Download or read book TECHNO ECONOMIC AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY BIOMASS THROUGH TORREFACTION FAST PYROLYSIS AND CATALYTIC UPGRADING written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Biofuel production through fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising conversion route in the production of biofuels compatible with existing technology. The bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis is a versatile feedstock that can be used as a heating oil or upgraded to a transportation hydrocarbon biofuel. Comparative study of a one-step, fast pyrolysis only pathway and a two-step torrefaction-fast pyrolysis pathway was carried out to evaluate the effect of torrefcation on (i) the minimum selling price of biofuel and (ii) the potential life cycle GHG emissions of the biofuel production pathway. To produce bio-oil which can serve as a substitute for heating oil from loblolly pine biomass feedstock, torrefaction at three different temperatures of 290, 310 and 330°C were investigated while fast pyrolysis occurred at 530°C. Three scenarios of producing process heat from natural gas, internal by-products biochar or torrefaction condensate were also investigated. Economic assessment showed more favorable economics for the two-step bio-oil production pathway relative to the one-step bio-oil production pathway. The lowest minimum selling price of $1.04/gal was obtained for a two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 330°C. The environmental impact assessment also showed more the two-step bio-oil production pathway to be more environmentally friendly. The lowest GWP of about -60g CO2eq was observed for the two-step pathway at torrefaction temperature of 330°C while GWP of about 36g CO2eq was observed for the one-step pathway. Relative to heavy fuel oil, the one-step and two-step pathways are more environmentally friendly with lower GWP. To produce hydrocarbon biofuel by the catalytic upgrade of bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of loblolly pine, three torrefaction temperatures of 290, 310 and 330°C were investigated with fast pyrolysis taking place at 530°C. Three scenarios of producing process heat from natural gas, internal by-products biochar or torrefaction condensate were investigated. The effect of heat integration was also examined. The economic assessment showed equal minimum selling price for the one-step hydrocarbon biofuel production pathway and a two-step pathway with torrefaction occurring at 290°C. A minimum selling price of $4.82/gal was estimated while higher torrefaction temperatures showed less favorable economics. The environmental impact assessment however showed the two-step pathway to be more environmentally friendly when compared with the one-step pathway. GWP of about -66g CO2eq was observed for the two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 330°C compared to a GWP of about 88g CO2eq obtained for the one-step. Further reduction in minimum selling price and GWP were observed with heat integration. A minimum selling price of about $4.01/gal was estimated for the one-step and two-step pathway with torrefaction taking place at 290°C while GWP of about -144 g CO2eq was observed for the two-step hydrocarbon biofuel with torrefaction temperature of 330°C.

Download or read book Biomass Biofuels Biochemicals written by Ashok Pandey and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-06-06 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes for the Production of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels, Second Edition, provides general information, basic data and knowledge on one of the most promising renewable energy sources—liquid and gaseous biofuels—and their production and application. The book delineates green technologies for abating environmental crisis and enabling the transformation into a sustainable future. It provides date-based scientific information on the most advanced and innovative technology on biofuels, as well as the process scale-up and commercialization of various liquid and gaseous biofuels, detailing the functional mechanisms involved, various operational configurations, influencing factors and integration strategies. All chapters have been updated, with new chapters covering topics of current interest, including sustainability and biohydrogen. Presents a holistic view of biofuels in research, operation, scale-up and application Widens the scope of the existing technologies, providing state-of-the-art information and knowledge Provides strategic integrations of various bioprocesses that are essential in establishing a circular biorefinery Contains interdisciplinary knowledge on the environment, molecular biology, engineering, biotechnology, microbiology and economic aspects Integrates various subjects, including biotechnology, bioengineering, molecular biology, environmental science, sustainability science and chemical engineering

Download or read book Biofuels and Bioenergy written by Baskar Gurunathan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels and Bioenergy: A Techno-Economic Approach provides an in-depth analysis of the economic aspects of biofuels production from renewable feedstock. Taking a biorefinery approach, the book analyzes a wide range of feedstocks, processes and products, including common biofuels such as bioethanol, biobutanol, biooil and biodiesel, feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass, non-edible feedstocks like vegetable oils, algae and microbial lipids, and solid and liquid wastes, performance assessments of biodiesel in diesel engine, and the latest developments in catalytic conversion and microbial electrosynthesis technologies. This book offers valuable insights into the commercial feasibility of biofuels products for researchers and students working in the area of bioenergy and renewable energy, but it is also ideal for practicing engineers in the biorefinery and biofuel industry who are looking to develop commercial products. - Focuses on an in-depth, techno-economic analysis of biofuel and bioenergy products, including all important feedstocks, processes and products, all of which are supported by industry case studies - Includes environmental impacts and lifecycle assessments of biofuels production alongside techno-economic analyses - Provides a critical guide to assessing the commercial viability and feasibility of bioenergy production from renewable sources

Download or read book Conceptual Process Design and Techno economic Assessment of Ex Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising route for the production of fungible liquid biofuels. There is significant ongoing research on the design and development of catalysts for this process. However, there are a limited number of studies investigating process configurations and their effects on biorefinery economics. Herein we present a conceptual process design with techno-economic assessment; it includes the production of upgraded bio-oil via fixed bed ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis followed by final hydroprocessing to hydrocarbon fuel blendstocks. This study builds upon previous work using fluidized bed systems, as detailed in a recent design report led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL/TP-5100-62455); overall yields are assumed to be similar, and are based on enabling future feasibility. Assuming similar yields provides a basis for easy comparison and for studying the impacts of areas of focus in this study, namely, fixed bed reactor configurations and their catalyst development requirements, and the impacts of an inline hot gas filter. A comparison with the fluidized bed system shows that there is potential for higher capital costs and lower catalyst costs in the fixed bed system, leading to comparable overall costs. The key catalyst requirement is to enable the effective transformation of highly oxygenated biomass into hydrocarbons products with properties suitable for blending into current fuels. Potential catalyst materials are discussed, along with their suitability for deoxygenation, hydrogenation and C-C coupling chemistry. This chemistry is necessary during pyrolysis vapor upgrading for improved bio-oil quality, which enables efficient downstream hydroprocessing; C-C coupling helps increase the proportion of diesel/jet fuel range product. One potential benefit of fixed bed upgrading over fluidized bed upgrading is catalyst flexibility, providing greater control over chemistry and product composition. Since this study is based on future projections, the impacts of uncertainties in the underlying assumptions are quantified via sensitivity analysis. As a result, this analysis indicates that catalyst researchers should prioritize by: carbon efficiency> catalyst cost> catalyst lifetime, after initially testing for basic operational feasibility.

Download or read book A Z of Biorefinery written by Nuttha Thongchul and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-19 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A-Z of Biorefinery: A Comprehensive View provides a comprehensive book that highlights and illustrates important topics relating to biorefineries, including associated theory, current and future research trends, available techniques and future challenges. This book will benefit a wide range of audiences, including students, engineers, scientists, practitioners, and those who are keen to explore more on biorefinery. Sections cover the availability of current technologies, constraints, market trends, recent system developments, and the concepts that enable modern biorefineries to utilize all kinds of biomass. This book is an essential resource for students, scientists, engineers and practitioners working in industry and academia. - Covers the most important topics relating to biorefineries - Provides related definitions, theories, overviews of methods, applications and important references - Offers perspectives and concise reviews for each section - Includes complete design case studies with tutorials

Download or read book Hybrid Poly generation Energy Systems written by Mehdi Mehrpooya and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-09-21 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid Poly-generation Energy Systems: Thermal Design and Exergy Analysis provides an analysis of the latest technologies and concepts of hybrid energy systems, focusing on thermal applications. The book guides readers through an introduction to hybrid poly-generation systems and the storage options available before working through the types of hybrid systems, including solar, fuel cells, combustion, and heating and cooling. An analysis of the economic and environmental impact of each system is included, as well as methods and approaches for exergy and energy improvement analysis. This book can be used as a tool for understanding new concepts in this emerging field and as a reference for researchers and professionals working on the integrated cogeneration of power systems. - Guides the reader through hybrid processes they can apply to their own system designs - Explains operational processes and includes multiple examples of optimization techniques - Includes renewable energy sources, CO2 capturing processes in combined systems and advanced exergy analysis methods

Download or read book Biotechnology in the generation of biofuels written by Maria del Pilar Rodriguez-Torres and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-08 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book approaches biofuels from a new biotechnological perspective with the aim of equipping researchers with a thorough, up-to-date understanding of biofuel research and related technologies. Topics include biomethane, bioethanol, biobutanol, biomass, hydrolysis, bio-oil, microbiology, and many more. Biofuel research has evolved mechanisms to advance their utilization and their application in our system. The chapters will provide concise and up-to-date information to aid our understanding of biotechnology-related implications of biofuels development and its advancements. Readers in the areas of bioengineering, sustainability, renewable energies and biotechnology will find this work useful to widen their knowledge and perspectives on biofuels.

Download or read book Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Pyrolysis Oil Upgrade Technologies written by Yetunde Elizabeth Sorunmu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Greenhouse gases are the leading contributors of climate change. The global rise of CO2 over the years, has urged an interest in government and researchers to find means of CO2 mitigation. Research has found that advanced biofuels can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 90%. Advanced biofuels can be produced from various routes, such as pyrolysis, gasification and torrefaction - with each route having limitations that hinder commercialization. A major limitation of pyrolysis-based advanced fuels also known as pyrolysis fuels, is their excessive cost of production due to their oxygenated structure; hence, their inability to be an infrastructure compatible market-ready fuel. In order to overcome this limitation, there is the need to deoxygenate the pyrolysis fuel. This thesis evaluates the environmental and economic sustainability of alternative pyrolysis oil upgrade technologies using life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA). The objective of this thesis is realized by completing three tasks: (1) examining the environmental and cost tradeoffs of the isolation and extraction of value added chemicals from tail gas reactive pyrolysis oil upgrade in comparison to the conventional hydrodeoxygenation upgrade (2) evaluating the implications of configuration, scale and hydrogen supply in alternative pyrolysis upgrade systems using life cycle assessment and (3) evaluating environmental, economic and technological aspects of alternative pyrolysis oil upgrading strategies Herein, we evaluate two emerging pyrolysis oil upgrade technologies; isolation and distillation of tail gas reactive pyrolysis (TGRP) oil and electrochemical deoxygenation (EDOx), and compare them to widely cited alternative technologies such as hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and catalytic fast pyrolysis. We capitalize on some of the benefits of these emerging technologies; such as, the value-added coproducts in the TGRP process as well as the oxygen coproduced and the limited use of hydrogen in the EDOx process. Another main factor that sets these emerging technologies apart from the existing technologies is the smaller scale of 200MTPD in the TGRP process and 300 MTPD in the EDOx process compared to the larger scale (2000 MTPD) of the HDO process. In this thesis, we treat these co-products using system expansion in LCA and weigh in their value in the overall economics through measures like minimum fuel selling price (MFSP). The life cycle GHG emissions from the TGRP and EDOx processes, indicate reductions of 88% to 95% of emissions from petroleum-based fuels compared to 53% to 75% GHG reduction from the HDO processes and 89% to 90% from the catalytic pyrolysis processes. Also, The TEA results reveal that, even though the emerging technologies have a high minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $1.8 L-1 compared to the existing technologies of ($0.54 L-1 to $1.65 L-1), if the social cost of carbon is credited as a revenue, the TGRP of upgraded fuel cost can be reduced to $0.65 L-1, a price that is close to being economically competitive to petroleum- based fuels ($0.47 L-1 to $0.48 L-1).

Download or read book Biomass Wastes for Sustainable Industrial Applications written by Chandrabhan Verma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-11-26 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this edited volume, Verma and Dubey collate important discussions from international researchers to address major innovations in the sustainable industrial applications of biomass wastes, including processing fundamentals, extraction, purification, properties, and industrial applications. The amount of biomass waste is rising quickly, and such waste offers numerous advantages for sustainable development, particularly for environmentally friendly industrial use. This book therefore addresses this situation by providing a comprehensive overview of the sustainable industrial uses of biomass wastes. To enable ease of use and to facilitate readers’ ability to implement this information in real-world contexts, the book is divided into three sections. First, the introduction discusses biomass wastes and their classification, processing, sustainability, and more as well as the production of bioproducts. The second part addresses classification in more detail in contexts, including forestry, agriculture, animal, industrial, municipal, and food processing wastes. Last, the third section addresses applications in areas such as electricity generation; lubrication, adhesion, and anticorrosion; green energy storage; catalysis; and more. Through this approach, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities of biomass wastes and will be able to apply their knowledge in a range of contexts, whether in further research or in industrial and other real-world scenarios. This book is a vital resource for a broad readership, including students, academics, research professionals, research enterprises, R&D, and defence research laboratories. Especially, those researching and working in fields such as chemical engineering, material science and engineering, nanotechnology, energy, and environmental engineering will benefit greatly from the discussions within.

Download or read book EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF SUSTAINABLE FAST PYROLYSIS BIOFUELS FROM WOODY BIOMASS written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Biofuels are an important advancement in alternative energy that can provide substantial environmental benefits compared to their conventional fossil fuel counterparts Said benefits are usually measured using life cycle assessments. However, it is not well understood yet how different methodological choices such as system boundaries, biomass feedstocks, conversion pathways, geographical data, etc. affect the conclusions drawn from biofuels LCA. This research shows large variability in life cycle assessment results and limits comparison across different biofuel pathways due to methodological choices set forth by policy and certification schemes. Advanced biofuels have not reached large scale production due to a limited understanding of thermochemical conversion of various feedstocks and the cost of these feedstocks. To address the issues of feedstock cost, municipal solid waste (MS) was evaluated as a feedstock for the production of bio-oil via fast pyrolysis. MSW (paper waste, grass clippings, fiberboard, waferboard, microllam, plywood) produced similar yields as that of its traditional feedstocks (switchgrass, corn stover and hybrid poplar). Bio-oil yields ranged from 58% to 77% for the MSW feedstocks. The woody waste had the highest yields and the largest production of lignin derived compounds while the paper waste had higher levels of carbohydrate derived compounds and lower yields. To understand how controlled variations in feedstock affected bio-oil speciation, 8 genetically different hybrid poplar samples with increasing lignin content from 17%-22% were pyrolyzed at 500°C, 550°C and 600°C. The purpose of this work was to evaluate how the effect of increasing lignin content with respect to increasing temperature affects product distribution and bio-oil speciation. With increasing lignin content at 500°C the char yield increased from 17.5% to 27.2% and the bio-oil yield decreased from 73% to 65%. With increasing temperature the increase in lignin, allowed for a higher percentage of lignin derived compounds within the bio-oil. To gain a better understanding into biomass degradation, kinetic data was obtained using a micropyrolysis GC/MS experimental set-up. This data was quantified and the mass of bio-oil species produced with respect to time was calculated. The kinetic data showed that hemicellulose derived bio-oil compounds such as acetic acid was produced in large quantities initially, whereas lignin derived compounds such as methyl syringol had a delay in production and took a longer time to reach maximum production. Application of a first order exponential decay model and a six-step degradation model were applied to the data. The first order exponential decay model was insufficient for capturing the initial production of the bio-oil compounds. The six stage degradation model fit the data very well and was able to give insight into biomass degradation with respect to the stoichiometric parameters. These parameters showed that hemicellulose degrades first and then cellulose and lignin degrade at later times agreeing with previous literature. These data along with the application of the six stage degradation model gives a better understanding of biomass degradation with the use of a semi-empirical model. Overall this work shows that MSW and hybrid poplar bio-oil produced via fast pyrolysis are a viable option for the production of biofuels and contributes to the overall knowledge needed for the implementation and advancement within the biofuel industry

Download or read book Life Cycle Assessments LCAs of Pyrolysis based Gasoline and Diesel from Different Regional Feedstocks written by Matthew J. Mihalek and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable hydrocarbon biofuels are being investigated as possible alternatives to conventional liquid transportation fossil fuels like gasoline, kerosene (aviation fuel), and diesel. A diverse range of biomass feedstocks such as corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass, waste wood, and algae, are being evaluated as candidates for pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading to produce drop-in hydrocarbon fuels. This research has developed preliminary life cycle assessments (LCA) for each feedstock-specific pathway and compared the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the hydrocarbon biofuels to current fossil fuels. As a comprehensive study, this analysis attempts to account for all of the GHG emissions associated with each feedstock pathway through the entire life cycle. Emissions from all stages including feedstock production, land use change, pyrolysis, stabilizing the pyrolysis oil for transport and storage, and upgrading the stabilized pyrolysis oil to a hydrocarbon fuel are included. In addition to GHG emissions, the energy requirements and water use have been evaluated over the entire life cycle. The goal of this research is to help understand the relative advantages and disadvantages of the feedstocks and the resultant hydrocarbon biofuels based on three environmental indicators; GHG emissions, energy demand, and water utilization. Results indicate that liquid hydrocarbon biofuels produced through this pyrolysis-based pathway can achieve greenhouse gas emission savings of greater than 50% compared to petroleum fuels, thus potentially qualifying these biofuels under the US EPA RFS2 program. GHG emissions from biofuels ranged from 10.7-74.3 g/MJ from biofuels derived from sugarcane bagasse and wild algae at the extremes of this range, respectively. The cumulative energy demand (CED) shows that energy in every biofuel process is primarily from renewable biomass and the remaining energy demand is mostly from fossil fuels. The CED for biofuel range from 1.25-3.25 MJ/MJ from biofuels derived from sugarcane bagasse to wild algae respectively, while the other feedstock-derived biofuels are around 2 MJ/MJ. Water utilization is primarily from cooling water use during the pyrolysis stage if irrigation is not used during the feedstock production stage. Water use ranges from 1.7 - 17.2 gallons of water per kg of biofuel from sugarcane bagasse to open pond algae, respectively.

Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by A. V. Bridgwater and published by Cpl Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited and updated version of the final report of the IEA Bioenergy Pyrolysis Task, is useful both to newcomers to the subject area and those already involved in research, development, and implementation.

Download or read book Life Cycle Assessment of Biorefineries written by Edgard Gnansounou and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-12-20 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life-Cycle Assessment of Biorefineries, the sixth and last book in the series on biomass-biorefineries discusses the unprecedented growth and development in the emerging concept of a global bio-based economy in which biomass-based biorefineries have attained center stage for the production of fuels and chemicals. It is envisaged that by 2020 a majority of chemicals currently being produced through a chemical route will be produced via a bio-based route. Agro-industrial residues, municipal solid wastes, and forestry wastes have been considered as the most significant feedstocks for such bio-refineries. However, for the techno-economic success of such biorefineries, it is of prime and utmost importance to understand their lifecycle assessment for various aspects. - Provides state-of-art information on the basics and fundamental principles of LCA for biorefineries - Contains key features for the education and understanding of integrated biorefineries - Presents models that are used to cope with land-use changes and their effects on biorefineries - Includes relevant case studies that illustrate main points

Download or read book EFFECTS OF CO PRODUCT USES ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF HYDROCARBON BIOFUEL FROM ONE AND TWO STEP PYROLYSIS OF POPLAR written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : This study investigated the environmental and economic sustainability of liquid hydrocarbon biofuel production via fast pyrolysis of poplar biomass through two pathways: a one-step pathway that converted poplar via fast pyrolysis only, and a twostep pathway that includes a torrefaction step prior to fast pyrolysis. Optimization of these fast pyrolysis-based biofuel processes were investigated through heat integration and alternative uses of the co-product biochar, which can be sold as an energy source to displace coal, soil amendment or processed into activated carbon. The impacts of optimization on the cost of hydrocarbon biofuel production as well as the environmental impacts were investigated through a techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), respectively, with two-step and one-step processing compared to fossil fuels. The TEA indicates that a one-step heat integrated pathway with the production of activated carbon has a minimum selling price of $3.23/gallon compared to $5.16/gallon for a two-step heat integrated process with burning of the co-product biochar to displace coal. The LCA indicates that using the displacement analysis approach, a two-step heat integrated pathway had a global warming potential of -102 g CO2 equivalent/MJ biofuel compared to 16 CO2 equivalent/MJ biofuel for the heat integrated one-step pathway.

Download or read book Techno Economics and Life Cycle Analysis of Upgrading Woody Biomass to Diesel Blendstock written by Aysan Najd Mazhar and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Techno economic Analysis of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis to Transportation Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study develops techno-economic models for assessment of the conversion of biomass to valuable fuel products via fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. The upgrading process produces a mixture of naphtha-range (gasoline blend stock) and diesel-range (diesel blend stock) products. This study analyzes the economics of two scenarios: onsite hydrogen production by reforming bio-oil, and hydrogen purchase from an outside source. The study results for an nth plant indicate that petroleum fractions in the naphtha distillation range and in the diesel distillation range are produced from corn stover at a product value of $3.09/gal ($0.82/liter) with onsite hydrogen production or $2.11/gal ($0.56/liter) with hydrogen purchase. These values correspond to a $0.83/gal ($0.21/liter) cost to produce the bio-oil. Based on these nth plant numbers, product value for a pioneer hydrogen-producing plant is about $6.55/gal ($1.73/liter) and for a pioneer hydrogen-purchasing plant is about $3.41/gal ($0.92/liter). Sensitivity analysis identifies fuel yield as a key variable for the hydrogen-production scenario. Biomass cost is important for both scenarios. Changing feedstock cost from $50-$100 per short ton changes the price of fuel in the hydrogen production scenario from $2.57-$3.62/gal ($0.68-$0.96/liter).

Download or read book Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels written by Gaur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-05-28 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Presents 100 samples of organic substances characterized under identical conditions by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in addition to proximate analysis-providing accurate information essential in research and engineering applications related to fuel preparation. Discusses nonisothermal kinetic techniques, mathematical models, and other parameter estimation procedures that facilitate the extrapolation of results obtained under various conditions-including the Gaur and Reed method, an important advance in understanding the kinetics of thermal data!"