea Gigas Thunberg written by Heather Lee Franklin and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Research in Fisheries written by University of Washington. College of Fisheries and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development Evaluation and Application of a Mixed family Selective Breeding Method for the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas written by Sean Erik Matson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation develops mixed family selection for Pacific oysters using marker-based pedigree reconstruction. It focuses on improving the efficiency of parentage assignment, determining the optimum life stage to mix oyster families for rearing and selection, comparing mixed-family and separate-family selective breeding in the field, and applying the mixed method to estimate the heritability of shell shape. We developed novel computer software, P-LOCI (available at http://marineresearch.oregonstate.edu/genetics/PLOCI.html), which identifies the most efficient set of codominant markers for assigning parentage, accounting for marker linkage, mating design, null alleles and genotyping error, and found that the most efficient group of loci for assignment is not necessarily comprised of the top individually ranked loci, or best for all populations. We determined the optimum time to mix oyster families for rearing and selection in the field; overall, planting size is the most prudent time to mix families for MFS, due to high variability in family representation produced during larval and nursery stages. Mixing families at stages earlier than this for selection on field traits would require pre-planting genotyping of large samples for estimation of initial family representation, which would add substantial cost, or other special considerations. Rearing mixed family groups of oysters in the field yielded very similar results to rearing the same families separately, (r = 0.817 for two-site average individual weight at harvest), demonstrating it is unlikely associative effects are of great importance in the Pacific oyster. Our results show that the mixed method was well-suited for individual traits and walk-back selection, but would incur higher costs than the separate method to estimate survival with lower precision. Finally, we utilized the mixed method to estimate the heritability of shell shape using midparent-offspring regression; we estimated shell depth heritability as 0.404 ± 0.14 and shell width as 0.287 ± 0.11, nearly equal to the only other study for the Pacific oyster, demonstrating potential for selective breeding on these traits in this U.S. population, and similar results between methods. Overall, we found that mixed-family rearing is viable for Pacific oyster breeding, given some important restrictions.

Download or read book Alien Species Alert written by Laurence Miossec and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Selective Breeding in Aquaculture an Introduction written by Trygve Gjedrem and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-17 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The foundation of quantitative genetics theory was developed during the last century and facilitated many successful breeding programs for cultivated plants and t- restrial livestock. The results have been almost universally impressive, and today nearly all agricultural production utilises genetically improved seed and animals. The aquaculture industry can learn a great deal from these experiences, because the basic theory behind selective breeding is the same for all species. The ?rst published selection experiments in aquaculture started in 1920 s to improve disease resistance in ?sh, but it was not before the 1970 s that the ?rst family based breeding program was initiated for Atlantic salmon in Norway by AKVAFORSK. Unfortunately, the subsequent implementation of selective breeding on a wider scale in aquaculture has been slow, and despite the dramatic gains that have been demonstrated in a number of species, less than 10% of world aquaculture production is currently based on improved stocks. For the long-term sustainability of aquaculture production, there is an urgent need to develop and implement e- cient breeding programs for all species under commercial production. The ability for aquaculture to successfully meet the demands of an ever increasing human p- ulation, will rely on genetically improved stocks that utilise feed, water and land resources in an ef?cient way. Technological advances like genome sequences of aquaculture species, and advanced molecular methods means that there are new and exciting prospects for building on these well-established methods into the future.

Download or read book Hatchery Culture of Bivalves written by Michael M. Helm and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2004 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual is a synthesis of current methodologies pertinent to the intensive hatchery culture of bivalve molluscs. It encompasses both the similarities and differences in approach in rearing clams, oysters and scallops in different climatic zones. All aspects of the culture process are described, together with basic considerations in choosing a site for hatchery development and in the design of a suitable facility. It also includes the post-hatchery handling of larvae in remote setting and also of spat in both land- and sea-based nurseries. This document is intended to assist both technicians entering the field as well as entrepreneurs researching investment opportunities in bivalve culture.

Download or read book Experiments in the Hatchery Rearing of Pacific Oyster Larvae crassostrea Gigas Thunberg written by M. M. Helm and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture written by Trygve Gjedrem and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-04-13 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although aquaculture as a biological production system has a long history, systematic and efficient breeding programs to improve economically important traits in the farmed species have rarely been utilized until recently, except for salmonid species. This means that the majority of aquaculture production (more than 90 %) is based on genetically unimproved stocks. In farm animals the situation is vastly different: practically no terrestrial farm production is based on genetically unimproved and undomesticated populations. This difference between aquaculture and livestock production is in spite of the fact that the basic elements of breeding theory are the same for fish and shellfish as for farm animals. One possible reason for the difference is the complexity of reproductive biology in aquatic species, and special consideration needs to be taken in the design of breeding plans for these species. Since 1971 AKVAFORSK, has continuously carried out large scale breeding research projects with salmonid species, and during the latest 15 years also with a number of fresh water and marine species. Results from this work and the results from other institutions around the world have brought forward considerable knowledge, which make the development of efficient breeding programs feasible. The genetic improvement obtained in selection programs for fish and shellfish is remarkable and much higher than what has been achieved in terrestrial farm animals.

Download or read book Aquaculture Genome Technologies written by Zhanjiang (John) Liu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genomics is a rapidly growing scientific field with applications ranging from improved disease resistance to increased rate of growth. Aquaculture Genome Technologies comprehensively covers the field of genomics and its applications to the aquaculture industry. This volume looks to bridge the gap between a basic understanding of genomic technology to its practical use in the aquaculture industry.

Download or read book Inbreeding and Brood Stock Management written by Douglas Tave and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 1999 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A manual dealing primarily with the problems caused by unwanted inbreeding in cultured fish populations, describing management techniques for preventing or minimising inbreeding, and also how inbreeding can be used to improve captive populations of fish

Download or read book Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology written by Rex A. Dunham and published by CABI. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic improvement of fish for aquaculture and related fisheries has seen huge advances over recent years. Building upon the previous two editions of Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic Approaches, this 3rd edition offers a presentation of traditional selective breeding, modern genetic biotechnology, genomics, gene transfer and gene editing, and the latest developments in genetic biotechnology such as epigenetics, xenogenesis and genome-wide association study coupled with commercial application, the impact of government regulation and expectations for the future. It provides a firm grounding in relevant aspects of classical genetics, before focusing on particular aspects such as sex reversal and breeding as applied in aquaculture and fisheries. It also explores how more recent molecular genetics, genomics and biotechnology techniques can be used and combined in improvement programmes for fish and aquaculture species. A glossary explains the latest terminology used in biotechnology and genetics. This book will be useful for research scientists and students in marine biotechnology, aquaculture biotechnology, and fish genetics and breeding.

Download or read book Ecological and Genetic Implications of Aquaculture Activities written by Theresa M. Bert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-30 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, numerous prominent aquaculture researchers contribute 27 chapters that provide overviews of aquaculture effects on the environment. They comprise a comprehensive synthesis of many ecological and genetic problems implicated in the practice of aquaculture and of many proven, attempted, or postulated solutions to those problems. This is an outstanding source of reference for all types of aquaculture activities.

Download or read book Summer Mortality of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas written by Jean-François Samain and published by Editions Quae. This book was released on 2008-02-13 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mass oyster mortalities have been known for many years throughout the world, but no strictly pathological explication has been found. This book describes how environmental influences, reproduction, stress, genetics, pathogens and temperature contribute to oyster summer mortality in France. An interaction model is derived from the results and recommendations are made for forecasting and managing risk factors.

Download or read book Biology of the NMDA Receptor written by Antonius M. VanDongen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-10-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system and in adult neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, it is not surprising that this receptor has been widely studied. However, despite the importance of rhythms for the sustenance of life, this aspect of NMDAR function remains poorly studied. Written

Download or read book The Mitochondrial Genome of the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica written by Coren A. Milbury and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is an economically important species throughout its range from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Oyster harvesting in the Chesapeake Bay was once a lucrative fishery and a major component of the local economy for more than a century. Concurrent with overexploitation, the oyster population has been subject to high mortality from epizootics caused by the parasites MSX and Dermo. The result is a critically low abundance, diminishing the status of the species as an economic and ecological resource. The Chesapeake Bay oyster population is an estimated 1% of its size a century ago and sustainable harvesting is no longer feasible. Several management options for rehabilitating local oyster populations have been considered, though an effective solution remains to be determined. Enhancement of native populations through spawner transplantation is a well-established approach. Seeding an area with hatchery-reared, genetically superior, disease-resistant oysters will potentially enhance survival and propagation of the native oyster populations. The enhancement of resident populations by transplanting hatchery-reared oysters is arguably the best option for oyster restoration available at this time. The recent use of high-throughput molecular genetic techniques in monitoring restoration effort has proven to be informative, accurate and cost-effective. Techniques for detecting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are quickly becoming dominant tools in molecular biology, particularly in the areas of human disease and population biology. The application of SNP technology to assess polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has received less attention but is an area of great promise. Genetic drift is often quite pronounced in mtDNA. Because mitochondria have a high replication rate and lack DNA repair mechanisms, the rate of mutation is typically higher in mtDNA than in nuclear DNA. In a preliminary study, I estimated the mitochondrial mutation rate in oysters to be at 6.2 x 10 -5 nucleotide substitutions per site per generation. The high mutation rate results in high genetic variability that can be useful in the detection of hatchery-specific mitochondrial markers. Particular patterns of mitochondrial markers (or haplotypes) provide us with unique genetic signatures that can be useful in evaluating the success of restoration efforts. This research project comprises three parts. In the first part, I sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of the eastern oyster, C. virginica . Complete sequence data provide essential background knowledge necessary in project design for subsequent investigations including determination of regions to be used for analysis, primer development, and finally identification of potential molecular markers for use in restoration assessment. The second component assessed natural rates of mutation in the mitochondrial genome. The last component identified polymorphic markers capable of distinguishing hatchery-produced spat outplanted in the Little Choptank River (Chesapeake Bay, Maryland) from resident oysters. These markers were used to assess the survival and recruitment contribution of the restoration effort in the Little Choptank River.

Download or read book Ocean Acidification Influences on Physiology and Epigenetics in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas written by Yaamini Ranjani Venkataraman and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As ocean acidification continues to impact marine ecosystems at unprecedented rates, phenotypicplasticity may allow organisms to withstand more stressful conditions. Genomic methods can elucidate molecular mechanisms that contribute to phenotypic plasticity, allowing for a deeper understanding of how physiological processes will be impacted by low pH. My dissertation examines the effects of ocean acidification on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) stress response and reproduction; elucidate how exposure history impacts phenotype; and explore the role of functional role DNA methylation in somatic and reproductive tissue. I investigated the effect of regional environmental variation on the molecular physiology of C. gigas outplanted at five different estuarine sites (four in Puget Sound, one in Willapa Bay) in Washington, USA using gel-free proteomic methods. While there was no difference in survival, or any protein abundances due to pH differences between sites, C. gigas outplanted at the site with the highest temperature had significantly higher abundances of antioxidant enzymes and molecular chaperones, elucidating the molecular underpinnings of thermotolerance. In a hatchery setting, I explored the impact of ocean acidification on reproductive maturity and output. A seven week low pH exposure did not affect sex ratio or maturation stage; however, it did significantly affect survival of larvae. Even though adult oysters spent four months in ambient pH conditions between low pH exposure and strip spawning, larvae from females that experienced low pH conditions had significantly higher mortality. Finally, I conducted the first investigations examining the effect of ocean acidification in C. gigas methylomes. To investigate the role of environmentally-responsive methylation in reproductive tissue, I analyzed gonad methylomes of female C. gigas exposed to low pH. A total of 1,599 differentially methylated loci (DML) were found in gene bodies. The genic DML were associated with cilium movement, development, and cytoskeletal processes, implying a need to regulate cellular growth in the gonad in response to low pH. I then explored the influence of low pH on the somatic tissue methylome using diploid and triploid oyster ctenidia. Differences in ploidy status yielded 154 DML. These ploidy-DML were associated with cell-cell adhesion and dephosphorlylation processes, which are not commonly associated with methylome changes in organisms that undergo natural polyploidization. The 178 pH-DML were associated with processes commonly observed in oysters exposed to ocean acidification, including apoptosis, protein ubiquitination, zinc ion binding, and cytoskeletal processes. In both reproductive and somatic tissue, the enrichment of DML in genes with multiple transcripts could indicate a role for methylation to regulate gene expression via alternative splicing. Investigating the molecular underpinnings of responses to ocean acidification in C. gigas will provide a thorough understanding of this global aquaculture product’s ability to withstand future ocean conditions.

Download or read book The Pearl Oyster written by Paul Southgate and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-19 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contrary to a generally held view that pearls are found by chance in oysters, almost all are now produced from farms. This book is a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of the biology of pearl oysters, their anatomy, reproduction, genetics, diseases, etc. It considers how they are farmed from spawning and culturing larvae in hatcheries to adults in the ocean; how various environmental factors, including pollution affect them; and how modern techniques are successfully producing large numbers of cultured pearls. This is the ultimate reference source on pearl oysters and the culture of pearls, written and edited by a number of scientists who are world experts in their fields. Comprehensive treatment of pearl oyster biology and pearl culture Written by the top world authorities Highly illustrated and figured Of practical relevance to a broad readership, from professional biologists to those involved in the practicalities and practice of pearl production