Download or read book Test No 490 In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2015-07-28 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This TG includes two distinct in vitro mammalian gene mutation assays requiring two specific tk heterozygous cells lines: L5178Y tk+/-3.7.2C cells for the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) and TK6 tk+/- cells for the TK6 assay.
Download or read book Test No 490 In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene written by Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test can be used to detect gene mutations induced by chemical substances. This TG includes two distinct in vitro mammalian gene mutation assays requiring two specific tk heterozygous cells lines: L5178Y tk+/-3.7.2C cells for the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) and TK6 tk+/- cells for the TK6 assay. Genetic events detected using the tk locus include both gene mutations and chromosomal events. Cells in suspension or monolayer culture are exposed to, at least four analysable concentrations of the test substance, both with and without metabolic activation, for a suitable period of time. They are subcultured to determine cytotoxicity and to allow phenotypic expression prior to mutant selection. Cytotoxicity is usually determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period. The treated cultures are maintained in growth medium for a sufficient period of time, characteristic of each selected locus and cell type, to allow near-optimal phenotypic expression of induced mutations. Mutant frequency is determined by seeding known numbers of cells in medium containing the selective agent to detect mutant cells, and in medium without selective agent to determine the cloning efficiency (viability). After a suitable incubation time, colonies are counted.
Download or read book Test No 476 In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Hprt and Xprt Genes written by Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test can be used to detect gene mutations induced by chemical substances. In this test, the used genetic endpoints measure mutation at hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and at a transgene of xanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT). The HPRT and XPRT mutation tests detect different spectra of genetic events. Cells in suspension or monolayer culture are exposed to, at least four analysable concentrations of the test substance, both with and without metabolic activation, for a suitable period of time. They are subcultured to determine cytotoxicity and to allow phenotypic expression prior to mutant selection. Cytotoxicity is usually determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period. The treated cultures are maintained in growth medium for a sufficient period of time, characteristic of each selected locus and cell type, to allow near-optimal phenotypic expression of induced mutations. Mutant frequency is determined by seeding known numbers of cells in medium containing the selective agent to detect mutant cells, and in medium without selective agent to determine the cloning efficiency (viability). After a suitable incubation time, colonies are counted.
Download or read book OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section 4 Test No 490 In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-29 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This TG includes two distinct in vitro mammalian gene mutation assays requiring two specific tk heterozygous cells lines: L5178Y tk+/-3.7.2C cells for the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) and TK6 tk+/- cells for the TK6 assay.
Download or read book Genetic Toxicology written by Albert P. Li and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-03-27 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic Toxicology is a comprehensive book covering the historical perspective of genetic toxicology; basic mechanisms of mutations and chromosomal effects; health consequences of genetic damage, including cancer and inheritable mutations; properties of physical, chemical, and biological mutagens; risk assessment of human exposure to genotoxicants; and the current position of some government regulatory agencies in the United States on the issues of genetic toxicology. The book will be a useful reference for students and researchers in toxicology, genetics, cancer biology, and medicine who are interested in the basic and applied principles of genetic toxicology. It will also benefit industrial toxicologists, products registration specialists, and government regulatory specialists with responsibility for the safety evaluation of industrial and environmental agents.
Download or read book Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics written by Saura C. Sahu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-05-19 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics Overview of current research and technologies in nanomaterial science as applied to omics science at the single cell level Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics is a comprehensive and authoritative compilation of the genetic processes and instructions that specifically direct individual genes to turn on or off, focusing on the developing technologies of engineering nanomaterials and their role in cell engineering which have become important research tools for pharmaceutical, biological, medical, and toxicological studies. Combining state-of-the art information on the impact of engineered nanomaterials in genomics and epigenomics, from a range of internationally recognized investigators from around the world, this edited volume offers unique insights into the current trends and future directions of research in this scientific field. Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics includes detailed information on sample topics such as: Impact of engineered nanomaterials in genomics and epigenomics, including adverse impact on glucose energy metabolism Toxicogenomics, toxicoepigenomics, genotoxicity and epigenotoxicity, and mechanisms of toxicogenomics and toxicoepigenomics Adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials on human environment and metabolomics pathways leading to ecological toxicity Meta-analysis methods to identify genomic toxicity mechanisms of engineered nanomaterials and biological effects of engineered nanomaterial exposure Artificial intelligence and machine learning of single-cell transcriptomics of engineered nanoparticles and trends in plant nano-interaction to mitigate abiotic stresses This comprehensive work is a valuable and excellent source of authoritative and up-to-date information for advanced students and researchers, toxicologists, the drug industry, risk assessors and regulators in academia, industry, and government, as well as for clinical scientists working in hospital and clinical environments.
Download or read book The Environment Animal Human Web A One Health View of Toxicological Risk Analysis written by Chiara Frazzoli and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One Health (OH) is the conceptual and operational framework that links environment, food-producing organisms and human health. OH is a developing field, that deals with the multifaceted web of feed-backs and interactions among its components. In order to avoid “drowning into complexity”, priority issues should be identified, either for research and for risk analysis. To date OH approaches have frequently pivoted on infectious agents shared among animals and humans and the related problems, such as antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, the OH scenarios include, and should increasingly include, environment-and-health problems. Food and environment do interact. Environment influences the living organisms that produce human food and, in the meanwhile, food production outputs influence the environmental quality; as for foods of animal origin, feed materials and practices are driving components of the environment-food interactions. In this book, we aimed at highlighting the importance of environment, chemical exposures and toxicological issues in the field of OH, as well as the need for multidisciplinary integration in order to support OH approaches into diseases prevention and health promotion.
Download or read book A Practical Guide to Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment written by Laura Robinson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxicology – the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms is the cornerstone to all aspects of chemical safety and knowledge of the subject is needed in a wide spectrum of fields from the chemical industry to medicine, emergency services, forensics, and regulatory science. Toxicology involves the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning ... especially the poisoning of people. The many problems arising from a poor understanding of toxicology and its applications in hazard communication and chemical safety motivated the author’s training courses and webinars, leading to this valuable book. Providing a practical and accessible guide, A Practical Guide to Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment enables readers to quickly build up knowledge and understanding of toxicology and its use in hazard identification, which is a fundamental part of chemical risk assessment. The book also covers current toxicological testing strategies and the use of physicochemical test data in hazard identification and exposure assessment. Examples are provided throughout the book to highlight important issues along with a summary of the key points that have been covered in each of the respective chapters. The book concludes with a listing of online resources on toxicology and risk assessment.
Download or read book In Vitro Toxicology written by Alok Dhawan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Vitro Toxicology details the protocols and methods of in vitro testing, highlighting the usefulness of models, methods and the cost-effectiveness and reproducibility of such methodologies. The current approaches and strategies required to develop an easy, reliable, validated and high throughput system for use in alternative animal models to circumvent in vivo testing are discussed in detail. The book also includes chapters on the principles involved in the general selection and use of models that address safety concerns, regulatory acceptance and the current understandings and strategies for the identification of biomarkers in toxicity testing. Furthermore, principles involved in the general selection and use of models that address the issues of safety concerns and regulatory acceptance of these models are discussed, making the book beneficial to students, scientists, and regulators working in toxicology, as well as those in the field of chemicals and the safety assessment of novel materials. Discusses new techniques and protocols in a clear and concise manner includes examinations of nanotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity Explains practical laboratory methods and the theories behind in vitro testing
Download or read book OECD Series on Testing and Assessment Overview on genetic toxicology TGs written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2017-04-13 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following a general update of the Genetic Toxicology TGs in 2015, the present Document was written to provide succinct and useful information to individuals unfamiliar with genetic toxicology testing, as well as experienced individuals wishing to obtain an overview of the recent changes that ...
Download or read book Toxicological Evaluation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Products written by Manuel C. Peitsch and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxicological Evaluation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Products (ENDP) discusses the scientific basis for the toxicological assessment and evaluation of ENDPs. The book covers aerosol chemistry, in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical studies. It provides the basis for the evaluation of short and long term-effects, along with relative risks. It also examines the potential role of ENDPs in tobacco harm reduction and how they may reduce the risk of disease in smokers who switch to them. This book is a comprehensive resource for toxicologists, health practitioners and public health professionals who want the scientific information necessary to assess the relative risk of ENDPs when compared with cigarette smoking and cessation. Delivers a comprehensive overview of current state of science Offers an integrated analysis of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products Provides guidance for methodologies
Download or read book Chemistry and Toxicology of Pollution written by Des W. Connell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-11-29 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the transport of pollutants through the environment and their impact on natural and human systems, fully updated to cover key topics in modern pollution science Chemistry and Toxicology of Pollution examines the interactions and adverse effects of pollution on both natural ecosystems and human health, addressing chemical, toxicological, and ecological factors at both the regional and global scale. The book is written using a conceptual framework that follows the interaction of a pollutant with the environment from distribution in the various abiotic sectors of the environment to exposure and effects on individuals and ecosystems. The authors also highlight the critical role of various socio-economic, political, and cultural aspects in achieving sustainable goals, strategies, and science-based solutions to pollution and health. This comprehensive volume covers the chemical behavior and governing principles of pollutants, their interactions with humans and ecosystems, and the methods and processes of environmental risk assessment and pollution management. Extensively revised and expanded, the second edition equips readers with the knowledge required to help lead the way towards a healthy and sustainable future. New chapters address current pollution issues such as global warming and climate change, recent advances in environmental science, the monitoring and evaluation of new and emerging pollutants, risk assessment and remediation, and innovative pollution management approaches and techniques. With in-depth material on human toxicology integrated throughout the text, Chemistry and Toxicology of Pollution: Provides an effective framework for interpreting the information produced by international, national, and local agencies Presents unifying theories and principles supported by up-to-date scientific literature Offers broad coverage of pollution science with an emphasis on North America, the UK, Europe, China, India, and Australia Discusses the similarities and differences of the impact of pollutants on the natural environment and humans Chemistry and Toxicology of Pollution, Second Edition enables readers to view pollution in its correct perspective and develop appropriate control measures. It is essential reading for scientists, academic researchers, policymakers, professionals working in industry, and advanced students in need of a clear understanding of the nature and effects of environmental pollution.
Download or read book Chemical Testing Using New Approach Methodologies NAMs written by Amy J. Clippinger and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-12-16 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-20 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies.
Download or read book The Medicinal Chemist s Guide to Solving ADMET Challenges written by Patrick Schnider and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-08-27 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medicinal chemistry is a complex science that lies at the very heart of drug discovery. Poor solubility, complex metabolism, tissue retention and slow elimination are just some of the properties of investigational compounds that present a challenge to the design and conduct of ADMET studies. Medicinal chemistry experience and knowledge relating to how a lead structure was modified to solve a specific problem is generally very challenging to retrieve. Presented in a visual and accessible style, this book provides rapid solutions to overcome the universal challenges to optimizing ADMET.
Download or read book Genotoxicity Assessment written by Alok Dhawan and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2013-07-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic toxicology is recognized by geneticists and researchers concerned with the genetic impact of man-made chemicals. In Genotoxicity Assessment: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field provide comprehensive genetic toxicology protocols. These include in vitro and in vivo protocols on mutation assays, cytogenetic techniques, and primary DNA damage, assays in alternate to animal models, and updated ICH guidelines. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, the chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Genotoxicity Assessment: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid research students and scientists working in regulatory toxicology as well as biomedical, biochemical and pharmaceutical sciences.
Download or read book Principles of Toxicology written by Stephen M. Roberts and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-04-05 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Toxicology concisely and efficiently presents the scientific basis for toxicology as it applies to the workplace and the environment, covering diverse chemical hazards encountered in modern workplaces and natural environments and providing a practical understanding of these hazards for those concerned with protecting the health of humans and ecosystems. The work presents not only theory, but also practical information regarding chemical hazards to give the student and new professional a working knowledge of the practice of toxicology and the ability to solve problems in environmental and industrial settings. Case histories and examples from industrial and environmental exposures to chemicals are included to demonstrate the application of toxicological principles. To allow for seamless reader comprehension and further exploration of covered topics, the work is supplemented with numerous illustrations to clarify and summarize key points, as well as annotated bibliographies. In the 4th edition, all chapters and references have been updated to account for the latest scientific thinking, and new color figures have been added. New topics covered in 4th Edition of Principles of Toxicology include: Regulatory toxicology, including the key regulatory framework in which much of the field of toxicology operates Alternative methods in toxicology, including cutting-edge approaches to developing new information on the toxicity of drugs and chemicals The dilemma of selecting safe exposure limits, guiding readers through practical considerations and pitfalls in developing and using safe exposure limits Ecological risk assessment, with detailed discussion of methods and considerations when evaluating the effects of contaminants on plants and animals. Providing information on the principles of toxicology and the application of those principles to solve problems in environmental and industrial settings, Principles of Toxicology serves as an excellent textbook resource for advanced undergraduate, graduate, and professional students in a range of environmental and health fields. It is also valuable to health professionals who need toxicological information and assistance beyond what is found in an introductory text to general toxicology.