Download or read book Systematic Review on the Adverse Effects of Traffic Related Air Pollution on Respiratory Health in Children written by Sau-Kei Angel Lam and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Systematic Review on the Adverse Effects of Traffic Related Air Pollution on Respiratory Health in Children" by Sau-kei, Angel, Lam, 林秀琪, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the impacts of traffic related air pollution (TRAP) on children's respiratory health, and to investigate the policies and regulations implemented in other countries and the suggestions from the World Health Organization (WHO) to tackle this problem. Methods and Results: Using relevant keywords, 122 articles were acquired from PubMed and 15 were from MEDLINE via EBSCO host respectively. The articles were published between 1980 to 2013; all of which had examined the impacts of TRAP on children's respiratory health. After assessing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 articles were finally included in this systematic review. Differences in demographic characteristics were studied and compared to determine the association between TRAP exposure and respiratory health impacts on children aged between 1 and 18. Four cross-section surveys and five cohort studies were selected in this review. The association between TRAP exposure and differences in children's respiratory impacts were demonstrated in all studies. Multiple outcome measures were used to examine changes of children's respiratory health such as the decline in lung function, incidences of asthma and inflammatory responses. There were 4 out of 9 articles suggesting the decline in lung function was related to TRAP exposure; 5 out of 9 articles showed the relationships between incidences of asthma and inflammatory responses and TRAP exposure and 2 articles mentioned other respiratory symptoms; notably, wheezing and sneezing, runny and stuffed nose. This review finally summarized the results of selected articles stressing that children who lived close to roadway within a 500 meter radius from home, with an early exposure to air pollution in the first year of age and a frequent exposure to heavy road traffic and outdoor air pollutants would experience greater impacts on respiratory health. Conclusion: The positive association between the impacts on children's respiratory health and TRAP exposure has been determined through this systematic review. Stricter emission control strategies and updated guidelines are required to regulate traffic emission and improve air quality in order to reduce harm and provide a better living environment for our next generations. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5098637 Subjects: Air - Pollution - Health aspects Children - Health and hygiene Respiratory organs - Diseases

Download or read book Systematic Review on the Adverse Effects of Traffic Related Air Pollution on Respiratory Health in Children written by 林秀琪 and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Health Effects of Transport related Air Pollution written by Michal Krzyzanowski and published by WHO Regional Office Europe. This book was released on 2005 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases related to the air pollution caused by road transport affect tens of thousands of people in the WHO Europe region each year. This publication considers the policy challenges involved in the need to reduce the related risks to public health and the environment, whilst meeting socio-economic requirements for effective transport systems. It sets out a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution, including factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the health effects, and suggestions for policy actions and further research.

Download or read book Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects

Download or read book Traffic related Air Pollution written by Health Effects Institute. Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Respiratory Diseases in Women written by S. Buist and published by European Respiratory Society. This book was released on 2003-06-01 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Present day insights into the relationship between gender and health emphasise the necessity of taking sex and gender differences into consideration. Sex refers to biological characteristics such as chromosomes, physiology and anatomy that distinguish females and males. Gender refers to the array of socially constructed roles and relationships, personality traits, attitudes, behaviours and values that society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis. In health-related research both sex differences and differences resulting from gender are implied. Sex can determine differential propen.

Download or read book Air Pollution and Health Effects written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Traffic Related Air Pollution on Cognitive Functions and Behavior in Humans written by Samantha Kate Stone and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "The Effects of Traffic-related Air Pollution on Cognitive Functions and Behavior in Humans: a Systematic Review" by Samantha Kate, Stone, 石敏樂, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Objective To investigate whether traffic pollutants have any effect on human cognitive functions and behavior by performing a systematic review on existing research studies. Methods Research articles were identified through four databases - CINAHL Plus, Academic Search Premier and MEDLINE via EBSCOhost and Pubmed using the online electronic resources of the libraries of the Hong Kong University. A total of 119 articles from Pubmed and 86 articles from EBSCOhost were identified, and 72 and 64 studies after limits were applied. The studies used a variety of measures to assess the effects of traffic-related air pollution and cognitive functions and behaviors in both children and adults. Results There were 19 articles in total in the systematic review - 13 on children (aged from 1- 17 years) and six on adults (aged from 26 - 83.5 years). Data were employed from nine different countries. Although there were some discrepancies in the results, there was evidence of the effects of traffic-related air pollution on the brain. Conclusions The causal relationship between traffic-related air pollution and cognitive decline cannot be clearly determined. The systematic review however, generated evidence to support the hypothesis that traffic-related air pollution may affect cognitive development in children, increase risks of behavioral disorders in both children and adults, and increase the rate of cognitive decline in older adults. As a result, this systematic review suggests that the research findings have important implications in the development of public health policy and practice. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5098854 Subjects: Human behavior Air - Pollution - Health aspects Cognition

Download or read book The Influence of Traffic related Air Pollution on Infant and Child Health written by Gavin Francis Pereira and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated abstract] According to the fetal origins hypothesis, our health is influenced not only by diet, exercise or genes inherited at conception but also by the exposures experienced in utero, which happen to be well represented by fetal growth. It is widely accepted that exposure to toxic agents during pregnancy restricts fetal growth; with repeated acute exposure to tobacco smoke being one of the most well documented examples. However, the influence of cumulative long-term exposure to typically lower levels of air pollutants is less well understood. In most urbanised locations, motor vehicles are the single largest contributor to anthropogenic ambient air pollution. This thesis investigates the association between restricted fetal growth and exposure to motor vehicle emissions at a location where most time is spent home. Much can be learned from prior research on the associations between traffic emissions and exacerbation of certain respiratory conditions, for which a number of reviews have concluded that there is a causal association. There is a reasonable, albeit putative, expectation that there would be greater power to detect an effect for respiratory exacerbation. This offered the opportunity to develop and test methods to model air pollution and map disease risk using emergency department presentations for asthma that could be later applied to examine associations with fetal growth. Risk of asthma emergency department presentation was found to be elevated for children who lived closer to the two cities in the study area. This geographic pattern in risk remains unexplained but offers opportunity for further investigation in a future study. There was a 70% increase in risk of emergency department presentation among the youngest children (aged less than 5 years) for elevated previous day exposure to traffic-related air pollution. This association was stronger than those reported by previous studies. Population based retrospective cohort analyses were conducted by linking birth records, midwives notifications, death records, congenital anomaly registrations and hospital morbidity records for neonates of women in Perth, Western Australia. Records were obtained for births in the period 2000-2006. Fetal growth was assessed using a method that captured observed neonatal weight relative to individual growth potential. This method was validated using serial ultrasounds and strongly corresponded to fetal growth. Exposure was assessed using the latest deterministic and stochastic methods, geographic information systems (GIS), and extensive field measurements of air pollutants. Sensitivity analyses were conducted and vulnerable sub-populations were also investigated. Moderate-sized effects were observed for increases in a specific marker for traffic emissions based on the residential address. Strongest associations were observed for neonates to women who spent more time at home. The results indicated that the fetus may be vulnerable to elevated exposures in mid to late pregnancy, particularly second trimester...

Download or read book The Association Between Exposure to Traffic Related Air Pollution During Pregnancy and Children s Health Outcomes in the San Joaquin Valley of California written by Amy Michelle Padula and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambient air pollution and traffic exposure are widely recognized as an important public health concern. This research aims to investigate the association between traffic-related air pollution exposure during pregnancy and two important public health outcomes: pulmonary function in asthmatic children and term low birth weight. Asthma is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and term low birth weight is an important predictor of infant mortality. The period of pregnancy may be a critical time during which exposures may affect these health outcomes. Two study populations are used in this dissertation: the Fresno Asthmatic Children and Environment Study - Lifetime Exposure (FACES-LITE) and the Study of Air pollution, Genetics and the Early life events (SAGE). FACES-LITE is a longitudinal cohort of asthmatic children, aged 6-11 at baseline, with periodic pulmonary function tests and exposure assessment of ambient air pollutants during pregnancy in Fresno, California. SAGE is a study of birth records from four counties in the San Joaquin Valley of California from 2000-2006 linked to traffic density metrics based on the geo-coded residences of the mother at birth. For both studies, causal inference methods were used to estimate the association between exposure to traffic-related air pollution during pregnancy and these child health outcomes. Specifically, targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) was used to obtain the counterfactual marginal effect of traffic-related air pollution exposure during pregnancy on pulmonary function and term low birth weight. In other words, the predicted outcomes were compared had everyone been exposed to specific levels of air pollution during pregnancy. The results of the TMLE for FACES-LITE found that above-median levels of ambient NO2 exposure during the first and second trimesters were associated with deficits in pulmonary function for all age groups. The SAGE analysis showed the highest quartile of traffic density exposure was associated with significantly higher term low birth weight compared to the lowest quartile; however, there was no evidence of a monotonic exposure-response relation. In general, the studies presented in this dissertation suggest that traffic-related air pollution exposure during pregnancy may be associated with pulmonary function deficits in children with asthma, as well as with an increased risk for term low birth weight. These analyses represent the first application of TMLE to the study of air pollution and child health outcomes. In addition to their novelty, these causal inference methods are unique in that they offer easily interpretable parameters with important public health implications and unlike traditional regression methods, they do not assume arbitrary models. The analysis of the FACES-LITE study contributes to the subject-matter and supports earlier work on the association of ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy and lung function in children by using the repeated measures of lung function. In contrast, the SAGE analysis focused on a methodological approach using causal methods and contextual variables. For that reason, I included only one exposure metric and one birth outcome for a demonstration of these methods. This subject-matter analysis will be extended in future analyses to further characterize the complexity of the exposure and any additional potential confounders and effect modifiers.

Download or read book Health of People Health of Planet and Our Responsibility written by Wael Al-Delaimy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-13 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book not only describes the challenges of climate disruption, but also presents solutions. The challenges described include air pollution, climate change, extreme weather, and related health impacts that range from heat stress, vector-borne diseases, food and water insecurity and chronic diseases to malnutrition and mental well-being. The influence of humans on climate change has been established through extensive published evidence and reports. However, the connections between climate change, the health of the planet and the impact on human health have not received the same level of attention. Therefore, the global focus on the public health impacts of climate change is a relatively recent area of interest. This focus is timely since scientists have concluded that changes in climate have led to new weather extremes such as floods, storms, heat waves, droughts and fires, in turn leading to more than 600,000 deaths and the displacement of nearly 4 billion people in the last 20 years. Previous work on the health impacts of climate change was limited mostly to epidemiologic approaches and outcomes and focused less on multidisciplinary, multi-faceted collaborations between physical scientists, public health researchers and policy makers. Further, there was little attention paid to faith-based and ethical approaches to the problem. The solutions and actions we explore in this book engage diverse sectors of civil society, faith leadership, and political leadership, all oriented by ethics, advocacy, and policy with a special focus on poor and vulnerable populations. The book highlights areas we think will resonate broadly with the public, faith leaders, researchers and students across disciplines including the humanities, and policy makers.

Download or read book Effects of Long term Exposure to Traffic related Air Pollution on Respiratory Cardiovascular Mortality in the Netherlands written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Report 139 describes a study in the Netherlands using data from the ongoing Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS) on diet and cancer. The study is one of the first to systematically assess longer term exposure and mortality in a well characterized European population; it followed a pilot study of 5000 adults randomly selected from the NLCS cohort conducted by the same team of investigators. For the current study, Dr. Bert Brunekreef and colleagues refined the methods of exposure assessment, included more traffic data, and extended the mortality analyses to the full NLCS cohort (~120,000 individuals) for a longer follow-up period.

Download or read book Traffic related Air Pollution written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Early life Exposure to Traffic related Air Pollution and Risk of Development of Childhood Asthma written by Haneen Rami Inad Khreis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Pollution And Health written by Jon G Ayres and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006-09-15 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This invaluable volume, the third in the series Air Pollution Reviews, addresses particular questions relating to air pollution and its effect on health. It deals with the impact of nasal disease on lung exposure, how pollutants are distributed within the lung, and the uncertainties with regard to defining the dose to the lung. It takes a tangential look at the lung dose by exploring the possibility of obtaining clues from occupational medicine.Toxicologically, the book examines the possible methodology for exploring how particles and their toxicity can be investigated, and looks into the cardio-toxic effects of air pollution. The effects of pollutant mixtures are compared with those of individual pollutants. In addition, the question of the importance of acid aerosols is tackled.Epidemiologically, the book deals with the problems associated with point sources as opposed to diffuse sources of air pollution, and considers whether the health effects of air pollution can be adequately quantified.These areas, though difficult, need to be addressed, in order to develop our knowledge of the health effects of air pollution. In this volume, a strong panel of authors treat the issues. They have raised questions but at the same time succeeded in solving a number of problems.

Download or read book WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazardousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmental exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards.

Download or read book Air Quality Guidelines written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants. As well as revised guideline values, this book makes a brief yet comprehensive review of the issues affecting the application of the guidelines in risk assessment and policy development. Further, it summarizes information on: . pollution sources and levels in various parts of the world, . population exposure and characteristics affecting sensitivity to pollution, . methods for quantifying the health burden of air pollution, and . the use of guidelines in developing air quality standards and other policy tools. Finally, the special case of indoor air pollution is explored. Prepared by a large team of renowned international experts who considered conditions in various parts of the globe, these guidelines are applicable throughout the world. They provide reliable guidance for policy-makers everywhere when considering the various options for air quality management.