Download or read book Reforming Juvenile Justice written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
Download or read book Juvenile Crime Juvenile Justice written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-05 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though youth crime rates have fallen since the mid-1990s, public fear and political rhetoric over the issue have heightened. The Columbine shootings and other sensational incidents add to the furor. Often overlooked are the underlying problems of child poverty, social disadvantage, and the pitfalls inherent to adolescent decisionmaking that contribute to youth crime. From a policy standpoint, adolescent offenders are caught in the crossfire between nurturance of youth and punishment of criminals, between rehabilitation and "get tough" pronouncements. In the midst of this emotional debate, the National Research Council's Panel on Juvenile Crime steps forward with an authoritative review of the best available data and analysis. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents recommendations for addressing the many aspects of America's youth crime problem. This timely release discusses patterns and trends in crimes by children and adolescentsâ€"trends revealed by arrest data, victim reports, and other sources; youth crime within general crime; and race and sex disparities. The book explores desistanceâ€"the probability that delinquency or criminal activities decrease with ageâ€"and evaluates different approaches to predicting future crime rates. Why do young people turn to delinquency? Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents what we know and what we urgently need to find out about contributing factors, ranging from prenatal care, differences in temperament, and family influences to the role of peer relationships, the impact of the school policies toward delinquency, and the broader influences of the neighborhood and community. Equally important, this book examines a range of solutions: Prevention and intervention efforts directed to individuals, peer groups, and families, as well as day care-, school- and community-based initiatives. Intervention within the juvenile justice system. Role of the police. Processing and detention of youth offenders. Transferring youths to the adult judicial system. Residential placement of juveniles. The book includes background on the American juvenile court system, useful comparisons with the juvenile justice systems of other nations, and other important information for assessing this problem.
Download or read book The Promise of Adolescence written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-07-26 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescenceâ€"beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€"is a critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop. These changes in brain structure, function, and connectivity mark adolescence as a period of opportunity to discover new vistas, to form relationships with peers and adults, and to explore one's developing identity. It is also a period of resilience that can ameliorate childhood setbacks and set the stage for a thriving trajectory over the life course. Because adolescents comprise nearly one-fourth of the entire U.S. population, the nation needs policies and practices that will better leverage these developmental opportunities to harness the promise of adolescenceâ€"rather than focusing myopically on containing its risks. This report examines the neurobiological and socio-behavioral science of adolescent development and outlines how this knowledge can be applied, both to promote adolescent well-being, resilience, and development, and to rectify structural barriers and inequalities in opportunity, enabling all adolescents to flourish.
Download or read book Poverty and Children s Adjustment written by Suniya S. Luthar and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1999-02-02 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Luthar integrates findings of empirical research, conducted over the past three decades, on processes implicated in the adjustment to socioeconomic deprivation.
Download or read book Children s Adjustment to Adoption written by David Brodzinsky and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1998-06-24 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After an overview of historical and contemporary perspectives, the authors explore various theories that have addressed the issue of psychological risk associated with adoption.
Download or read book Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency written by James C. Howell and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2009 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book informs readers about the latest research and the most promising and effective programmes for understanding, preventing and controlling juvenile delinquency.
Download or read book Manual for the Measurement of Juvenile Justice Indicators written by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication sets out practical guidance on the use of fifteen indicators of core importance to juvenile justice, developed by UNICEF and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in consultation with non-governmental organisations and individual experts. The indicators have been refined through field-testing in a number of countries and are endorsed by the Interagency Juvenile Justice Panel. The indicators fall into two categorie of quantitative and policy matters, with five core indicators relating to: the number of children in detention; the number of children in pre-sentence detention; the percentage of children sentenced to a custodial sentence; the percentage of children diverted or sentenced who enter a pre-sentence diversion scheme; and the existence of a specialised juvenile justice system.
Download or read book Public Education as Affecting the Adjustment of Youth to Life written by National Industrial Conference Board and published by . This book was released on 1929 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Poverty and Children s Adjustment written by Suniya S. Luthar and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 1999-02-02 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In this important little book, Suniya S. Luthar synthesizes, with impressive clarity, three decades of research about children in poverty, their families, and their communities. She has created a compelling primer for the policy-makers, advocates, and students that, while not minimizing the challenges, suggests research-based opportunities and directions for real-world interventions." --Jane Knitzer, Columbia University, New York "Poverty has left a residue of rampant, destructive problems in America today, not the least of which are its draining, restrictive effects on the young. This important volume coalesces current knowledge, from multiple domains, about factors that protect poor children and youth against the ravages of poverty, or act to exacerbate its effects. Highlighting the thesis that the negative effects of poverty need not be inevitable, the volume offers scholarly, up-to-date reviews of the state of knowledge about the complex child, family milieu, and environmental variables that operate protectively in the face of poverty. The volume productively weds careful scholarship with caring consideration of the pressing, practical, poverty-spawned problems that confront society today. More than just cataloging problems, however, it delineates steps needed in any systematic campaign to reduce poverty′s disastrous effects." --Emory Cowen, Ph.D., University of Rochester "Up-to-date, concise, and well-written, this book offers a thorough and thoughtful analysis of the impact of poverty on the social and emotional functioning of children. Looking at both risk factors and protective influences (the "mediators and moderators of adverse life circumstances"), the author critically and effectively integrates and synthesizes past and recent research in a form useful to both researchers and clinicians. Findings are viewed through a lens of culture and context, broadening and expanding our understanding. Attention is paid to the adaptive capacities of children who, with family, community, school, and thrive in spite of (or in response to) difficult early experiences. Highly recommended!" --Steven Friedman, Ph.D. & Donna Haig Friedman, Ph.D. Center for Social Policy, McCormack Institute for Public Affairs, University of Massachusetts, Boston This book presents a comprehensive description of child, family, and community-level forces that modify the outcomes of youngsters experiencing conditions of poverty. Integrating a vast and complex array of research findings, the author elucidates salient underlying mechanisms via which poverty-related factors can affect poor children′s social and emotional development. In cohesive closing discussions, findings regarding major risk and protective forces are synthesized while delineating major directions for future work in research and theory development, teaching, and interventions and social policy. This timely and thorough volume is essential reading for students, researchers, and educators, as well as clinicians and policymakers concerned with understanding and promoting the positive development of children contending with family poverty.
Download or read book Screening and Assessing Adolescents for Substance Use Disorders written by Ken C. Winters and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents information on identifying, screening, and assessing adolescents who use substances. This report focuses on the most current procedures and instruments for detecting substance abuse among adolescents, conducting comprehensive assessments, and beginning treatment planning. Presents appropriate strategies and guidelines for screening and assessment. Explains legal issues concerning Federal and State confidentiality laws. Provides guidance for screening and assessing adolescents in juvenile justice settings. Summarizes instruments to screen and assess adolescents for substance and general functioning domains.
Download or read book The Adjustment of Youth written by Australian Council for Educational Research and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Peer Relationships and Adjustment at School written by Allison M. Ryan and published by IAP. This book was released on 2012-06-01 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together an impressive array of respected scholars to examine the varied and complex ways in which peers influence adolescents’ beliefs and behaviors in the school context. The breadth of peer influence on academic and social adjustment is evident in the wide variety of topics covered in the present volume. Throughout the chapters, scholars provide unique insights regarding the complex ways that the academic and social spheres of adolescents’ lives are interconnected. Collectively, the chapters in this volume expand current knowledge and theory in peer relations research by (a) exploring different types of peer relations (e.g., close friendships, peer groups) and different peer dynamics (e.g., popularity, bullying) that emerge in the school context, (b) examining different processes that explain why and how peers influence each other in school, (c) considering developmental issues during adolescence that may be critical to understanding peers and adjustment at school and (d) providing information about how teacher practices or programs influence peer relations and school adjustment. Peer Relationships and Adjustment in School is an important volume for researchers and practitioners interested in social development, peer relationships and youth engagement and achievement in school.
Download or read book Protecting Youth at Work written by National Research Council and Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-12-18 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Massachusetts, a 12-year-old girl delivering newspapers is killed when a car strikes her bicycle. In Los Angeles, a 14-year-old boy repeatedly falls asleep in class, exhausted from his evening job. Although children and adolescents may benefit from working, there may also be negative social effects and sometimes danger in their jobs. Protecting Youth at Work looks at what is known about work done by children and adolescents and the effects of that work on their physical and emotional health and social functioning. The committee recommends specific initiatives for legislators, regulators, researchers, and employers. This book provides historical perspective on working children and adolescents in America and explores the framework of child labor laws that govern that work. The committee presents a wide range of data and analysis on the scope of youth employment, factors that put children and adolescents at risk in the workplace, and the positive and negative effects of employment, including data on educational attainment and lifestyle choices. Protecting Youth at Work also includes discussions of special issues for minority and disadvantaged youth, young workers in agriculture, and children who work in family-owned businesses.
Download or read book A Procedure for Measuring Change in the Adjustment of Children in the Group Foster Home of the Children s Bureau of the Indianapolis Orphan Asylum written by and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Psychological Perspectives on Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Children written by and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-11-03 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychological Perspectives on Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Children argues that in order to achieve comprehensive responses to violence against children (VAC), scholars and practitioners must develop a robust understanding of how direct, structural, and cultural forms of violence interact across social systems. This understanding of VAC motivates a multi-sectoral response that seeks to promote intergenerational health and well-being through addressing violence in all its forms. This volume is organized into three interconnected sections that explore violence across socioecological domains: violence against children in social macrosystems, violence against children in social microsystems, and ways to address VAC in practice and policy. With chapters highlighting diverse methodological approaches, context-specific case studies, and approaches to redress violence through practice and policy, this volume is designed to be a resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working to prevent VAC.
Download or read book Frustration in Adolescent Youth written by Commission on Life Adjustment Education for Youth (1947-1950) and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gandhian Paradigm and Visually Impaired Youth written by I. Arivanandham and published by Concept Publishing Company. This book was released on 2009 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study conducted in four towns, namely, Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Thiruchirapalli of Tamil Nadu, India.
