Download or read book The Copy Generic written by Scott MacLochlainn and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2022-11-25 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An illuminating look at the concept of the generic and its role in making meaning in the world. From off-brand products to elevator music, the “generic” is discarded as the copy, the knockoff, and the old. In The Copy Generic, anthropologist Scott MacLochlainn insists that more than the waste from the culture machine, the generic is a universal social tool, allowing us to move through the world with necessary blueprints, templates, and frames of reference. It is the baseline and background, a category that orders and values different types of specificity yet remains inherently nonspecific in itself. Across arenas as diverse as city planning, social media, ethnonationalism, and religion, the generic points to spaces in which knowledge is both overproduced and desperately lacking. Moving through ethnographic and historical settings in the Philippines, Europe, and the United States, MacLochlainn reveals how the concept of the generic is crucial to understanding how things repeat, circulate, and are classified in the world.
Download or read book The Generic Book written by Gregory N. Carlson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1995-08 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an attempt to address the theoretical gap between linguistics and philosophy, a group of semanticists, calling itself the Generic Group, has worked to develop a common view of genericity. Their research has resulted in this book, which consists of a substantive introduction and eleven original articles on important aspects of the interpretation of generic expressions. The introduction provides a clear overview of the issues and synthesizes the major analytical approaches to them. Taken together, the papers that follow reflect the current state of the art in the semantics of generics, and afford insight into various generic phenomena.
Download or read book Think Generic written by Ariel Cohen and published by Center for the Study of Language and Information Publications. This book was released on 1999-06-28 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our knowledge about the world is often expressed by generic sentences, yet their meanings are far from clear. This book provides answers to central problems concerning generics: what do they mean? Which factors affect their interpretation? How can one reason with generics? Cohen proposes that the meanings of generics are probability judgments, and shows how this view accounts for many of their puzzling properties, including lawlikeness. Generics are evaluated with respect to alternatives. Cohen argues that alternatives are induced by the kind as well as by the predicated property, and thus provides a uniform account of the varied interpretations of generics. He studies the formal properties of alternatives and provides a compositional account of their derivation by focus and presupposition. Cohen uses his semantics of generics to provide a formal characterization of adequate default reasoning, and proves some desirable results of this formalism.
Download or read book The Generic Closet written by Alfred L. Martin and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even after a rise in gay and Black representation and production on TV in the 1990s, the sitcom became a "generic closet," restricting Black gay characters with narrative tropes. Drawing from 20 interviews with credited episode writers, key show-runners, and Black gay men, The Generic Closet situates Black-cast sitcoms as a unique genre that uses Black gay characters in service of the series' heterosexual main cast. Alfred L. Martin, Jr., argues that the Black community is considered to be antigay due to misrepresentation by shows that aired during the family viewing hour and that were written for the imagined, "traditional" Black family. Martin considers audience reception, industrial production practices, and authorship to unpack the claim that Black gay characters are written into Black-cast sitcoms such as Moesha, Good News, and Let's Stay Together in order to closet Black gayness. By exploring how systems of power produce ideologies about Black gayness, The Generic Closet deconstructs the concept of a monolithic Black audience and investigates whether this generic closet still exists.
Download or read book The Spectacular Generic written by Cori Hayden and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-26 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Spectacular Generic, Cori Hayden examines how generic drugs have transformed public health politics and everyday experiences of pharmaceutical consumption in Latin America. Focusing on the Mexican pharmacy chain Farmacias Similares and its proprietor, Víctor González Torres, Hayden shows how generics have become potent commodities in a postpatent world. In the early 2000s, González Torres, a.k.a. “Dr. Simi,” capitalized on the creation of new markets for generic medicines, selling cheaper copies of leading-brand drugs across Latin America. But Dr. Simi has not simply competed with the transnationals; his enterprise has also come to compete with the Mexican state, reorganizing the provision of medicine and basic health care for millions of people. Hayden juxtaposes this story with Dr. Simi’s less successful efforts in Argentina, where he confronted a radically different configuration of pharmaceutical politics. Building from these diverging trajectories, Hayden illuminates the politics of generic substitution as a question that goes beyond substituting one drug for another. Generic politics can radically reshape the relations among consumers, states, and pharmaceutical markets, even as they have yet to resolve the problems of cost and access.
Download or read book Generic written by Jeremy A. Greene and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The turbulent history of generic pharmaceuticals raises powerful questions about similarity and difference in modern medicine. Generic drugs are now familiar objects in clinics, drugstores, and households around the world. We like to think of these tablets, capsules, patches, and ointments as interchangeable with their brand-name counterparts: why pay more for the same? And yet they are not quite the same. They differ in price, in place of origin, in color, shape, and size, in the dyes, binders, fillers, and coatings used, and in a host of other ways. Claims of generic equivalence, as physician-historian Jeremy Greene reveals in this gripping narrative, are never based on being identical to the original drug in all respects, but in being the same in all ways that matter. How do we know what parts of a pill really matter? Decisions about which differences are significant and which are trivial in the world of therapeutics are not resolved by simple chemical or biological assays alone. As Greene reveals in this fascinating account, questions of therapeutic similarity and difference are also always questions of pharmacology and physiology, of economics and politics, of morality and belief. Generic is the first book to chronicle the social, political, and cultural history of generic drugs in America. It narrates the evolution of the generic drug industry from a set of mid-twentieth-century "schlock houses" and "counterfeiters" into an agile and surprisingly powerful set of multinational corporations in the early twenty-first century. The substitution of bioequivalent generic drugs for more expensive brand-name products is a rare success story in a field of failed attempts to deliver equivalent value in health care for a lower price. Greene’s history sheds light on the controversies shadowing the success of generics: problems with the generalizability of medical knowledge, the fragile role of science in public policy, and the increasing role of industry, marketing, and consumer logics in late-twentieth-century and early twenty-first century health care.
Download or read book Reason and Morality written by Alan Gewirth and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1978 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Most modern philosophers attempt to solve the problem of morality from within the epistemological assumptions that define the dominant cultural perspective of our age. Alan Gewirth's Reason and Morality is a major work in this ongoing enterprise. Gewirth develops, with patience and skill, what he calls a 'modified naturalism' in which morality is derived by logic alone from the concept of action. . . . I think that the publication of Reason and Morality is a major event in the history of moral philosophy. It develops with great power a new and exciting position in ethical naturalism. No one, regardless of philosophical stance, can read this work without an enlargement of mind. It illuminates morality and agency for all."—E. M. Adams, The Review of Metaphysics "This is a fascinating study of an apparently intractable problem. Gewirth has provided plenty of material for further discussion, and his theory deserves serious consideration. He is always aware of possible rejoinders and argues in a rigorous manner, showing a firm grasp of the current state of moral and political philosophy."—Mind
Download or read book Bottle of Lies written by Katherine Eban and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER * New York Times Notable Book * Best Book of the Year: New York Public Library, Kirkus Reviews, Science Friday With a new postscript by the author From an award-winning journalist, an explosive narrative investigation of the generic drug boom that reveals fraud and life-threatening dangers on a global scale—The Jungle for pharmaceuticals Many have hailed the widespread use of generic drugs as one of the most important public-health developments of the twenty-first century. Today, almost 90 percent of our pharmaceutical market is comprised of generics, the majority of which are manufactured overseas. We have been reassured by our doctors, our pharmacists and our regulators that generic drugs are identical to their brand-name counterparts, just less expensive. But is this really true? Katherine Eban’s Bottle of Lies exposes the deceit behind generic-drug manufacturing—and the attendant risks for global health. Drawing on exclusive accounts from whistleblowers and regulators, as well as thousands of pages of confidential FDA documents, Eban reveals an industry where fraud is rampant, companies routinely falsify data, and executives circumvent almost every principle of safe manufacturing to minimize cost and maximize profit, confident in their ability to fool inspectors. Meanwhile, patients unwittingly consume medicine with unpredictable and dangerous effects. The story of generic drugs is truly global. It connects middle America to China, India, sub-Saharan Africa and Brazil, and represents the ultimate litmus test of globalization: what are the risks of moving drug manufacturing offshore, and are they worth the savings? A decade-long investigation with international sweep, high-stakes brinkmanship and big money at its core, Bottle of Lies reveals how the world’s greatest public-health innovation has become one of its most astonishing swindles.
Download or read book In the Event written by Lotte Meinert and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2015-05-01 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Events are “generative moments” in at least three senses: events are created by and condense larger-scale social structures; as moments, they spark and give rise to new social processes; in themselves, events may also serve to analyze social situations and relationships. Based on ethnographic studies from around the world—varying from rituals and meetings over protests and conflicts to natural disasters and management—this volume analyzes generative moments through events that hold the key to understanding larger social situations. These events—including the Ashura ritual in Bahrain, social cleavages in South Africa, a Buddhist cave in Nepal, drought in Burkina Faso, an earthquake in Pakistan, the cartoon crisis in Denmark, corporate management at Bang & Olufsen, protest meetings in Europe, and flooding and urban citizenship in Mozambique—are not simply destructive disasters, crises, and conflicts, but also generative and constitutive of the social.
Download or read book Essential Guide to Generic Skills written by Nicola Cooper and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a vital text to help you with the competency assessment in the UK Foundation Programme giving practical advice in an easy to follow format. It advises new doctors on note-keeping, time management/organisation, communicating with colleagues, the structure of the NHS, and how to deal with the ethical and legal issues they face when on-call. Also looks at emotional intelligence, learning styles or how different personality types can work together more effectively.
Download or read book What Is an Event written by Robin Wagner-Pacifici and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2017-03-24 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live in a world of breaking news, where at almost any moment our everyday routine can be interrupted by a faraway event. Events are central to the way that individuals and societies experience life. Even life’s inevitable moments—birth, death, love, and war—are almost always a surprise. Inspired by the cataclysmic events of September 11, Robin Wagner-Pacifici presents here a tour de force, an analysis of how events erupt and take off from the ground of ongoing, everyday life, and how they then move across time and landscape. What Is an Event? ranges across several disciplines, systematically analyzing the ways that events emerge, take shape, gain momentum, flow, and even get bogged down. As an exploration of how events are constructed out of ruptures, it provides a mechanism for understanding eventful forms and flows, from the micro-level of individual life events to the macro-level of historical revolutions, contemporary terrorist attacks, and financial crises. Wagner-Pacifici takes a close look at a number of cases, both real and imagined, through the reports, personal narratives, paintings, iconic images, political posters, sculptures, and novels they generate and through which they live on. What is ultimately at stake for individuals and societies in events, Wagner-Pacifici argues, are identities, loyalties, social relationships, and our very experiences of time and space. What Is an Event? provides a way for us all—as social and political beings living through events, and as analysts reflecting upon them—to better understand what is at stake in the formations and flows of the events that mark and shape our lives.
Download or read book Generic Tree Flora of Madagascar written by George E. Schatz and published by Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. This book was released on 2001 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a practical field manual for the identification of the 500 genera of native and naturalized Malagasy trees. Identification keys emphasise vegetative and gross morphological features. All genera are provided with full descriptions, distribution information, key characteristics, up-to-date taxonomic references and over 3,000 Malagasy vernacular names and almost all are illustrated. This is the first comprehensive guide to be published in both English and French.
Download or read book Out of Stock written by Dara Orenstein and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-11-07 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Out of Stock, Dara Orenstein delivers an ambitious and engrossing account of that most generic and underappreciated site in American commerce and industry: the warehouse. She traces the progression from the nineteenth century’s bonded warehouses to today’s foreign-trade zones, enclaves where goods can be simultaneously on US soil and off US customs territory. Orenstein contends that these zones—nearly 800 of which are scattered across the country—are emblematic of why warehouses have begun to supplant factories in the age of Amazon and Walmart. Circulation is so crucial to the logistics of how and where goods are made that it is increasingly inseparable from production, to the point that warehouses are now some of the most pivotal spaces of global capitalism. Drawing from cultural geography, cultural history, and political economy, Out of Stock nimbly demonstrates the centrality of warehouses for corporations, workers, cities, and empires.
Download or read book Making and Unmaking Intellectual Property written by Mario Biagioli and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2015-07-31 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rules regulating access to knowledge are no longer the exclusive province of lawyers and policymakers and instead command the attention of anthropologists, economists, literary theorists, political scientists, artists, historians, and cultural critics. This burgeoning interdisciplinary interest in “intellectual property” has also expanded beyond the conventional categories of patent, copyright, and trademark to encompass a diverse array of topics ranging from traditional knowledge to international trade. Though recognition of the central role played by “knowledge economies” has increased, there is a special urgency associated with present-day inquiries into where rights to information come from, how they are justified, and the ways in which they are deployed. Making and Unmaking Intellectual Property, edited by Mario Biagioli, Peter Jaszi, and Martha Woodmansee, presents a range of diverse—and even conflicting—contemporary perspectives on intellectual property rights and the contested sources of authority associated with them. Examining fundamental concepts and challenging conventional narratives—including those centered around authorship, invention, and the public domain—this book provides a rich introduction to an important intersection of law, culture, and material production.
Download or read book Generic Model Management written by Sergey Melnik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-04-28 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many challenging problems in information systems engineering involve the manipulation of complex metadata artifacts or models, such as database schema, interface specifications, or object diagrams, and mappings between models. Applications solving metadata manipulation problems are complex and hard to build. The goal of generic model management is to reduce the amount of programming needed to solve such problems by providing a database infrastructure in which a set of high-level algebraic operators are applied to models and mappings as a whole rather than to their individual building blocks. This book presents a systematic study of the concepts and algorithms for generic model management. The first prototype of a generic model management system is described, the algebraic operators are introduced and analyzed, and novel algorithms for implementing them are developed. Using the prototype system and the operators presented, solutions are developed for several practically relevant problems, such as change propagation and reintegration.
Download or read book Genericity written by Alda Mari and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an up-to-date introduction to the study of generics. It gathers new work from senior and young researchers and is organized along three main areas of study: the generic and individuals; genericity and time; and the sources of genericity and types of judgment.
Download or read book Generic and Innovator Drugs written by Donald O. Beers and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 2154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely updated, the new Eighth Edition of Generic and Innovator Drugs: A Guide to FDA Approval Requirements provides indispensable and practical insights into the FDA approval process. Youand’ll find comprehensive coverage of: Abbreviated new drug applications 505(b)(2) new drug applications Delaying approval of competing products FDA approval of biologic drugs No other book can cover the drug approval process as thoroughly, answering important questions like these: What is required to extend the patent of an FDA-approved product? When must a generic manufacturer notify the innovator manufacturer when submitting an ANDA or 505(b)(2) application? When does the FDA delay approvals because of patent claims, and when does it ignore patents? How can one challenge an FDA exclusivity decision? When can a manufacturer safely sell a drug without prior FDA approval? In what circumstances can a generic manufacturer obtain FDA permission to file an ANDA for a variant of an existing drug? When will the FDA waive or reduce prescription drug user fees? How can a company or an individual avoid debarment? What steps are necessary to comply with the FDAand’s Fraud Policy? When and how can a drug company take advantage of FDA accelerated approval procedures? What are the labeling requirements for exporting approved drugs? How have the changes made by the FDA Safety and Innovation Act, including the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments and the Biosimilars User Fee Act, and the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now Act affected the overall statutory scheme? Generic and Innovator Drugs: A Guide to FDA Approval Requirements, Eighth Edition provides step-by-step guidance of the approval process and expert interpretation of: The Hatch-Waxman Act (Drug Price Competition and Patent Restoration Act) The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act The FDA Export Reform and Enhancement Act The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act And more! AUTHOR NOTE Donald O. Beersand’ contributions to this publication were completed before he rejoined the Food and Drug Administration. He has had no part in writing and revising this Eighth Edition.
