Download or read book The Development and Evaluation of a Probabilistic Model for Aggregate Exposure Assessment to Chemicals in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products written by Tatsiana Dudzina and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Principles of Characterizing and Applying Human Exposure Models written by International Program on Chemical Safety and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2005 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this manual is to provide guidance to risk assessors on the use of quantitative toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data to address interspecies and interindividual differences in dose and concentration-response assessment. Section 1 focuses on the relevance of this guidance in the context of the broader risk assessment paradigm and other initiatives of the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) project on the Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals. Technical background material is presented in section 2, followed by generic guidance for the development of chemical-specific adjustment factors in section 3 and accompanying summary figures. Illustrative case-studies are included in an Appendix, and a glossary of terms is also provided.--Publisher's description.
Download or read book The Practice of Consumer Exposure Assessment written by Gerhard Heinemeyer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-03 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book closes a current gap by providing the scientific basis for consumer exposure assessment in the context of regulatory risk assessment. Risk is defined as the likelihood of an event occurring and the severity of its effects. The margin between the dose that leads to toxic effects and the actual dose of a chemical is identified by estimating population exposure. The objective of this book is to provide an introduction into the scientific principles of consumer exposure assessment, and to describe the methods used to estimate doses of chemicals, the statistics applied and computer tools needed. This is presented through the backgrounds of the special fields in exposure analysis, such as exposure via food and by the use of consumer products, toys, clothing and other items. As a general concept, human exposure is also understood to include exposure via the environment and from the work setting. In this context, the specific features of consumer exposure are pointed out and put into the context of regulation, in particular food safety, chemicals safety (REACh) and consumer product safety. The book is structured into three parts: The first part deals with the general concepts of consumer exposure as part of the overall risk analysis framework of risk characterization, risk assessment and risk communication. It describes the three basic features of exposure assessment (i) the exposure scenario (ii) the exposure model and (iii) the exposure parameters, addressing external and internal exposure. Also, the statistical presentation of data to characterize populations, in connection with variability, uncertainty and quality of information and the presentation of exposure evaluation results is described. The second part deals with the specific issues of exposure assessment, exposure via food consumption, exposure from use of consumer products, household products, toys, cosmetic products, textiles, pesticides and others. This part also covers methods for acquisition of data for exposure estimations, including the relevant information from regulations needed to perform an accurate exposure assessment. The third part portrays a prospect for further needs in the development and improvement of consumer exposure assessment, as well as international activities and descriptions of the work of institutions that are involved in exposure assessment on the regulatory and scientific level. And conversely, it creates the rationale for the exposure assessment details necessary to satisfy regulatory needs such as derivation of upper limits and risk management issues.
Download or read book Safety Assessment of Cosmetics in Europe written by Vera Rogiers and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Current Problems in Dermatology presents the reader with a portrait of the scientific background of the complex process of safety assessment of cosmetics as well as information on European cosmetic legislation. A practical approach to the search for toxicity data on cosmetic ingredients and a compilation of the legally required technical dossier of a finished cosmetic product as well as an in-depth analysis of the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients performed at the EU level by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) are available. The current status of 3R alternatives to animal testing and the extent to which they are implemented by the cosmetic industry and considered by the SCCP in the risk assessment process is discussed. As such, guidance is provided in relation to the manifold challenges cosmetic safety assessors are faced with in the current EU regulatory setting.In this valuable handbook, qualified cosmetic safety assessors, suppliers of raw materials, dermatologists and pharmacists, toxicologists as well as EU officials and administrators dealing with cosmetics will find relevant information on the European cosmetic legislation, the compilation of cosmetic technical dossiers, toxicological database searches, and the availability and use of alternative methods in the field of cosmetics.
Download or read book Probabilistic Techniques in Exposure Assessment written by Alison C. Cullen and published by Springer Science & Business. This book was released on 1999-07-31 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this text, experts provide a complete sourcebook on methods for addressing variability and uncertainty in exposure analysis.
Download or read book Quality Assurance of Exposure Models for Environmental Risk Assessment of Substances written by Stefan Schwartz and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2001-11-06 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2000 in the subject Mathematics - Applied Mathematics, grade: 1,0 (A), University of Osnabrück (Institute for Environmental System Research, Mathematics/Computer Science), language: English, abstract: Summary Environmental risk assessment of chemical substances in the European Union is based on a harmonised scheme. The required models and parameters are laid down in the Technical Guidance Document (TGD) and are implemented in the EUSES software. Although the results may have a considerable ecological and economic impact, guidance is rarely given on the applicability of the framework. To fill this gap, an evaluation study of the TGD exposure models was carried out. In particular, the models for estimating chemical intake by humans were investigated. These models, which are a key component in risk assessment, involve a quantification of human contact with environmental contamination in various media of exposure through various exposure pathways. The objective of this study was two-fold: firstly, to develop an evaluation methodology, since no appropriate approach is available in the scientific literature. Secondly, to elaborate applicability and limitations of the models and to provide proposals for their improvement. The principles of model evaluation in terms of quality assurance, model validation and software evaluation were elaborated and a suitable evaluation protocol for chemical risk assessment models was developed. Since scientific theories and the mathematical models embedded therein cannot be proved as true, a pragmatic meaning of validation is required, of which the primary purpose is to increase the level of confidence placed in the model. The accuracy of the model outcome is a necessary, but insufficient criterion for the quality assurance of models. A wider approach is required which examines the scientific inference that can be made about models with regard to their intended purpose. By reviewing the literature on the validation problem, it was found that all the facets of validation can be assigned to generic (internal) and task-specific (external) properties of a model. In this context, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are essential to tackle the issues of uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis aims to ascertain how a given model depends upon the information fed into it. Uncertainty analysis aims to quantify the uncertainty regarding what comes out of the model. It was argued that targeted uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis, as a part of it, is capable of reducing critical uncertainties and represents an essential contribution for assuring the quality of a model. [...]
Download or read book Mathematical Models for Estimating Occupational Exposure to Chemicals written by Wil F. Ten Berge and published by AIHA. This book was released on 2000 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses mathematical exposure models which may assist industrial hygienists in determining acceptable exposure limits in the workplace.
Download or read book Uncertainty and Data Quality in Exposure Assessment written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008-12 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessment of human exposure to chemicals is a critical input to risk assessment and ultimately to decisions about control of chemicals. This two-part publication aims to improve the quality of information available to decision-makers and its communication. Part one sets out ten principles for characterizing and communicating uncertainty in exposure assessment. A tiered approach to the evaluation of uncertainties using both qualitative (simple) and quantitative (more complex) methods is described. Different sources of uncertainty are identified and guidance is provided on selecting the appropriate approach to uncertainty analysis as dictated by the objectives of the assessment and information needs of decision-makers and stakeholders. Part two addresses the quality of data used in exposure assessment and sets out four basic hallmarks of data quality - appropriateness accuracy integrity and transparency. These hallmarks provides a common vocabulary and set of qualitative criteria for use in the design evaluation and use of exposure assessments to support decisions. This publication is intended exposure assessors risk assessors and decision-makers.
Download or read book Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry written by Nicola Loprieno and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-08-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The international cosmetic industry is a highly self-regulated industry that provides quality products with a remarkable absence of toxicity. Specific European Union directives raise the need for quality in vitro methods to yet a new level. These directives will force new practices for safety evaluation of personal care products throughout the world in just a few years. Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry presents a categorization and collection of information available for the evaluation of safety using in vitro techniques. It offers a comprehensive and complete look at the entire field. In doing so, the author provides the foundation for the next phase of significant growth for this discipline. Readers will be able to find information easily throughout the book. The author uses outlines and tables to provide details in a ready format. He puts his unique expertise and insight to paper and offers a valuable and comprehensive look at the field. The book begins with an excellent history of the approach of the European Union. Because of Loprieno's intimate knowledge of the subject, the reader receives a solid understanding of the developments that resulted in legislation. Chapters are filled with important quotes, individual methods, how various aspects of the field were developed, and important crossroads in research. The book ends with an in-depth look at the Galileo Data Base. Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry is extremely useful, not only now, but also as more advanced and significant developments occur during the next decade. It is a must-have resource for anyone interested in this field.
Download or read book In Silico Toxicology written by Mark T. D. Cronin and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2010 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book defines the use of computational approaches to predict the environmental toxicity and human health effects of organic chemicals.
Download or read book Mixture Toxicity written by Cornelis A. M. van Gestel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology an
Download or read book Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1973 and 2016, the ways to manipulate DNA to endow new characteristics in an organism (that is, biotechnology) have advanced, enabling the development of products that were not previously possible. What will the likely future products of biotechnology be over the next 5â€"10 years? What scientific capabilities, tools, and/or expertise may be needed by the regulatory agencies to ensure they make efficient and sound evaluations of the likely future products of biotechnology? Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology analyzes the future landscape of biotechnology products and seeks to inform forthcoming policy making. This report identifies potential new risks and frameworks for risk assessment and areas in which the risks or lack of risks relating to the products of biotechnology are well understood.
Download or read book IPCS Risk Assessment Terminology written by International Program on Chemical Safety and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2004 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A joint project of IPCS/OECD. In two parts: Part 1: IPCS/OECD Key Generic Terms used in Chemical Hazard/Risk Assessment. Part 2: IPCS Glossary of Key Exposure Assessment Terminology. IPCS project on the Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals
Download or read book Freshwater Microplastics written by Martin Wagner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This volume focuses on microscopic plastic debris, also referred to as microplastics, which have been detected in aquatic environments around the globe and have accordingly raised serious concerns. The book explores whether microplastics represent emerging contaminants in freshwater systems, an area that remains underrepresented to date. Given the complexity of the issue, the book covers the current state-of-research on microplastics in rivers and lakes, including analytical aspects, environmental concentrations and sources, modelling approaches, interactions with biota, and ecological implications. To provide a broader perspective, the book also discusses lessons learned from nanomaterials and the implications of plastic debris for regulation, politics, economy, and society. In a research field that is rapidly evolving, it offers a solid overview for environmental chemists, engineers, and toxicologists, as well as water managers and policy-makers.
Download or read book Nutritional Blindness written by Alfred Sommer and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicology and Risk Assessment written by Helmut Greim and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 862 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a complete understanding of how our bodies respond to toxicants, and the principles used to assess the health risks of specific exposure scenarios Toxicology and Risk Assessment: A Comprehensive Introduction, Second Edition reflects recent advances in science and technology, and provides the scientific background and methodological issues to enable the reader to understand the basic principles in toxicology and to evaluate the health risks of specific exposure scenarios. Completely updated with the latest information, this book offers a concise introduction to the subject. It is divided into five sections: Principles in Toxicology, Organ Toxicology, Methods in Toxicology, Regulatory Toxicology, and Specific Toxicity. The 2nd Edition adds new chapters that cover recent scientific and technological advances and current topics including the endocrine system, alternatives to animal testing, risk assessment and thresholds for carcinogens, European and international regulation, nanomaterials, fuels, fragrances, and agrochemicals. Concentrates on the basic concepts of toxicology and provides sufficient information for the reader to become familiar with them in order to understand the principles and to evaluate the risks at given exposures 30% new chapters cover recent scientific and technological advances including alternatives to animal testing; genotoxic carcinogens; REACH regulations; nanomaterials; fuels; fragrances; PAHs; and agrochemicals Written by a team of international specialists, and edited by two outstanding scientists in the field Fully updated and expanded, Toxicology and Risk Assessment: A Comprehensive Introduction, Second Edition is an essential text for any student or researcher with an interest in toxicology and related risk assessments.
Download or read book Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-11-30 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomonitoring—a method for measuring amounts of toxic chemicals in human tissues—is a valuable tool for studying potentially harmful environmental chemicals. Biomonitoring data have been used to confirm exposures to chemicals and validate public health policies. For example, population biomonitoring data showing high blood lead concentrations resulted in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory reduction of lead in gasoline; biomonitoring data confirmed a resultant drop in blood lead concentrations. Despite recent advances, the science needed to understand the implications of the biomonitoring data for human health is still in its nascent stages. Use of the data also raises communication and ethical challenges. In response to a congressional request, EPA asked the National Research Council to address those challenges in an independent study. Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals provides a framework for improving the use of biomonitoring data including developing and using biomarkers (measures of exposure), research to improve the interpretation of data, ways to communicate findings to the public, and a review of ethical issues.
