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Book The Development and Application of Aerosol Shock Tube Methods for the Study of Low vapor pressure Fuels

Download or read book The Development and Application of Aerosol Shock Tube Methods for the Study of Low vapor pressure Fuels written by Daniel Robert Haylett and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes a new facility and method of experimentation, which can be used to study the combustion chemistry of low-volatility fuels in the gas phase. Two main goals are described: first, the development of the aerosol shock tube and procedures; and second, a demonstration of its capabilities. There is a lack of high-quality, accurate chemical kinetics data for the oxidation of large hydrocarbons, which are important for modeling diesel, rocket, or jet engines among other combustion systems. While conventional shock tubes are very effective reactor vessels for low-molecular-weight gaseous fuels (n-alkanes up to five carbon atoms), larger fuel molecules exist as low-volatility liquids/solids, and the vapor-pressures of these fuels are not large enough for high or even moderate fuel loadings. Heating the shock tube has extended the use of shock tubes to carbon numbers of 10 to 12, but beyond that, the high temperatures prior to the shock initiation can decompose the fuel, and (for fuel mixtures like diesel) can cause fractional distillation. The question is then: how can we study low-vapor-pressure fuels in a shock tube? The solution presented here, which avoids the problems associated with heating, is called the aerosol shock tube. In the aerosol shock tube, the fuel is injected as an aerosol of micron-size droplets. Then a series of shock waves first evaporate the fuel and subsequently raise the resultant purely gas-phase mixture to combustion-relevant temperatures. With proper selection of the shock strength and timing, this process effectively decouples the mass and heat transfer processes associated with evaporation from the chemical mechanism of combustion. This enables the study of extremely low-volatility fuels, never before studied in a purely gas-phase form in a shock tube. The first application of this new facility was to measure the ignition delay time for many previously inaccessible fuels in the gas-phase. In this thesis, we have measured ignition delay times for the pure surrogate fuel components n-decane, n-dodecane, n-hexadecane, and methyl decanoate as well as for multi-component fuels such as JP-7 and multiple different blends of diesel fuel. Taken over a range of conditions, these measurements provide sensitive validation targets for their respective chemical mechanisms. These data showed agreement with past heated shock tube experiments for fuels in which premature fuel decomposition is not an issue (n-decane and low concentration n-dodecane). However, when comparing heated and aerosol shock tube ignition delay times for fuels that require significant heating, like n-hexadecane, the existing heated shock tube data demonstrated evidence of premature decomposition. The second application to the study of chemical kinetics was to measure the concentration of important species during the decomposition and oxidation of select low-vapor-pressure fuels. These species time-histories provide much more information for kinetic mechanism refinement. Experiments were performed to measure the important OH radical and the stable intermediate C2H4 for both n-hexadecane and diesel. The number of important low-vapor-pressure fuels that require high-quality validation targets is large, and our new method for providing this data has proven very effective. This work enables the development of the next generation of accurate chemical mechanisms and will be essential to their success.

Book The Development and Application of Aerosol Shock Tube Methods for the Study of Low vapor pressure Fuels

Download or read book The Development and Application of Aerosol Shock Tube Methods for the Study of Low vapor pressure Fuels written by Daniel Robert Haylett and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes a new facility and method of experimentation, which can be used to study the combustion chemistry of low-volatility fuels in the gas phase. Two main goals are described: first, the development of the aerosol shock tube and procedures; and second, a demonstration of its capabilities. There is a lack of high-quality, accurate chemical kinetics data for the oxidation of large hydrocarbons, which are important for modeling diesel, rocket, or jet engines among other combustion systems. While conventional shock tubes are very effective reactor vessels for low-molecular-weight gaseous fuels (n-alkanes up to five carbon atoms), larger fuel molecules exist as low-volatility liquids/solids, and the vapor-pressures of these fuels are not large enough for high or even moderate fuel loadings. Heating the shock tube has extended the use of shock tubes to carbon numbers of 10 to 12, but beyond that, the high temperatures prior to the shock initiation can decompose the fuel, and (for fuel mixtures like diesel) can cause fractional distillation. The question is then: how can we study low-vapor-pressure fuels in a shock tube? The solution presented here, which avoids the problems associated with heating, is called the aerosol shock tube. In the aerosol shock tube, the fuel is injected as an aerosol of micron-size droplets. Then a series of shock waves first evaporate the fuel and subsequently raise the resultant purely gas-phase mixture to combustion-relevant temperatures. With proper selection of the shock strength and timing, this process effectively decouples the mass and heat transfer processes associated with evaporation from the chemical mechanism of combustion. This enables the study of extremely low-volatility fuels, never before studied in a purely gas-phase form in a shock tube. The first application of this new facility was to measure the ignition delay time for many previously inaccessible fuels in the gas-phase. In this thesis, we have measured ignition delay times for the pure surrogate fuel components n-decane, n-dodecane, n-hexadecane, and methyl decanoate as well as for multi-component fuels such as JP-7 and multiple different blends of diesel fuel. Taken over a range of conditions, these measurements provide sensitive validation targets for their respective chemical mechanisms. These data showed agreement with past heated shock tube experiments for fuels in which premature fuel decomposition is not an issue (n-decane and low concentration n-dodecane). However, when comparing heated and aerosol shock tube ignition delay times for fuels that require significant heating, like n-hexadecane, the existing heated shock tube data demonstrated evidence of premature decomposition. The second application to the study of chemical kinetics was to measure the concentration of important species during the decomposition and oxidation of select low-vapor-pressure fuels. These species time-histories provide much more information for kinetic mechanism refinement. Experiments were performed to measure the important OH radical and the stable intermediate C2H4 for both n-hexadecane and diesel. The number of important low-vapor-pressure fuels that require high-quality validation targets is large, and our new method for providing this data has proven very effective. This work enables the development of the next generation of accurate chemical mechanisms and will be essential to their success.

Book Development of an Aerosol Loading Technique for Ignition Time Measurements in Shock Tubes

Download or read book Development of an Aerosol Loading Technique for Ignition Time Measurements in Shock Tubes written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have developed a new aerosol loading technique to be used in shock tube measurements of combustion kinetics, in particular ignition times, of low-vapor pressure fuels. This technique provides a uniform spatial distribution of aerosol in the shock tube, which ensures well-behaved shock-induced flows and a narrow micron-sized aerosol size distribution that rapidly evaporates, thereby providing the capability to produce high-concentration vapor mixtures derived from a wide variety of fluids including low-vapor-pressure practical fuels and fuel surrogates. At present we utilize the incident shock wave to vaporize the fuel droplets, and the reflected shock wave to induce chemical reaction. We report here the first aerosol shock tube ignition delay time measurements of n-dodecane/O2/argon mixtures. These measurements are found to be consistent with those made in our heated shock tube facility.

Book Mathematical Modelling of Gas Phase Complex Reaction Systems  Pyrolysis and Combustion

Download or read book Mathematical Modelling of Gas Phase Complex Reaction Systems Pyrolysis and Combustion written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-06-06 with total page 1034 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical Modelling of Gas-Phase Complex Reaction Systems: Pyrolysis and Combustion, Volume 45, gives an overview of the different steps involved in the development and application of detailed kinetic mechanisms, mainly relating to pyrolysis and combustion processes. The book is divided into two parts that cover the chemistry and kinetic models and then the numerical and statistical methods. It offers a comprehensive coverage of the theory and tools needed, along with the steps necessary for practical and industrial applications. Details thermochemical properties and "ab initio" calculations of elementary reaction rates Details kinetic mechanisms of pyrolysis and combustion processes Explains experimental data for improving reaction models and for kinetic mechanisms assessment Describes surrogate fuels and molecular reconstruction of hydrocarbon liquid mixtures Describes pollutant formation in combustion systems Solves and validates the kinetic mechanisms using numerical and statistical methods Outlines optimal design of industrial burners and optimization and dynamic control of pyrolysis furnaces Outlines large eddy simulation of turbulent reacting flows

Book Shock Tube Measurements for Liquid Fuels Combustion

Download or read book Shock Tube Measurements for Liquid Fuels Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We report results of basic research aimed at improving knowledge of the combustion behavior of diesel and jet-related fuels. The work is intended to develop a reference database of gas-phase chemical kinetics and two-phase spray measurements applicable to engine modeling. Research is being conducted in three Stanford shock tube facilities and focuses on two topics: (1) shock-induced ignition time and species time-history measurements and comparisons with current detailed kinetic models of jet fuels and cyclo-alkanes at both high and low pressures; (2) fundamental studies of fuel spray evaporation rates and ignition times of low-vapor pressure fuels such as JP-8, diesel fuel and normal alkane surrogates in a new aerosol shock tube using state-of-the-art optical diagnostic and imaging techniques.

Book Handbook of Clean Energy Systems  6 Volume Set

Download or read book Handbook of Clean Energy Systems 6 Volume Set written by Jinyue Yan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 4038 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Clean Energy Systems brings together an international team of experts to present a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems. Consolidating information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources, the handbook covers a broad range of topics in this interdisciplinary research field including both fossil and renewable energy systems. The development of intelligent energy systems for efficient energy processes and mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants is explored in depth, and environmental, social and economic impacts are also addressed. Topics covered include: Volume 1 - Renewable Energy: Biomass resources and biofuel production; Bioenergy Utilization; Solar Energy; Wind Energy; Geothermal Energy; Tidal Energy. Volume 2 - Clean Energy Conversion Technologies: Steam/Vapor Power Generation; Gas Turbines Power Generation; Reciprocating Engines; Fuel Cells; Cogeneration and Polygeneration. Volume 3 - Mitigation Technologies: Carbon Capture; Negative Emissions System; Carbon Transportation; Carbon Storage; Emission Mitigation Technologies; Efficiency Improvements and Waste Management; Waste to Energy. Volume 4 - Intelligent Energy Systems: Future Electricity Markets; Diagnostic and Control of Energy Systems; New Electric Transmission Systems; Smart Grid and Modern Electrical Systems; Energy Efficiency of Municipal Energy Systems; Energy Efficiency of Industrial Energy Systems; Consumer Behaviors; Load Control and Management; Electric Car and Hybrid Car; Energy Efficiency Improvement. Volume 5 - Energy Storage: Thermal Energy Storage; Chemical Storage; Mechanical Storage; Electrochemical Storage; Integrated Storage Systems. Volume 6 - Sustainability of Energy Systems: Sustainability Indicators, Evaluation Criteria, and Reporting; Regulation and Policy; Finance and Investment; Emission Trading; Modeling and Analysis of Energy Systems; Energy vs. Development; Low Carbon Economy; Energy Efficiencies and Emission Reduction. Key features: Comprising over 3,500 pages in 6 volumes, HCES presents a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems, consolidating a wealth of information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources. In addition to renewable energy systems, HCES also covers processes for the efficient and clean conversion of traditional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, energy storage systems, mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants, and the development of intelligent energy systems. Environmental, social and economic impacts of energy systems are also addressed in depth. Published in full colour throughout. Fully indexed with cross referencing within and between all six volumes. Edited by leading researchers from academia and industry who are internationally renowned and active in their respective fields. Published in print and online. The online version is a single publication (i.e. no updates), available for one-time purchase or through annual subscription.

Book Shock Tube Measurements of Ignition Processes and Spray Shock Wave Interactions

Download or read book Shock Tube Measurements of Ignition Processes and Spray Shock Wave Interactions written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We report results of high-temperature shock tube research aimed at improving knowledge of the combustion behavior of diesel, jet and related fuels. Research was conducted in four Stanford shock tube facilities and focused on the following topics: (1) development of the aerosol shock tube; (2) ignition delay time measurements of gaseous jet fuels (JP-8 and Jet-A) and surrogate components at high pressures and low temperatures; (3) laser absorption measurements of species time-histories for OH radicals and alkanes; (4) ignition delay times of n-dodecane, jet fuel and diesel using the aerosol shock tube technique; and (5) improving shock tube performance and modeling.

Book 30th International Symposium on Shock Waves 1

Download or read book 30th International Symposium on Shock Waves 1 written by Gabi Ben-Dor and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings collect the papers presented at the 30th International Symposium on Shock Waves (ISSW30), which was held in Tel-Aviv Israel from July 19 to July 24, 2015. The Symposium was organized by Ortra Ltd. The ISSW30 focused on the state of knowledge of the following areas: Nozzle Flow, Supersonic and Hypersonic Flows with Shocks, Supersonic Jets, Chemical Kinetics, Chemical Reacting Flows, Detonation, Combustion, Ignition, Shock Wave Reflection and Interaction, Shock Wave Interaction with Obstacles, Shock Wave Interaction with Porous Media, Shock Wave Interaction with Granular Media, Shock Wave Interaction with Dusty Media, Plasma, Magnetohyrdrodynamics, Re-entry to Earth Atmosphere, Shock Waves in Rarefied Gases, Shock Waves in Condensed Matter (Solids and Liquids), Shock Waves in Dense Gases, Shock Wave Focusing, Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability, Shock Boundary Layer Interaction, Multiphase Flow, Blast Waves, Facilities, Flow Visualization, and Numerical Methods. The two volumes serve as a reference for the participants of the ISSW30 and anyone interested in these fields.

Book Dissertation Abstracts International

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Shock Tube Studies of Hydrocarbon Fuels at Elevated Pressures

Download or read book Shock Tube Studies of Hydrocarbon Fuels at Elevated Pressures written by Jiankun Shao and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.

Book Shock Tube Techniques for Fuel Droplet Combustion Studies

Download or read book Shock Tube Techniques for Fuel Droplet Combustion Studies written by F. Jaarsma and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Shock Tube Study on the Disintegration of Fuel Jets at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures

Download or read book Shock Tube Study on the Disintegration of Fuel Jets at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures written by Ingo Stotz and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Nuclear Science Abstracts

Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 1220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book A Study of the Vapor Pressures of Certain Hydrated Metallic Sulphates

Download or read book A Study of the Vapor Pressures of Certain Hydrated Metallic Sulphates written by Eric Randolph Jette and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-18 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A Study of the Vapor Pressures of Certain Hydrated Metallic Sulphates: Dissertation, Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Philosophy in the Faculty of Pure Science, Columbia University Wilson4 has recently pointed out that the work on the vapor pressure of salt hydrates prior to 1875 had little scientific value owing chiefly to the hazy notions which prevailed as to the nature of the phenomenon. Although Gibbs5 formulated the phase rule in 1877, it was nearly fifteen years later before its merits were recognized. It seems, however, that dur ing this period several investigators of the vapor pressure of salt hydrates recognized the necessity of the presence of two solid phases in order to de fine the point of equilibrium, and as shown by the nature of their results, real progress may be said to date from this period. An understanding of the phenomenon resulted in the development of new methods for measuring the vapor pressure at the point of equilibrium. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Book Design of Experimental Apparatus for Generation and Measurement of an Aerosol

Download or read book Design of Experimental Apparatus for Generation and Measurement of an Aerosol written by Rajya Vardhan Reddy Kathakapa and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is done as a requirement for the master’s degree. In this work, a system for generating aerosol delivery into shock tube for interface creation and a method to measure aerosol is developed. In chapter 1, a brief introduction of hydrodynamic instabilities later focussing on shock driven multiphase instabilities (SDMI) and its importance is presented. SDMIs have similar flow morphology to the Richtmeyer-Meshkov Instability (RMI), however, the driving force that induces instability is different. Current methods of aerosol production and measurement with pros and cons are given to justify the adaption of the selected method for our system. Chapter 2 discusses about the theory of ultrasonic atomization and evidence of faraday instability for atomization. Later setup of aerosol delivery system with two different set of atomizers is presented. In chapter 3, Laser interferometry principle and apparatus used for the measurement of aerosol with the consideration of various factors is given. To avoid Mie scattering theory's intense use of calculations Geometrical optics approximation method is used which agrees well with the Mie theory for all the particles above 1[mu]m. Chapter 4 presents experimental results of measurement which includes particle size distribution, density measurement of aerosol. Later it presents the experimental results when the aerosol is used for the study of SDMI. Two different cases, one with the low effective Atwood number and the other with higher effective Atwood number are investigated. In the case of low effective Atwood number the instability evolved is more like RMI rather than SDMI which is due to domination of Gas Atwood number over effect Atwood number. Last case with higher effective Atwood number of 0.03 with shock wave of Mach 1.66 is investigated, to find out that flow morphologies are in good agreement with literature and simulations. Chapter 5 gives conclusion of the research studies and future research.