Download or read book Targeting the Immune System to Treat Hepatitis B Virus Infection written by Mengji Lu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-04-06 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hepatitis B Virus and Liver Disease written by Jia-Horng Kao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the art review of HBV infection and liver disease. It discusses new data on basic and translational medicine, including the viral life cycle, the immunopathogenesis of virus-induced chronic hepatitis, viral and host genetic factors affecting disease progression, and the mechanism of virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, as well as their potential applications in daily clinical practice. The clinical aspects of chronic HBV infection are examined in chapters on the global epidemiology, efficacy of HBV vaccination, natural history, co-infections with HCV, HDV or HIV, and management of special populations including children, pregnant women and patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Further, it describes the advances and perspectives in the development of novel antiviral treatments as possible cures for HBV infection. The book is a valuable resource for medical students, physicians, and researchers who are interested in managem ent of patients with chronic HBV infection and investigation of HBV infection.

Download or read book Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment written by Joseph M. Colacino and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic viral hepatitis has emerged as one of the most common causes of disease and death worldwide. Because of their unique modes of replication and intimate association with the host immune system, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) pose challenging problems to scientists in basic and applied research as well as to clinicians engaged in disease management. Although approved antiviral therapy is available for chronic HBV, the emergence of viral resistance provides a rationale for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents. The lack of a robust cell culture system for HCV replication and a readily accessible small-animal model of HCV infection have hampered the development of antiviral agents for HCV. Neverthe-less, new antiviral agents targeting HCV are now in preclinical and clinical development. This monograph, providing an up-to-date overview of the field of Hepatitis Prevention and Treatment, includes contributions from internationally recognized experts in the field of viral hepatitis, and covers the current state of knowledge and practice regarding the molecular biology, immunology, biochemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of chronic HBV and HCV infection. The volume includes salient topics such as: the history and epidemiology of HBV and HCV; recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of viral replication; the host immune response to infection and a discussion of the use (HBV) or potential development (HCV) of vaccines; the current standard of care for chronically-infected patients; and emerging therapies and issues associated with current antiviral treatments. The latest information to researchers and clinicians actively engaged in viral hepatitis research is provided, but also sufficient background and discussion of the literature to benefit the newcomer to the field.

Download or read book Hepatitis B Virus in Human Diseases written by Yun-Fan Liaw and published by Humana. This book was released on 2015-11-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text provides a comprehensive, state-of-the art review of this field, and will serve as a valuable resource for students, clinicians, and researchers with an interest in hepatitis B. The book reviews new data about basic and translational science including the viral life cycle, the immunopathogenesis of virus induced chronic hepatitis, the mechanism of virus induced liver cancer, and their potential applications for the clinical management of patients. The clinical aspects of this chronic viral infection are reviewed in detail with important chapters on the global epidemiology, the natural history of the disease, co-infections with its satellite virus HDV or HIV, and management of special patient populations. A major emphasis is made on the management of antiviral therapy and the recent international guidelines for the treatment of hepatitis B. Finally, the book reviews the current state of the art regarding immunoprophylaxis to prevent the spread of the virus and its major clinical consequences. The new advances and perspectives in the development of improved antiviral treatments are also discussed. Hepatitis B Virus in Human Diseases will serve as a very useful resource for students, physicians and researchers dealing with, and interested in, this challenging chronic viral infection. It will provide a concise yet comprehensive summary of the current status of the field that will help guide patient management and stimulate investigative efforts. All chapters are written by experts in their fields and include the most up to date scientific and clinical information.

Download or read book Comprehensive Insights into Hepatitis B Pathogenesis Management and Future Directions written by Dr. Spineanu Eugenia and published by Dr. Spineanu Eugenia. This book was released on with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Comprehensive Insights into Hepatitis B: Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions" delves into the intricate landscape of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), offering a comprehensive exploration encompassing viral pathogenesis, advanced management strategies, and the horizon of future research. This treatise meticulously dissects the viral life cycle, immune responses, and mechanisms underlying disease progression, unraveling the complexities of HBV infection. From innovative therapeutic modalities targeting viral eradication to precision medicine approaches tailoring treatments based on individual factors, this treatise navigates the diverse realms of HBV management. It unravels cutting-edge immunotherapies, emerging vaccines, and potential breakthroughs, offering a glimpse into the promising future of HBV control and eradication. Crafted by experts in the field, this treatise not only explores the current landscape of HBV but also outlines future research trajectories. It highlights crucial areas such as biomarkers, diagnostic tools, public health interventions, and collaborative approaches, envisioning a comprehensive framework for combatting HBV on a global scale. "Comprehensive Insights into Hepatitis B: Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions" serves as an indispensable guide for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals seeking a deeper understanding of HBV. SEO-optimized and meticulously crafted, this treatise stands as an invaluable resource, offering profound insights, innovative strategies, and a roadmap towards transformative advancements in HBV management and public health initiatives.

Download or read book Eliminating the Public Health Problem of Hepatitis B and C in the United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hepatitis B and C cause most cases of hepatitis in the United States and the world. The two diseases account for about a million deaths a year and 78 percent of world's hepatocellular carcinoma and more than half of all fatal cirrhosis. In 2013 viral hepatitis, of which hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most common types, surpassed HIV and AIDS to become the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The world now has the tools to prevent hepatitis B and cure hepatitis C. Perfect vaccination could eradicate HBV, but it would take two generations at least. In the meantime, there is no cure for the millions of people already infected. Conversely, there is no vaccine for HCV, but new direct-acting antivirals can cure 95 percent of chronic infections, though these drugs are unlikely to reach all chronically-infected people anytime soon. This report, the first of two, examines the feasibility of hepatitis B and C elimination in the United States and identifies critical success factors. The phase two report will outline a strategy for meeting the elimination goals discussed in this report.

Download or read book The Role of the Innate Immune System in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection written by Dilipkumar Thomas Ratnam and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global burden of Hepatitis B virus infection remains high despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine and potent antiviral agents. It is estimated 350-400 million people are chronically infected, and consequently at risk of developing the complications of cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The host immune system appears to be a major determinant of the impact of HBV infection in a given individual, influencing the risk of viral persistence following acute infection, the different phases of chronic infection, and also mediating much of the virus associated liver injury. In addition, immunomodulatory therapy comprises one of the major classes of treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Much of the early focus centred on the adaptive immune system, however recently there has been increasing interest in the role of innate immune mechanisms. Equipped with a broad range of pattern recognition receptors, effector cells and a variety of secreted immunomodulatory and antiviral cytokines, this arm of the host immune system appears ideally positioned to both mediate the immediate antiviral response and direct the adaptive immune response. However, despite the recognition of its potential importance, the mechanisms that underlie innate immune function in CHB remain poorly defined. Interferon-[alpha] is a key mediator of the innate immune system and was the first recognised effective treatment for CHB. Pegylated Interferon-[alpha] (Peg-IFN) is now the preferred formulation, but despite offering the advantage of a fixed treatment course and potential for durable responses is used far less commonly than nucleos(t)ide analogues due to lower rates of viral suppression and a less favourable adverse event profile. Such concerns are further heightened by a lack of published data relating to its use in a real world setting where outcomes are often poorer than in controlled studies. The first aim of this thesis was to perform a real world study of CHB patients treated with Peg-IFN to determine its viability as a therapeutic option in day to day clinical practice. In a large multicenter cohort, the observed rate of HBeAg to Anti-HBe seroconversion was 32%, similar to that of multiple large controlled trials. In these HBeAg positive patients the HBV DNA suppression rates below both the detectable threshold of 351 IU/ml and the widely used cutoff of 2000 IU/ml were 22% and 16% respectively. In the HBeAg negative patients, the corresponding rates of viral suppression were 37% and 50% which compare favourably to the published literature. In a subset of patients followed for 2 years after completion of therapy, the durability of the viral suppresion ranged from 50-75%. Concerns regarding the tolerability of Peg-IFN in a real world setting did not bear out in this study, with over 90% of patients completing the 48 week treatment course and only 2 patients experiencing significant AEs. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the most potent cellular producers of IFN-[alpha] in the peripheral blood, and together with myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) are considered sentinels of the innate immune system. Like much of this arm of host immunity, the activity and function of both subsets is mediated predominantly through the family of toll like receptors (TLR). The second aim of this thesis was to examine TLR mediated function of DCs in the setting of CHB. Myeloid DC production of the TNF-[alpha] in response to TLR2 stimulation was found to be reduced in patients with HBeAg positive CHB compared to HBeAg negative patients and controls, a finding not previously described. This is consistent with previous studies that suggest the HBeAg appears to target TLR2 in CHB as part of a strategy by the virus to avoid immune detection and clearance. No changes were noted in the mDC response to TLR4 signalling despite evidence that this receptor may be a mediator of tissue damage in other models of liver disease. Plasmacytoid DC IFN-[alpha] production in response to stimulation with Influenza virus which acts through TLR7 was significantly impaired across all stages of CHB independent of viral load, HBeAg status or ALT. Similar findings have been described in relation to pDC TLR9 signalling, and together suggest a major functional impairment involving key components of the innate immune system in CHB.Natural killer cells are another key mediator of the innate immune system and have a capacity for both antiviral activity as well as tissue damage. The precise role of NK cells in CHB remains unclear, particularly in relation to TLR signalling. In a series of experiments, NK cells were shown to produce IFN-[gamma] in response to PBMC stimulation with agonists of TLRs 3, 4, 7/8 and 9. The cytokine response to TLR9 was significantly impaired in CHB patients compared to controls. Further experiments suggested this impairment involved indirect pathways mediated through IFN-[alpha]. In contrast, the NK cell capacity to upregulate the activation marker CD69 in response to TLR9 stimulation was not affected in CHB, raising the possibility that other aspects of NK cell function such as the capacity to mediate tissue injury remain intact.In an effort to understand the wider impact of TLR dysfunction in CHB, the IFN-[gamma] responses of naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NKT cells to TLR agonists were also examined. All cellular subsets produced cytokine in response to PBMC stimulation with TLR 3,4,7/8 and 9 agonists, but no differences were noted in these responses between CHB patients and controls. Studies involving HBV specific T cells may be required to further understand the impact of TLR dysfunction on the adaptive immune systemIn conclusion, this thesis provides a number of insights into the significance of the innate immune system in CHB. TLR mediated changes in DCs and NK cells favour viral persistence rather than clearance through impaired type 1 IFN production. The functional dichotomy observed in NK cells in response to TLR 9 supports a model where activated NK cells may still have the potential to mediate tissue damage despite impaired antiviral activity. Such insights have the potential to further contribute to the ongoing development of immunotherapies that are likely to hold the most promise in achieving the goal of sustained viral clearance.

Download or read book Hepatitis and Liver Cancer written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-05-23 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global epidemic of hepatitis B and C is a serious public health problem. Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. In the next 10 years, 150,000 people in the United States will die from liver disease or liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. People most at risk for hepatitis B and C often are the least likely to have access to medical services. Reducing the rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved access to medical care. Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Although federal public health officials recommend that all newborns, children, and at-risk adults receive the vaccine, about 46,000 new acute cases of the HBV infection emerge each year, including 1,000 in infants who acquire the infection during birth from their HBV-positive mothers. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, which is transmitted by direct exposure to infectious blood. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer identifies missed opportunities related to the prevention and control of HBV and HCV infections. The book presents ways to reduce the numbers of new HBV and HCV infections and the morbidity and mortality related to chronic viral hepatitis. It identifies priorities for research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials, stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations.

Download or read book Liver Disease in Children written by Frederick J. Suchy and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-18 with total page 875 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liver disease in children is increasing in prevalence, placing a huge burden on healthcare systems and often requiring long-term management. Offering an integrative approach to the science and clinical practice of pediatric hepatology, this is the definitive reference text for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. In the new edition of this authoritative text, chapters have been thoroughly revised in line with major advances in the field, such as recognizing the increased frequency of fatty liver disease, and how genetic testing has the potential to establish earlier diagnoses for a variety of diseases. Disorders covered include cholestasis, metabolic disorders and hepatitis, with their presentation across the spectrum of infancy, childhood and adolescence discussed. The indications and surgical aspects of liver transplant are explained and post-transplant care is described in detail. This is a valuable resource for pediatricians, hepatologists, gastroenterologists and all clinicians involved in the care of children with liver diseases.

Download or read book Guidelines on Hepatitis B and C Testing written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Testing and diagnosis of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection is the gateway for access to both prevention and treatment services, and is a crucial component of an effective response to the hepatitis epidemic. Early identification of persons with chronic HBV or HCV infection enables them to receive the necessary care and treatment to prevent or delay progression of liver disease. Testing also provides an opportunity to link people to interventions to reduce transmission, through counselling on risk behaviors and provision of prevention commodities (such as sterile needles and syringes) and hepatitis B vaccination. These are the first WHO guidelines on testing for chronic HBV and HCV infection and complement published guidance by WHO on the prevention, care and treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection. These guidelines outline the public health approach to strengthening and expanding current testing practices for HBV and HCV, and are intended for use across age groups and populations.

Download or read book Viral Immunology and Immunopathology written by Abner Louis Notkins and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral Immunology and Immunopathalogy covers topics concerning the role of cellular and humoral immunity in viral infections, factors responsible for the persistence and recurrence of viral infections in the presence of immunity, mechanisms of viral immunopathology, and concepts in the development of vaccines. The book describes the history of viral immunology; the synthesis and properties of viral antigens; and the humoral immune response to viruses. The text also discusses the mechanisms of viral neutralization; cellular immunity; the role of inflammatory cells and effector molecules in combating viral infections; and the genetic control of resistance. The book concludes with chapters on herd immunity; viral immunopathology; and viral immunology and immunopathology. Immunologists, pathologists, virologists, and microbiologists will find the book useful.

Download or read book Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Mechanisms In Disease And Novel Strategies For Therapy written by Wolfgang Helmut Caselmann and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1998-06-30 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers both the molecular aspects of hepatitis B virus replication and gene expression in vivo and in model systems, and the clinical impact of genetic variants or immunological response in chronic infection. Major emphasis is laid on the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatitis B virus-associated liver carcinogenesis and their possible relevance to therapy and to the prevention of infection. Rational approaches to design novel vaccines or cytokine treatments, as well as strategies to develop vectors for liver-directed gene therapy, are discussed.

Download or read book Liver Pathophysiology written by Pablo Muriel and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 917 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liver Pathophysiology: Therapies and Antioxidants is a complete volume on morphology, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and treatment of liver diseases. It uses an integral approach towards the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of hepatic injury, and how their deleterious effects may be abrogated by the use of antioxidants. Written by the most prominent authors in the field, this book will be of use to basic and clinical scientists and clinicians working in the biological sciences, especially those dedicated to the study and treatment of liver pathologies. Presents the most recent advances in hepatology, with a special focus on the role of oxidative stress in liver injury. Provides in vivo and in vitro models to study human liver pathology. Explains the beneficial effects of antioxidants on liver diseases. Contains the most recent and modern treatments of hepatic pathologies, including, but not limited to, stem cells repopulation, gene therapy and liver transplantation.

Download or read book Liver Immunology written by M. Eric Gershwin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-19 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liver Immunology: Principles and Practice, Second Edition begins with important information about the epidemiology and mortality of liver disease worldwide. This information is followed by chapters related to basic immunology, application of liver immunology for diagnosis, and several excellent chapters that provide a solid foundation for understanding immune-mediated liver disease, including those associated with the biliary tree. A chapter on non-hepatic manifestations of immune mediated liver disease helps provide context for how these diseases affect the patient overall. In addition, chapters discuss various discrete immunologically-mediated infectious liver disorders including those related to bacteria, parasites, and all of the classic viruses. Chapters on the traditional autoimmune liver diseases -- primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis as well as overlap syndrome – are also included. The breadth of this comprehensive second edition is highlighted by chapters on alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and drug-induced liver disease, among others. This invaluable new edition ends with a forward-looking view of future directions and how the field might meet the challenge of refractory patients. Developed by a renowned group of authors, Liver Immunology: Principles and Practice, Second Edition will again serve as a comprehensive textbook by providing an excellent overview for this rapidly evolving field. It greatly adds to the understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, while also providing novel insights that can be harnessed into helping improve the care of patients afflicted with various immune-mediated diseases. This volume will again be a must-read for clinicians at all levels, investigators and students.

Download or read book Hepatitis B Virus written by Haitao Guo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Liver written by Irwin M. Arias and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 1156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the gap between basic scientific advances and the understanding of liver disease — the extensively revised new edition of the premier text in the field. The latest edition of The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology remains a definitive volume in the field of hepatology, relating advances in biomedical sciences and engineering to understanding of liver structure, function, and disease pathology and treatment. Contributions from leading researchers examine the cell biology of the liver, the pathobiology of liver disease, the liver’s growth, regeneration, metabolic functions, and more. Now in its sixth edition, this classic text has been exhaustively revised to reflect new discoveries in biology and their influence on diagnosing, managing, and preventing liver disease. Seventy new chapters — including substantial original sections on liver cancer and groundbreaking advances that will have significant impact on hepatology — provide comprehensive, fully up-to-date coverage of both the current state and future direction of hepatology. Topics include liver RNA structure and function, gene editing, single-cell and single-molecule genomic analyses, the molecular biology of hepatitis, drug interactions and engineered drug design, and liver disease mechanisms and therapies. Edited by globally-recognized experts in the field, this authoritative volume: Relates molecular physiology to understanding disease pathology and treatment Links the science and pathology of the liver to practical clinical applications Features 16 new “Horizons” chapters that explore new and emerging science and technology Includes plentiful full-color illustrations and figures The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, Sixth Edition is an indispensable resource for practicing and trainee hepatologists, gastroenterologists, hepatobiliary and liver transplant surgeons, and researchers and scientists in areas including hepatology, cell and molecular biology, virology, and drug metabolism.

Download or read book Virus induced Immunopathology written by Morris Pollard and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: