Download or read book The CEA System of Trade and Paymetns written by Martin Schrenk and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1991 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Trade and Payments Arrangements in Post CMEA Eastern and Central Europe written by Constantine Michalopoulos and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1991 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Suggestions about how trade and payments can be arranged on an interm basis among the countries of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and the USSR now that the CMEA has collapsed.
Download or read book The Transition from Socialism in Eastern Europe written by Arye L. Hillman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book 1992 World Economic and Financial Surveys written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper describes that in developing countries, the moves toward more flexible exchange rate arrangements and liberalization of exchange controls often occurred in the context of comprehensive macroeconomic adjustment programs supported by the IMF. These programs featured a broad range of policy actions, including an increasing emphasis on structural reforms aimed at improving resource allocation and enhancing the supply response of the economy. With respect to restrictive systems, the trend toward liberalization of nontrade current and capital transactions continues, primarily because it is seen as ineffective, even counterproductive, to try to control such financial flows. This trend contrasts with trade where it appears that some major participants have been awaiting the outcome of the Uruguay Round before further reducing restrictions. A single currency peg has been the exchange arrangement most frequently used by developing countries, of which over one third currently have such an arrangement. This type of peg has the merit of being easy to administer and is generally chosen by countries that have a large share of foreign exchange transactions in the currency chosen as the peg.
Download or read book Trade Payments and Adjustment in Central and Eastern Europe written by John Stanton Flemming and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The economists of central and eastern Europe face problems at home: the choices of exchange rate regimes and trades policy, and the management of adjustment away from the trade and production patterns of communism. This book offers guidance on the issues underlying these external policy areas.
Download or read book The International Payments and Monetary System in the Integration of the Socialist Countries written by Imre Vincze and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic cooperation between the CMEA countries is implemented according to the monetary and financial regulations worked out collectively. The regulations cover the organizational structure of international settlements; the choice of currency for settlements; the principles of international credit transactions ; the determination ofthe exchange rate of the currency used in international settlements to national currencies and to convertible currencies outside the CMEA; the principles and rules ofinternational exchange and transfers; mIes for the currency allotments of citizens (roles of international transfers for citizens). The regulations also contain provisions for international settlements and credit transactions which are concluded through an independent international bank or banks. These regulations, the instruments and institutions together, form the international payments and monetary system of the CMEA. * The financial and monetary regulations of the CMEA community were formed in several stages, depending on the prevailing· conditions and the targets to be attained. In the years between 1949 and 1963 the general form of economic cooperation and of international settlements was the bilateral clearing agreement. In the bilateral agreements which the Soviet Union concluded with the other CMEA countries the currency of settlements was the Soviet rouble. The prices applied in foreign trade were not the internal producer prices of the Soviet Union, but world market prices (main international market prices) expressed in roubles, with the he]p ofthe exchange rate ofthe Soviet rouble to the US dollar, as quoted in the Soviet Union.
Download or read book Foreign Trade in a Planned Econmy written by Imre Vajda (Ed) and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1971-08-31 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Finnish Soviet Clearing Trade and Payment System written by Juhani Laurila and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The European Community after 1992 written by Silvio Borner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-27 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The liberalization of trade and factor movements and the adoption of a common currency proposed for the EEC in 1992 have important implications for the rest of the world. Nineteen experts from academia, different countries and regions and international organizations analyze these implications theoretically and empirically. In general, the authors expect Europe 1992 to generate positive effects on trade and welfare, although concerns are raised over possible, inward looking policies by the Community. For many small and distant countries the effects are shown likely to be insignificant in any case.
Download or read book Financing Government in the Transition Bulgaria written by Bogeti ?c, ?Zeljko and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The IFC's new Global Agriculture Series features sectoral presentations of industry trends with specific emphasis on the developing countries. The series highlights the increasing importance of developing countries in the world economy as rapidly expanding markets and as competitive production bases. The information reported underlines the strong production assets of those countries and illustrates the investment opportunities this creates. To profile the high-growth poultry industry, the first volume in this series draws on intelligence collected from various public and private sources, including IFC client companies in numerous countries. Consumption of poultry meat has been growing at an exceptional rate over the past decade, spurred by the dietary benefits of this food and an attractive price relative to other meats. Its evolution in recent years epitomizes the emergence of developing countries as global competitors in the agribusiness sector. This report estimates that annual world consumption might grow by another 15-18 million tons by the end of the decade, making poultry the most popular meat in the world. This growth should support additional investments of roughly US$2 billion during this period, including US$0.7 to $0.9 billion for growers' production facilities and US$1 to $1.2 billion for integrators' production facilities. Estimates project that much of this investment will be undertaken in developing countries. The report presents an overview of the poultry production system and the key players in the supply chain, the global poultry market and regional production patterns, the main determinants of competitive advantage in this sector, and an analysis of international trade flows. The final chapter reviews the role of public policies in changes in consumption, production, and trade. Additonal features include color photos, charts, and tables
Download or read book The CMEA System of Trade and Payments written by Martin Schrenk and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quarterly Report to the Congress and the Trade Policy Committee on Trade Between the United States and the Nonmarket Economy Countries During written by United States International Trade Commission and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book East Central European Economies in Transition written by John P. Hardt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-16 with total page 915 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume makes JEC-commissioned expert studies of economic developments in East-Central Europe available to business people, educators and students. Coverage includes economic, political and social reform issues, regional relations, and the impact of Western assistance programmes.
Download or read book Stabilization and Privatization in Poland written by K. Poznanski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stabilization and Privatization: An Economic Evaluation of the Shock Therapy Program is the first comprehensive account of Poland's economic transition since mid-1989. Monetary stabilization, trade liberalization (including convertibility) and privatization of state capital assets are discussed. Sources of economic recession which have accompanied the post-1989 transition are analyzed. The role of demand-side factors (i.e. monetary contraction) is weighed against that of supply-side factors (i.e. credit availability). The prevailing view is that the recession has been supply-type rather than demand-type. Economic performance has been impacted by the lack of a proper institutional framework (e.g. a segmented banking sector, diluted property rights). Arguments in favor of evolutionary reforms and market enhancing measures are presented. Stabilization and Privatization examines the main components of Poland's shock therapy program implemented in 1990. Post-shock recession, lasting at least through 1992, is examined to establish whether a sharp decline in output was caused by excessive demand contraction or lack of accommodating credit policies. The merits of an evolutionary approach and a more proactive state are debated.
Download or read book Report to the Congress and the East West Foreign Trade Board on Trade Between the United States and the Nonmarket Economy Countries written by United States International Trade Commission and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book German Unification and the Union of Europe written by Jeffrey Anderson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-06-10 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the effects of Germany's unification in 1990 on its policies toward the European Union.
Download or read book Foreign Economic Liberalization written by Andras Koves and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking volume combines theories of economic liberalization with a wide variety of case studies from market and socialist economies. Internationally regarded scholars and Eastern European policymakers have collaborated to evaluate the dramatic economic changes taking place throughout the world. The opening essays contribute to the theoretical debate by showing that foreign economic liberalization goes beyond reducing import barriers to policies on investment, financial liberalization, convertability, and export promotion. Case studies compare successful and unsuccessful liberalization attempts world wide. The disintegration of the CMEA and the policy dilemmas facing Central and Eastern Europe are examined in great detail, as the authors explore the pitfalls and opportunities inherent in the transformation from a centrally planned economy. This up-to-date text will be invaluable for courses on the history and transformation of socialist economies, comparative economic systems, and international trade and investment.
