Download or read book The Cytoskeleton in T Cell Migration and Activation written by Jerome Delon and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-16 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study of T Cell Activation and Migration at the Single cell and Single molecule Level written by Irene Yin-Ting Chang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: T cells are required by their immunological roles to recirculate in the body and migrate to tissue sites, a journey that exposes them to distorting forces and physical obstacles that hinder their movement. Therefore, they must possess appropriate deformability to accommodate and adapt to these mechanical stimuli to migrate unimpeded. Since T cells alter their physical properties and migration routes upon activation, they may possess dissimilar mechanical properties as a result of this process. This hypothesis was tested using the techniques micropipette aspiration and atomic force microscopy, which allow the investigation of the elastic and viscous responses of single T cells. It was discovered that the activation process reduced T cell stiffness by more than three folds, a finding that agrees with the motility gain observed in activated T cells. The same testing procedure was applied to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp)-deficient T cells that exhibit abnormal morphology and impaired chemotaxis. The stiffness of the diseased cells in the naive state was 1.5 times less than that of the non-diseased cells, a result that may be due to the disrupted polymerization and cross-linking of the actin cytoskeleton in the absence of WASp, a regulator of actin growth and organization. Furthermore, the viscous response of the diseased cells in the activated state was found to be impaired. Chemokines were found to dramatically reduce the stiffness of naive T cells that were induced to migrate. These findings suggest that WASp plays an important role in maintaining cell mechanical property and facilitating T cell extravasation by tailoring the cells' deformability. At the molecular level, activation of T cells is triggered by the binding of their surface receptors to antigens, a mechanism that is also key in T cell development. In both cases, the bond strength, conventionally measured by the affinity (KD) or the dissociation rate (koff) of the interacting pair, dictates the biological outcome. Since a few weak interactions may nudge a sub-threshold signal over the threshold strength, and observing that the current methods for measuring KD and koff lack the resolution to detect very weak bonds, this work explored the possibility of utilizing dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) to study very weak binding strengths. Preliminary results confirm this capability.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Regulation of T Cell Migration and the Immune Response by Phosphoinositide 3 kinase Gamma written by Amanda Lorene Martin and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cytoskeleton written by Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-05-17 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic intracellular platform constituted by a three-dimensional network of proteins responsible for key cellular roles as structure and shape, cell growth and development, and offering to the cell with "motility" that being the ability of the entire cell to move and for material to be moved within the cell in a regulated fashion (vesicle trafficking). The present edition of Cytoskeleton provides new insights into the structure-functional features, dynamics, and cytoskeleton's relationship to diseases. The authors' contribution in this book will be of substantial importance to a wide audience such as clinicians, researches, educators, and students interested in getting updated knowledge about molecular basis of cytoskeleton, such as regulation of cell vital processes by actin-binding proteins as cell morphogenesis, motility, their implications in cell signaling, as well as strategies for clinical trial and alternative therapies based in multitargeting molecules to tackle diseases, that is, cancer.
Download or read book Multi scale Models of T Cell Activation written by Huan Zheng (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overarching theme of this thesis is to develop and apply multi-scale computational techniques adopted from physical sciences to study a key phenomenon underlying the adaptive immune response: the activation of T cells. The specific objectives are: 1) develop efficient and versatile computational frameworks to study multi-scale biological systems in silico; 2) obtain mechanistic insights into how T cells are triggered in vivo. The first problem investigated in this thesis addressed a controversy regarding when and how T cells alter migratory patterns in lymphoid tissues, as observed in intravital microscopy experiments. By developing a lattice-based model for T cell migration coupled with a mechanistically motivated simple scheme for T cell activation, I showed that the quantity and quality of cognate antigen (Ag) presented by dendritic cells (DC) dictate such changes. The results from theoretical and computational analyses were not only in agreement with synergistic experiments, but also made predictions that have been tested positively. Furthermore, I identified a consolidated measure of Ag quantity and quality, which provides a unifying conceptual framework for considering diverse future experimental results. The results from this study also suggested that T cells may integrate sub-optimal signals derived from successive encounters with DCs to achieve full activation. However, an underlying molecular mechanism that may confer such "short term memory" of exposure to Ag is not known. I explored the possibility that the hysteresis resulting from positive feedback regulation of the catalytic conversion of a G-protein RasGDP to RasGTP in the T cell receptor (TCR) membrane-proximal signaling network may enable such "short term memory". I developed a multiscale computational model that combines stochastic simulations of the TCR membrane-proximal signaling network with T cell migration. The results showed that this hysteresis can enable T cells to integrate signals derived from weakly stimulatory DCs and may greatly enhance the detection sensitivity during disease onset when Ag presentation is low. The computational framework developed in this study can be readily adapted to examine diverse biological systems where signaling and cell motion need to be studied simultaneously. For example, the model was modified to investigate a DC-mediated mechanism for signal integration, and our results suggest that this mechanism is less likely. Initial steps were also taken to construct a macroscopic model that aims to study how T cell activation impacts observations at the organismic level. Preliminary results for how microscopic receptor-ligand interactions affect the proliferation of different T cell types are presented. Directions for future research are suggested based on these findings.
Download or read book Piezo Channels written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-07-17 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Piezo Channels, Volume 79, the latest volume in the Current Topics in Membranes series provides the necessary membrane research to assist readers in discovering the current state of a particular field and future directions. New chapters in the updated volume include A Tour de Force: The Discovery, Properties, and Function of Piezo Channels, Piezo1 Channels in Vascular Development and the Sensing of Shear Stress, the Origin of the Force: The Force-From-Lipids Principle Applied to Piezo Channels, Genetic Diseases of PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 Dysfunction, and The Structural Basis for Sensing by the Piezo1 Protein. Users of this series will find an up-to-date presentation of the current knowledge in the field of Piezo Channels. - Written by leading experts in the field - Contains original material, both textual and illustrative, that make it a very relevant reference - Presented in a very comprehensive manner - Ideal reference for both researchers in the field and general readers who will find this book to be relevant and up-to-date
Download or read book Cytoskeletal Regulation of Immune Response written by Sudha Kumari and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-04 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Roles of Talin1 and Calpain in T Cell Adhesion and Migration written by William Thomas Nels Simonson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Actin based Motility written by Marie-France Carlier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-23 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the discovery of actin by Straub in the 1950’s and the pioneering work of Oosawa on actin self-assembly in helical laments in the 1960’s, many books and conference proceedings have been published. As one of the most essential p- teins in life, essential for movement in organisms rangingfrom bacteria to higher eukaryotes, it is no surprise that actin has fascinated generations of scientists from many different elds. Actin can be considered as a “living treasure” of biology; the kinetics and thermodynamics of self-assembly, the dissipative nature of actin po- merization, the molecular interactions of monomeric and polymerized actin with regulators, the mechanical properties of actin gels, and more recently the force p- ducing motile and morphogenetic processes organized by the actin nanomachine in response to signaling, are all milestones in actin research. Discoveries that directly derive from and provide deeper insight into the fundamental properties of actin are constantly being made, making actin an ever appealing research molecule. At the same time, the explosion in new technologies and techniques in biological sciences has served to attract researchers from an expanding number of disciplines, to study actin. This book presents the latest developments of these new multiscale approaches of force and movement powered by self-assembly processes, with the hope to opening our perspectives on the many areas of actin-based motility research.
Download or read book Arrest chemokines written by Klaus Ley and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-05-20 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arrest chemokines are a small group of chemokines that promote leukocyte arrest from rolling by triggering rapid integrin activation. Arrest chemokines have been described for neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, naïve lymphocytes and effector memory T cells. Most arrest chemokines are immobilized on the endothelial surface by binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Whether soluble chemokines can promote integrin activation and arrest is controversial (Alon-Gerszten). Many aspects of the signaling pathway from the GPCR chemokine receptor to integrin activation are the subject of active investigation. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency III is a human disease in which chemokine-triggered integrin activation is defective because of a mutation in the cytoskeletal protein kindlin-3. About 10 different such mutations have been described. The defects seen in patients with LAD-III elucidate the importance of rapid integrin activation for host defense in humans. We welcome reports that help clarifying this crucial first step in the process of leukocyte transendothelial migration.
Download or read book Extracellular Matrix Degradation written by William C. Parks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-07 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regulated turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of tissue homeostasis. In recent years, the enzymes that participate in, and control ECM turnover have been the focus of research that touches on development, tissue remodeling, inflammation and disease. This volume in the Biology of Extracellular Matrix series provides a review of the known classes of proteases that degrade ECM both outside and inside the cell. The specific EMC proteases that are discussed include cathepsins, bacterial collagenases, matrix metalloproteinases, meprins, serine proteases, and elastases. The volume also discusses the domains responsible for specific biochemical characteristics of the proteases and the physical interactions that occur when the protease interacts with substrate. The topics covered in this volume provide an important context for understanding the role that matrix-degrading proteases play in normal tissue remodeling and in diseases such as cancer and lung disease.
Download or read book T Cell Receptor Signaling written by Chaohong Liu and published by Humana. This book was released on 2020-01-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides current and new advanced methods and protocols to study T cells. Chapters guide readers through T cell diversity using mass cytometry, analyzing T cells from single cell level, CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to study the T cell activation, techniques to study subsets of Tcell’s, procedures to study artificial antigen presentosomes for T cell activation, techniques to study the T cell development, two-photon microscopy, and MAIT cells. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, T-Cell Receptor Signaling: Methods and Protocols aims to provide a wide range of approaches and be an invaluable resource for present and future generations of T cell researchers.
Download or read book Myosins written by Lynne M. Coluccio and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-15 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly authoritative volume highlights the remarkable superfamily of molecular motors called myosins, which are involved in such diverse cellular functions as muscle contraction, intracellular transport, cell migration and cell division. In a timely compilation of chapters written by leading research groups that have made key discoveries in the field, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of these intriguing proteins is explored.
Download or read book The Cytoskeleton written by James Spudich and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Immune Synapse written by Cosima T. Baldari and published by Humana. This book was released on 2024-04-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new collection features the most up-to-date essential protocols that are currently being used to study the immune synapse. Beginning with methods for making biophysical measurements, the volume continues by covering the cell biology of synapses, methods for advanced substrate engineering, mechanobiology topics, new technologies to describe and manipulate synaptic components, as well as methods related to sites of action and immunotherapy. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and fully updated, The Immune Synapse: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition serves as an ideal practical guide for researchers working in this dynamic field. Chapters 5, 11,18, 27, 30, and 32 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Cell Motility written by Anne Ridley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-04-08 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in molecular and biophysical techniques, particularly fluorescence and live cell imaging, are revolutionizing the study of cell motility. New bioprobes not only reveal simple intracellular localization, but also contain details of post-translational modifications, conformational state and protein-protein interactions. Coupling these insights with complementary advances in genetic and biochemical methods is enabling scientists to understand the processes involved in cell motility - from molecular motors to cell movements in vivo in a range of organisms and cell types. This book features landmark essays that provide an up to date and fascinating account of current research and concepts in cell motility.These cover the roles of molecular motors that drive movement and their interactions with the cytoskeleton as well as membrane dynamics that allow cells to change shape and to move. Cell motility plays a key role in development - there are chapters on the genetics of cell migration, the regulation of contact repulsion in growth cones, and the progression from cell migration to cell-cell adhesion. Cell motility is directional - experts describe the molecules that regulate chemotaxis, allowing cells to migrate along pathways specified by chemical gradients. Finally, cell motility can be perturbed by mutation--metastasis occurs when cells lose their normal intercellular interactions and invade other tissue types. All these processes are regulated by signals from the environment, including other tissues in the body, and the various molecules that transmit and transduce these signals are discussed. This book is a 'must read' for cell biologists working in a variety of fields, from development to wound healing, at all levels - post-doctoral fellows, post-graduate students and lab technicians. It is also stimulating reading for molecular and developmental biologists, biophysicists and biochemists.
