Download or read book The Cell mediated Immune Response to Murine Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection written by Edwin S. Miller and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The New Paradigm of Immunity to Tuberculosis written by Maziar Divangahi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates the intimate relationship between alveolar macrophages and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), and the former’s role in both innate and adaptive immunity against M.tb. It covers research done over the last decade. It also explores the role of macrophage death following infection with M.tb. in determining whether successful immunity is stimulated, or whether clinical disease develops; furthermore, the function of host lipid mediators in macrophage death modality are addressed. The book also illustrates how the balance between prostaglandins and lipoxins determines whether infected macrophages undergo apoptosis or necrosis, which is the ultimate factor in the outcome of infection. Finally, it is a synthesis of the authors’ recent studies and the studies of others to offer a new understanding of immunity to tuberculosis.
Download or read book Understanding the Host Immune Response Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection written by Vishwanath Venketaraman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-26 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the World Health Organization, approximately one third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb [LTBI]), of whom about 9 million have active tuberculosis (TB). It is estimated that approximately 2 million individuals die each year from active TB. An estimated 14.4% of these individuals have HIV and M. tb co-infection. TB has long been known to be one of the leading causes of death in HIV-infected individuals. Recent evidence now indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and chronic smokers are also increasingly susceptible to TB infection, the ability of their immune system to fight off active TB infection having been compromised by their condition. This book therefore aims to provide a detailed review of recent advances in the research that involves characterizing the host’s immune responses against TB infection in conditions such as HIV, diabetes, chronic cigarette smoking and aging, and strategies to restore favorable immune responses against this deadly pathogen.
Download or read book The Effect of Mycobacterial Mycolic Acids on the Cytokine Profile of the Immune Response in Murine Tuberculosis written by Denise Carol Lombard and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium which persists within macrophages. Successful control of tuberculosis depends on T-cell-mediated immunity. Immune protection involves the development of a Th1 response characterised by the secretion of cytokines such as IL-12, IFN-? and TNF- The progression towards disease in humans and mice is often associated with a Th2 response characterised by the secretion of cytokines such as I L-4 and I L-10. Mycolic acids, the major cell wall lipid of M. tuberculosis, were previously shown to have a marginally protective effect on the development of disease in Balb/c mice when administered intravenously at an optimal dose of 25 ; g one week before intravenous M. tuberculosis infection. Here it is shown that the protective effect is highly significant when infection is done intranasally. The protective effect of 25 ; g mycolic acids against tuberculosis could not be explained by induction of a longer lasting Th1 response in Balb/c mice. This was determined by using semi-quantitative RT-PCR on the mRNA of cytokines characteristic of the different immune responses. It was observed that maximum sensitivity was obtained at the lowest possible PCR cycle and template concentrations for the samples. Mycolic acids were the first non-protein antigens shown to induce an immune response after presentation on CD1 membrane proteins. Balb/c mice predominantly generate a Th1 response during the first 3 - 4 weeks of M. tuberculosis infection, whereas they generate a Th2 response in the following weeks. Even though the protective effect of 25 ; g mycolic acids could not be associated with a prolonged Th1 immune response in infected mice, it did induce IL-12 and IL-10 mRNA in uninfected mice. These cytokines are primarily.
Download or read book Mycobacterium tuberculosis written by Mauro Bendinelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis once again occupies a special position in the areas of infec tious diseases and microbiology. This disease has been important to mankind since even before biblical times. Tuberculosis has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, especially in highly ur banized Europe, until a few decades ago. Indeed, this disease became a center of many novels, plays, and operas, since it appeared to be quite popular to have the heroine dying of "consumption. " Most importantly, tuberculosis also became the focus of attention for many investigations during the 19th and even the 20th centuries. Major advances were made in the areas of isolation and identification of M. tuberculosis and related microorganisms. The discovery, by Robert Koch, that tuberculosis was caused by an infectious agent revolutionized our thinking about dis eases. Koch's postulates were developed with tuberculosis in mind and became a focal point for many advances in microbiology and medicine. Studies with mycobacteria as a central focus have also led to revolu tionary new concepts about immunology in general. Koch himself showed that those exposed to M. tuberculosis develop a skin hypersen sitivity or allergy to the microorganism's antigens, an observation which was the starting point for many important developments. Indeed, imme diate-type hypersensitivity and atopic or IgE-mediated allergy were de fined in relation to the delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity evi denced with the tubercle bacillus.
Download or read book Chemokine Biology Basic Research and Clinical Application written by Kuldeep Neote and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-08 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemokines play an important role in recruiting inflammatory cells into tissues in response to infection and inflammation. They also play an important role in coordinating the movement of T-cells, B-cells and dentritic cells, necessary to generate an immune response (response to injury, allergens, antigens, invading microorganisms). They selectively attract leukocytes to inflammatory foci, inducing both cell migration and activation. They are involved in various diseases, like atherosclerosis, lung and skin inflammation, multiple sclerosis, or HIV. Volume 2 of this two-volume set discusses the pathophysiology of chemokines. It is divided into two parts: a) chemokines in animal disease models, and b) chemokines as drug targets. Together with volume 1, which discusses the immunobiology of chemokines, both volumes give a comprehensive overview of chemokine biology.
Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2016 written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This global tuberculosis report is the first to be produced in the era of the SDGs and the End TB Strategy. It provides an assessment of the TB epidemic and progress in TB diagnosis, treatment, and prevention efforts as well as an overview of TB-specific financing and research. It also discusses the broader agenda of universal health coverage, social protection, and other SDGs that have an impact on health. Data was available for 202 countries and territories that account for over 99% of the world's population and TB cases.
Download or read book Opportunistic Intracellular Bacteria and Immunity written by Lois J. Paradise and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Opportunistic, intracellular bacterial infections are at the forefront of research because of the challenges they present to immunocompromised patients. In this volume, the pathogenesis and immune reaction of these intracellular infections is featured, as are the most typical problems related to antimicrobial chemotherapy, and current approaches to their solution. Individual chapters set the pace for research on pathogenic and immune reactions to such infections as, mycobacterium tuberculosis, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia trachomatis and brucella.
Download or read book Understanding Tuberculosis written by Pere-Joan Cardona and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-02-24 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an attempt to understand the extent to which the bacilli has adapted itself to the host and to its final target. On the other hand, there is a section in which other specialists discuss how to manipulate this immune response to obtain innovative prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to truncate the intimal co-evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Homo sapiens.
Download or read book Immunity to Mycobacteria written by Ian Orme and published by Springer. This book was released on 1995 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Beneficial and detrimental host cellular responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection written by Veronica Edith Garcia and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-12-13 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases written by Dani S. Zander and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-05-26 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This major work, complete with 150 illustrations, many of them in color, bridges the gap between clinical pulmonary pathology and basic molecular science. Through a highly visual approach that features an abundance of tables and diagrams, the book offers a practical disease-based overview. The first two sections of the volume provide the reader with general concepts, terminology and procedures in molecular pathology. The remainder of the volume is subdivided into neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung diseases with detailed chapters covering the current molecular pathology of specific diseases. The book will be essential reading for pathologists, pulmonologists, thoracic surgeons and other health care providers interested in lung disease.
Download or read book Exploring Immune Variability in Susceptibility to Tuberculosis Infection in Humans written by Julie G. Burel and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-16 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Janeway s Immunobiology written by Kenneth Murphy and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Download or read book Buruli Ulcer written by Gerd Pluschke and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-29 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major objective of this open access book is to summarize the current status of Buruli Ulcer (BU) research for the first time. It will identify gaps in our knowledge, stimulate research and support control of the disease by providing insight into approaches for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of Buruli Ulcer. Book chapters will cover the history, epidemiology diagnosis, treatment and disease burden of BU and provide insight into the microbiology, genomics, transmission and virulence of Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Download or read book Tuberculosis written by Barry R. Bloom and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors discuss fundamental questions about the biology, genetics, mechanisms of pathogenicity, mechanisms of resistance, and drug development strategies that are likely to provide important new knowledge about TB and new interventions to prevent and treat this disease.
Download or read book Early Immunity to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis written by Jared L. Delahaye and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), kills more individuals than any other single infectious agent. The only approved vaccine, BCG, poorly prevents the spread of disease, highlighting the fact that new vaccines are needed to eradicate TB. These efforts would benefit from a mechanistic understanding of how immunity to TB can be achieved as well as insight into the barriers that restrict immunity. However, a number of gaps in our knowledge of TB immunity remain. In particular, the interaction between Mtb and its target cell, the macrophage, during the early stages of infection remains incompletely understood. Here, we characterized the distinct response programs which are initiated in lung-resident alveolar macrophages (AM) and lung-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). We find that infected AM harbor many more Mtb bacilli than infected MDM during both the innate and adaptive phases of the immune response. Using RNA-seq, we identified multiple differentially expressed pathways between the two cell types. While infected MDM upregulate canonical proinflammatory signaling pathways associated with Mtb control, infected AM are enriched for pathways relating to proliferation and fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, a number of genes relating to phagosome maturation and nitric oxide production were also differentially expressed. However, validation studies using gene knockout animals did not support a cell-intrinsic, protective role afforded by these genes. In addition to these host studies, we also investigated the transcriptional response of the Mtb itself. Here we found that Mtb in MDM have a transcriptional signature associated with late hypoxia, a known Mtb stress condition. We next used a mouse model of prior BCG immunization in order to understand how this vaccine alters early Mtb immunity. Here we found that BCG promotes a dramatic shift in the cell types targeted for Mtb infection. While AM are the major infected cell for the first two weeks of Mtb infection in unimmunized animals, BCG promotes the accelerated transfer of bacteria into neutrophils and MDM. To determine the requirements for this transfer, we characterized the dynamics of the T cell response using tetramers. BCG-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were present in the lungs of immunized animals prior to infection, and as early as D10 post-infection, there were 5-fold more of these cells compared to controls. Using T cell-depleting antibodies, we found that the transfer of infection out of AM was dependent on CD4, but not CD8, T cells yet did not require infected AM-intrinsic antigen recognition. Finally, using confocal microscopy, we saw that Mtb-specific T cells were first activated in lung regions devoid of infected cells. Importantly, these events preceded BCG-induced control of the bacterial burden, which occurred only after the co-localization of T cells and infected cells. Together, these studies further our understanding of the early immune response to Mtb. Specifically, they show that the cell types targeted for infection differ profoundly in their ability to control Mtb. In addition, vaccination begins to shape immunity much earlier than previously appreciated by accelerating the infection of recruited macrophages, however, the delayed colocalization of T cells with infected cells in the lung represents a barrier to vaccine-induced immunity. These results could help to inform more rationale vaccine design for TB.
