Download or read book The Costs of Restrictions in Tradable Permit Programs written by Kailin Kroetz and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation is to examine how the design of tradable permit programs can have economic and non-economic ramifications. Although originally conceived as a market-based policy instrument with the potential to internalize environmental externalities, the classic tradable permit program design is often supplemented with additional rules such as use restrictions and restrictions on trade. These additional rules are often considered for inclusion because, at a policy-making level, objectives can be broader than internalizing an externality and improving economic efficiency. The focus in this dissertation is on trading restrictions, a common response to accommodate community, cultural, and other non- economic goals. More specifically, the focus is on the costs and benefits of restrictions, singularly and interactively, and how the costs and benefits accrue over time. A background on tradable permit programs and the contribution of the dissertation to the literature is provided in Chapter 1. This is followed in Chapter 2 by an overview of the individual transferable quota (ITQ) program that was implemented in 1995 to manage the Alaskan halibut and sablefish fisheries. A long-running tradable permit program with significant restrictions on trade, this program is well-suited to empirically evaluate the impacts of restrictions both in the short and long term. The analyses summarized in the remaining chapters are based on data from this program. The next chapter, Chapter 3, introduces a structural dynamic model of the exit of capital and labor in the fishery. The management policy in place before the tradable permit program, limited entry, results in a different equilibrium capital and labor mix than that associated with the tradable permit program. Therefore, a model is formulated that allows for non-instantaneous adjustment. Using the estimated structural coefficients it is possible to construct counterfactual scenarios without restrictions in place. Then, the efficiency costs of imposing restrictions in the fishery can be estimated by differencing the profit in each of the two scenarios (with and without restrictions in place). In Chapter 4 permit trading data from the later period in the fishery is used to estimate the long-run costs of restrictions. Specifically, a policy experiment in which both restricted and unrestricted permit prices are observed is exploited, and a reduced form regression model is used to estimate the difference between the permit prices. This difference is then used to calculate the cost of the restrictions. In the final empirical chapter, Chapter 5, the prior models and results are used to assist in developing a better understanding of the tradeoffs between restrictions advancing non-economic objectives (e.g. keeping small boats in the fishery after the tradable permit program is implemented) and economic efficiency. On one hand, restrictions can result in larger fleet sizes and keep vessels from more remote areas fishing. On the other hand, restrictions decrease the resource rent. Furthermore, restrictions devalue an asset granted to fishermen in smaller and more remote areas. The analysis in Chapters 3-5 provides a retrospective examination of the policy choices made when the Alaskan halibut and sablefish ITQ program was designed. The results suggest that quantification and consideration of the potential costs of restrictions are important steps in policy decision-making when balancing the economic costs of restrictions with potential benefits. The results of the dynamic model suggest that restrictions impact the evolution of the fishery in several ways. First, the type of capital that remains in the program is influenced by the restrictions in place. Restrictions were successful in altering the distribution of capital in the fishery. Specifically, with restrictions in place smaller vessels remain in the fishery than would if restrictions had not been implemented. Additionally, the dynamic model suggests there are efficiency costs to restrictions. In particular, the counterfactual scenario without restrictions is characterized by fewer vessels, each fishing greater quantity. Furthermore, the median variable profit per vessel is estimated to be approximately 10% higher.In the long-run analysis using observed data on permit trading prices, the costs of restricting trade are found to be large and significant. In the long run it is estimated that restrictions in the halibut fishery result in a 32% reduction in the value of the fishery, and in the sablefish fishery restrictions reduce the fishery value by 22%. In addition to significant costs, however, there is evidence that the restrictions influenced the outcome of non-economic variables in the fishery. Along dimensions identified by managers as important non-economic criteria, such as ensuring a diversity of vessels sizes and keeping small-scale fishermen in remote communities fishing, the observed scenario with restrictions in place out-performs the counterfactuals.

Download or read book Implementing Domestic Tradable Permits for Environmental Protection written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2000-03-22 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the issues related to the implementation of domestic tradable permits systems in different areas (air, water, land) and in several OECD countries.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Energy Natural Resource and Environmental Economics written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-03-29 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every decision about energy involves its price and cost. The price of gasoline and the cost of buying from foreign producers; the price of nuclear and hydroelectricity and the costs to our ecosystems; the price of electricity from coal-fired plants and the cost to the atmosphere. Giving life to inventions, lifestyle changes, geopolitical shifts, and things in-between, energy economics is of high interest to Academia, Corporations and Governments. For economists, energy economics is one of three subdisciplines which, taken together, compose an economic approach to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources: energy economics, which focuses on energy-related subjects such as renewable energy, hydropower, nuclear power, and the political economy of energy resource economics, which covers subjects in land and water use, such as mining, fisheries, agriculture, and forests environmental economics, which takes a broader view of natural resources through economic concepts such as risk, valuation, regulation, and distribution Although the three are closely related, they are not often presented as an integrated whole. This Encyclopedia has done just that by unifying these fields into a high-quality and unique overview. The only reference work that codifies the relationships among the three subdisciplines: energy economics, resource economics and environmental economics. Understanding these relationships just became simpler! Nobel Prize Winning Editor-in-Chief (joint recipient 2007 Peace Prize), Jason Shogren, has demonstrated excellent team work again, by coordinating and steering his Editorial Board to produce a cohesive work that guides the user seamlessly through the diverse topics This work contains in equal parts information from and about business, academic, and government perspectives and is intended to serve as a tool for unifying and systematizing research and analysis in business, universities, and government

Download or read book Permit Trading in Different Applications written by Bernd Hansjürgens and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-06-16 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Permit trading is an environmental policy instrument that has received increasing levels of attention over recent years. Coming from the field of air quality management, with the European CO2 emissions trading system being the most prominent example, it enters new fields of application, such as land use policy and biodiversity protection, water quality and water quantity trading. This book gives an overview of these recent developments and discusses the possibilities and limits of permit trading in environmental policies. The advantages of permit trading are not only seen with respect to economic efficiency, which leads to achieving the environmental target at minimum cost, but also with respect to the instrument’s environmental effectiveness. By setting a cap for the overall emissions, a given environmental target can be met. This makes permit trading an interesting case for many environmental fields where safeguarding the environmental target plays a dominant role. Against this background, permit trading is discussed in environmental policy fields, where it has not been considered before, for example, land use management, biodiversity protection and water trading. Permit Trading in Different Applications analyses the properties of permit trading: its possibilities and limitations, its design options and its restrictions on a more general level. It demonstrates how lessons learnt in established policy fields like air quality management can be transferred to new and emerging fields of application. This collection will provide students and practitioners in environmental sciences and policy with valuable research into instrument choice and design with respect to permit trading.

Download or read book Markets for Clean Air written by A. Denny Ellerman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-06-19 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book analyzes the behavior and performance of the market for emissions permits, called allowances in the Acid Rain Program, and quantifies emission reductions, compliance costs, and cost savings associated with the trading program."--BOOK JACKET.

Download or read book The Drama of the Commons written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-02-15 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "tragedy of the commons" is a central concept in human ecology and the study of the environment. It has had tremendous value for stimulating research, but it only describes the reality of human-environment interactions in special situations. Research over the past thirty years has helped clarify how human motivations, rules governing access to resources, the structure of social organizations, and the resource systems themselves interact to determine whether or not the many dramas of the commons end happily. In this book, leaders in the field review the evidence from several disciplines and many lines of research and present a state-of-the-art assessment. They summarize lessons learned and identify the major challenges facing any system of governance for resource management. They also highlight the major challenges for the next decade: making knowledge development more systematic; understanding institutions dynamically; considering a broader range of resources (such as global and technological commons); and taking into account the effects of social and historical context. This book will be a valuable and accessible introduction to the field for students and a resource for advanced researchers.

Download or read book Implementing Domestic Tradable Permits for Environmental Protection written by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and published by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. This book was released on 1999-08-10 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: And conclusions -- Tradable permits for air pollution control: the US experience / by David Harrison, Jr. -- Application of tradable permits to land-use management / by Vincent Renard -- Tradable permits in water resource management and water pollution control / By R. Andreas Kraemer, Kai M. Banholzer -- Transferable fishing quotas: experience in OECD countries / by Paul Wallis -- Obstacles to the implementation of tradable permits: the case of Norway / by Per Schreiner -- Obstacles to implementing tradable pollution permits: the case of Poland / by Tomsz Zylicz -- Obstacles to the implementation of tradable permits: the case of Switzerland / by Claude Jeanrenaud -- The case of the UK: sulphur permit quota switching / by Jennifer Steedman -- The compatibility of tradable permits with other environmental policy instruments / by Stephen Smith -- Tradable permit systems and industrial competitiveness: a review of issues and evidence / by Nick Johnstone.

Download or read book Domestic Transferable Permits for Environmental Management Design and Implementation written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2001-06-15 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides a systematic analysis of the various approaches, challenges, conditions and potential solutions relating to the design and introduction of domestic transferable permit schemes.

Download or read book Protecting the Commons written by Joanna Burger and published by Shearwater Books. This book was released on 2001 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commons—lands, waters, and resources that are not legally owned and controlled by a single private entity, such as ocean and coastal areas, the atmosphere, public lands, freshwater aquifers, and migratory species—are an increasingly contentious issue in resource management and international affairs. Protecting the Commons provides an important analytical framework for understanding commons issues and for designing policies to deal with them. The product of a symposium convened by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) to mark the 30th anniversary of Garrett Hardin's seminal essay “The Tragedy of the Commons” the book brings together leading scholars and researchers on commons issues to offer both conceptual background and analysis of the evolving scientific understanding on commons resources. The book: gives a concise update on commons use and scholarship offers eleven case studies of commons, examined through the lens provided by leading commons theorist Elinor Ostrom provides a review of tools such as Geographic Information Systems that are useful for decision-making examines environmental justice issues relevant to commons Contributors include Alpina Begossi, William Blomquist, Joanna Burger, Tim Clark, Clark Gibson, Michael Gelobter, Michael Gochfeld, Bonnie McCay, Pamela Matson, Richard Norgaard, Elinor Ostrom, David Policansky, Jeffrey Richey, Jose Sarukhan, and Edella Schlager. Protecting the Commons represents a landmark study of commons issues that offers analysis and background from economic, legal, social, political, geological, and biological perspectives. It will be essential reading for anyone concerned with commons and commons resources, including students and scholars of environmental policy and economics, public health, international affairs, and related fields.

Download or read book Public Policies for Environmental Protection written by Paul Portney and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-10-28 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of Public Policies for Environmental Protection contributed significantly to the incorporation of economic analysis in the study of environmental policy. Fully revised to account for changes in the institutional, legal, and regulatory framework of environmental policy, the second edition features updated chapters on the EPA and federal regulation, air and water pollution policy, and hazardous and toxic substances. It includes entirely new chapters on market-based environmental policies, global climate change, solid waste, and, for the first time, coverage of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Portney, Stavins, and their contributors provide an invaluable resource for researchers, policymakers, industry professionals, and journalists---anyone who needs up-to-date information on U.S. environmental policy. With their careful explanation of policy alternatives, the authors provide an ideal book for students in courses about environmental economics or environmental politics.

Download or read book Moving to Markets in Environmental Regulation written by Jody Freeman and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description

Download or read book Tradeable Permits Policy Evaluation Design and Reform written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2004-05-11 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication offers valuable lessons for applying tradeable permits and provides links between policy evaluation and policy making general.

Download or read book Air Quality Management in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-08-30 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing the nation's air quality is a complex undertaking, involving tens of thousands of people in regulating thousands of pollution sources. The authors identify what has worked and what has not, and they offer wide-ranging recommendations for setting future priorities, making difficult choices, and increasing innovation. This new book explores how to better integrate scientific advances and new technologies into the air quality management system. The volume reviews the three-decade history of governmental efforts toward cleaner air, discussing how air quality standards are set and results measured, the design and implementation of control strategies, regulatory processes and procedures, special issues with mobile pollution sources, and more. The book looks at efforts to spur social and behavioral changes that affect air quality, the effectiveness of market-based instruments for air quality regulation, and many other aspects of the issue. Rich in technical detail, this book will be of interest to all those engaged in air quality management: scientists, engineers, industrial managers, law makers, regulators, health officials, clean-air advocates, and concerned citizens.

Download or read book Tools of the Trade written by Canada. Environment Canada and published by Canadian Government Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This guidebook is intended as a reference for policymakers and regulators considering cap and trade as a policy tool to control pollution. It is intended to be sufficiently generic to apply to various pollutants and environmental concerns; however, it emphasizes cap and trade to control emissions produced from stationary source combustion."--Page 1-1, Introduction.

Download or read book Tradable Pollution Permits and the Regulatory Game written by Jason Scott Johnston and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes polluters' incentives to move from a traditional command and control (CAC) environmental regulatory regime to a tradable permits (TPP) regime. Existing work in environmental economics does not model how firms contest and bargain over actual regulatory implementation in CAC regimes, and therefore fail to compare TPP regimes with any CAC regime that is actually observed. This paper models CAC environmental regulation as a bargaining game over pollution entitlements. Using a reduced form model of the regulatory contest, it shows that CAC regulatory bargaining likely generates a regulatory status quo under which firms with the highest compliance costs bargain for the smallest pollution reductions, or even no reduction at all. As for a tradable permits regime, it is shown that all firms are better off under such a regime than they would be under an idealized CAC regime that set and enforced a uniform pollution standard, but permit sellers (low compliance cost firms) may actually be better off under a TPP regime with relaxed aggregate pollution levels. Most importantly, because high cost firms (or facilities) are the most weakly regulated in the equilibrium under negotiated or bargained CAC regimes, they may be net losers in a proposed move to a TPP regime. When equilibrium costs under a TPP regime are compared with equilibrium costs under a status quo CAC regime, several otherwise paradoxical aspects of firm attitudes toward TPP-type reforms can be explained. In particular, the otherwise paradoxical pattern of allowances awarded under Phase II of the 1990 Clean Air Act's acid rain program, a pattern tending to favor (in Phase II) cleaner, newer generating units, is explained by the fact that under the status quo regime, a kind of bargained CAC, it was the newer cleaner units that were regulated, and which therefore had higher marginal control costs than did the largely unregulated older, plants. As a normative matter, the analysis here implies that the proper baseline for evaluating TPP regimes such as those contained in the Bush Administration's recent Clear Skies initiative is not idealized, but nonexistent CAC regulatory outcomes, but rather the outcomes that have resulted from the bargaining game set up by CAC laws and regulations.

Download or read book Handbook of Environmental Economics written by Karl-Goran Maler and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-05-20 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Environmental Economics focuses on the economics of environmental externalities and environmental public goods. Volume I examines environmental degradation and policy responses from a microeconomic, institutional standpoint. Its perspective is dynamic, including a consideration of the dynamics of natural systems, and global, with attention paid to issues in both rich and poor nations. In addition to chapters on well-established topics such as the theory and practice of pollution regulation, it includes chapters on new areas of environmental economics research related to common property management regimes; population and poverty; mechanism design; political economy of regulation; experimental evaluations of policy instruments; and technological change.

Download or read book Emissions Trading written by Thomas Tietenberg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1985, Emissions Trading was a comprehensive review of the first large-scale attempt to use economic incentives in environmental policy in the U.S. and of the empirical and theoretical research on which this approach is based. Since its publication it has consistently been one of the most widely cited works in the tradable permits literature. The second edition of this classic study of pollution reform considers how the use of transferable permits to control pollution has evolved, looks at how these programs have been implemented in the U.S. and internationally, and offers an objective evaluation of the resulting successes, failures, and lessons learned over the last twenty-five years.