Download or read book Systematic Assessment of the Contribution of Superantigens to Nasopharyngeal Colonization in a Mouse Model of Streptococcal Infection written by Katherine Jessica Kasper and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Streptococcus pyogenes is adapted for persistence in humans. It typically colonizes the tonsils and skin, and humans are the only known reservoir. S. pyogenes can cause a wide range of mild to serious infections. Most streptococci-related deaths are due to complications of rheumatic fever and invasive infections. S. pyogenes produces virulence factors that contribute to the pathogen's ability to colonize and cause disease, including streptococcal superantigens (SAgs), also known as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spes). SAgs function by cross-linking T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) which may cause a massive inflammatory response, and as such have been found to contribute to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). The role of SAgs in adaptation of S. pyogenes to its target niche has not been investigated. S. pyogenes experimentally colonizes mouse complete nasal turbinates (cNT). Murine models of streptococcal infection are imperfect systems due to inherent host-specific tropism. In this thesis, the colonization potential of S. pyogenes MGAS8232, associated with rheumatic heart disease, and S. pyogenes MGAS5005, associated with invasive infections, were assessed to explore the contribution of SAgs to nasal colonization in a mouse model. Colonization was tested in multiple mouse strains expressing human or mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. C57BL/6 (B6) mice expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenes showed enhanced colonization, up to ~100,000-fold at 48 hours post-inoculation. Individual and combined SAg deletions were assessed for nasal colonization. S. pyogenes MGAS8232 deletion colonization in mice expressing HLA-DR4 and HLA-DQ8 (DR4/DQ8) determined that SpeA was the major contributing SAg to the establishment of colonization, with minor contributions from SpeL and streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z (SmeZ). Colonization of S. pyogenes MGAS5005 was assessed in FVB mice, which express murine MHC class II q (H-2q), and SpeJ and SmeZ were the main contributing SAgs to the establishment of nasal colonization. SAgs contribute to 48-hour streptococcal recovery, but do not change the kinetics of bacterial clearance from cNT. These findings support the hypothesis that SAgs play an important role in niche adaptation and the establishment of colonization in mild or asymptomatic streptococcal infections in a murine model of nasal infection.
Download or read book The Role of Superantigens During Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization and Infection written by Stacey Xu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superantigens (SAgs) are potent toxins produced by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus that function to overactivate T cells resulting in massive cytokine production and immune activation. Despite decades of research on the structure and function of these proteins, as well as their role in severe diseases such as toxic shock syndrome, the question as to why strains of S. aureus produce SAgs and the role that they play in the life cycle of these bacteria remains unanswered. The contribution of SAgs towards pathogenicity and bacterial survival in vivo were assessed using isogenic SAg deletion knockouts in conjunction with SAg-sensitive humanized transgenic HLA-DR4 mice. Since S. aureus are able to successfully colonize human nares in addition to causing infections, the bacterial strains were assessed in a model of nasal colonization as well as a model of bacteremia. Compared to wild-type S. aureus COL and Newman, the SAg-deletion mutants COL seb and Newman sea were able to establish higher bacterial loads in the nose, suggesting that SAgs are involved in regulating bacterial densities during colonization. Thus, SAgs may act as 'checkpoints' of dissemination from the nose. In contrast, Newman sea had reduced counts during bacteremia compared to the wild-type strain in a liver-specific phenotype. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-expressing S. aureus Newman induced IFN-, IL-12 and chemokine responses which resulted in increased trafficking of CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils into the liver. Additionally, wild-type infection resulted in higher numbers of hepatic abscesses containing viable bacteria compared to Newman sea representing a specialized in vivo niche for S. aureus. Thus, the mechanism of pathogenicity was due to increased neutrophil infiltration and abscess formation in the liver, as a result of SEA-mediated cytokine and chemokine release. Although staphylococcal SAgs appear to play opposing roles in the different models, the overall function of these toxins appears to be manipulation of the immune system to maintain a niche environment in order to persist and survive.
Download or read book Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This plan addresses the need to improve our ability to identify infectious disease threats and respond to them effectively by improving the public health infrastructure at the local, state and federal levels. The goals of the plan are surveillance (detect, promptly investigate, and monitor emerging pathogens, the diseases they cause, and the factors influencing their emergence); applied research (integrate laboratory science and epidemiology to optimize public health practice); prevention and control (enhance communication of public health information about emerging diseases and ensure prompt implementation of prevention strategies); and infrastructure (strengthen local, state, and federal public health infrastructures to support surveillance and implement prevention and control programs).
Download or read book Coagulase negative Staphylococci written by Per-Anders Mårdh and published by Coronet Books. This book was released on 1986 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology written by Stephen Gillespie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-12 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of the last edition of Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology, our understanding of bacterial genetics and pathogenicity has been transformed due to the availability of whole genome sequences and new technologies such as proteomics and transcriptomics. The present, completely revised second edition of this greatly valued work has been developed to integrate this new knowledge in a clinically relevant manner. Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology, Second Edition, provides the reader with invaluable information on the parasitology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and treatment strategies for each pathogen while offering a succinct outline of the best current methods for diagnosis of human bacterial diseases. With contributions from an international team of experts in the field, this book is an invaluable reference work for all clinical microbiologists, infectious disease physicians, public health physicians and trainees within these disciplines.
Download or read book Reemergence of Established Pathogens in the 21st Century written by I.W. Fong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-06-30 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the closing decade of the last century, we saw warnings that infectious diseases will require much more attention from patients and physicians in the 21 st century. Recently d- covered diseases such as AIDS pose a major threat to the population at large, and to that threat has been added the re-emergence of established pathogens, microbes that were re- ily treatable in the past. Since infectious diseases already play a major role in the burden of illness and mortality, health care providers and planners are worried. A large proportion of the problem is man-made, arising mainly from the unnecessary overuse of antimicrobials in hospital and community settings and from the agricultural misuse of the agents in animal feed. A consequence has been a dramatic increase in resi- ant strains of bacteria that were considered conquerable several decades ago. Community infections caused by multi-resistant pneumococci serve as an example. These organisms were readily treated with penicillin, but now the spread of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from continent to continent is becoming a worldwide problem. This is a major concern because pneumococcal infections are common in the community, being the le- ing cause of pneumonia, sinusitis, and meningitis. Resistant bacteria in hospitals are also becoming more prevalent. We have become accustomed to hearing about methicill- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), but now we have to be concerned about multidrug-resistant coliform bacteria and pseudomonads.
Download or read book Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas written by Shmuel Razin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: was the result of the efforts of Robert Cleverdon. The rapidly developing discipline of molecular biology and the rapidly expanding knowledge of the PPLO were brought together at this meeting. In addition to the PPLO specialists, the conference invited Julius Marmur to compare PPLO DNA to DNA of other organisms; David Garfinkel, who was one of the first to develop computer models of metabolism; Cyrus Levinthal to talk about coding; and Henry Quastler to discuss information theory constraints on very small cells. The conference was an announcement of the role of PPLO in the fundamental understanding of molecular biology. Looking back 40-some years to the Connecticut meeting, it was a rather bold enterprise. The meeting was international and inter-disciplinary and began a series of important collaborations with influences resonating down to the present. If I may be allowed a personal remark, it was where I first met Shmuel Razin, who has been a leading figure in the emerging mycoplasma research and a good friend. This present volume is in some ways the fulfillment of the promise of that early meeting. It is an example of the collaborative work of scientists in building an understanding of fundamental aspects of biology.
Download or read book Practical Handbook of Microbiology written by Lorrence H Green and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-05-04 with total page 2032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical Handbook of Microbiology, 4th edition provides basic, clear and concise knowledge and practical information about working with microorganisms. Useful to anyone interested in microbes, the book is intended to especially benefit four groups: trained microbiologists working within one specific area of microbiology; people with training in other disciplines, and use microorganisms as a tool or "chemical reagent"; business people evaluating investments in microbiology focused companies; and an emerging group, people in occupations and trades that might have limited training in microbiology, but who require specific practical information. Key Features Provides a comprehensive compendium of basic information on microorganisms—from classical microbiology to genomics. Includes coverage of disease-causing bacteria, bacterial viruses (phage), and the use of phage for treating diseases, and added coverage of extremophiles. Features comprehensive coverage of antimicrobial agents, including chapters on anti-fungals and anti-virals. Covers the Microbiome, gene editing with CRISPR, Parasites, Fungi, and Animal Viruses. Adds numerous chapters especially intended for professionals such as healthcare and industrial professionals, environmental scientists and ecologists, teachers, and businesspeople. Includes comprehensive survey table of Clinical, Commercial, and Research-Model bacteria. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Chapter 21, "Archaea," of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com See Emanuel Goldman's Open Access article: "Lamarck redux and other false arguments against SARS-CoV-2 vaccination," https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.202254675
Download or read book Streptococcal Superantigens written by Anshu Babbar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-24 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides ample knowledge and better understanding of Streptococcus pyogenes and their superantigens. Many illustrations make this a highly informative book. This book elucidates briefly Streptococcus pyogenes as a strict human pathogen possessing an array of virulence factors. These help in evading host immune responses such as by the activation of non-specific T-cell subpopulations by producing superantigens. This book mainly focuses on streptococcal superantigens and explains how they are different from conventional antigens. Moreover, it elaborates those diseases in which superantigens are actively involved. Useful aspects of superantigens and different therapeutic interventions to eradicate superantigens induced diseased are also discussed.
Download or read book Diseases of the Sinuses written by Christopher C. Chang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-06 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases of the Sinuses: A Comprehensive Textbook of Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition, offers the definitive source of information about the basic science of the sinuses and the clinical approach to sinusitis. Since the widely praised publication of the first edition, understanding of sinus disease has changed dramatically, mainly as a result of recent developments and new discoveries in the field of immunology. This updated and expanded edition is divided into sections addressing, separately, the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, medical and surgical management of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Special entities such as autoimmune-related sinusitis, allergy and sinusitis, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease are discussed in separate chapters. The role of immunodeficiency is also addressed. The management section has been fully updated to incorporate new medical modalities and surgical procedures. Developed by a distinguished group of international experts who share their expertise and insights from years of collective experience in treating sinus diseases, the book will appeal to anyone who has an interest in sinus disease, including both physicians and allied health professionals. Internists, pediatricians, allergists, otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists will find the book to be an invaluable, comprehensive reference. Physician assistants and nurse practitioners who work with specialists who treat sinus disease will also benefit from the book.
Download or read book Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery written by Busi Siddhardha and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-28 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides essential insights into microbial pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, and the anti-microbial drug resistance of various human pathogens on the basis of various model organisms. The initial sections of the book introduce readers to the mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, anti-microbial drug resistance, and the dynamics of biofilm formation. Due to the emergence of various microbial resistant strains, it is especially important to understand the prognosis for microbial infections, disease progression profiles, and mechanisms of resistance to antibiotic therapy in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In turn, the second part of the book presents a comparative analysis of various animal models to help readers understand microbial pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, anti-microbial drug discovery, anti-biofilm therapeutics, and treatment regimes. Given its scope, the book represents a valuable asset for microbiologists, biotechnologists, medical professionals, drug development researchers, and pharmacologists alike.
Download or read book Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases written by Amar Safdar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-13 with total page 1173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume provides a platform from which both major and minor infectious diseases related issues are addressed in-depth among this highly susceptible population. The book begins with an overview of infections in various modalities. This is followed by chapters on clinical disorders, etiologic agents, therapeutics, and infection prevention. Chapters include easy-to-follow figures and tables, radiologic images, and pictorial demonstrations of various disease states to familiarize and reacquaint the transplant clinicians and surgeons in practice and training, and those belonging to subspecialties providing supportive care for these patients. Discussions to enumerate the noninfectious causes that mimic infectious diseases; clinical relevance and effective utility of existing and emerging diagnostic tools are presented throughout the book. Authored by leaders in their fields, this book is the go-to reference for management of patients undergoing hematopoietic and solid organ transplantation.
Download or read book Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease written by Dr. Scott Dougherty and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-02-22 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease is a concise, yet comprehensive, clinical resource highlighting must-know information on rheumatic heart disease and acute rheumatic fever from a global perspective. Covering the major issues dominating the field, this practical resource presents sufficient detail for a deep and thorough understanding of the latest treatment options, potential complications, and disease management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Divided into four distinct sections for ease of navigation: Acute Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Population-Based Strategies for Disease Control, and Acute and Emergency Presentations. International editors and chapter authors ensure a truly global perspective. Covers all clinical aspects, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and treatment. Includes key topics on population-based measures for disease control for effective primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Consolidates today’s available information and guidance into a single, convenient resource.
Download or read book Gram positive Pathogens written by Vincent A. Fischetti and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the only single volume to deal with all aspects of gram–positive pathogens. It addresses the mechanisms of gram–positive bacterial pathogenicity, including the current knowledge on gram–positive structure and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Emphasizing streptococci, staphylococci, listeria, and spore–forming pathogens, Gram–Positive Pathogens includes chapters written by many of the leading researchers in these areas. The chapters systematically dissect these organisms biologically, genetically, and immunologically in an attempt to understand the strategies used by these bacteria to cause human disease.
Download or read book Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children II written by Andrew J. Pollard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-04-27 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity II provides a current view from leading experts concerning the hottest topics of concern to clinicians caring for children with infections. The book brings together a collection of manuscripts from a faculty of authors of international standing who contributed to a course in Paediatric Infection and Immunity in Oxford, UK in June 2004.
Download or read book Foodborne Microbial Pathogens written by Arun Bhunia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-22 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At last, here is a graduate-level textbook that focuses on the very latest information on the molecular and cellular mechanism of several major foodborne bacterial pathogens. For the first time in the field, this book makes the link between foodborne illness and immunology. It also covers virulence genes and their regulation in the host or the food environment, pathogenicity testing models, clinical symptoms and prevention and control strategies. Unlike other textbooks this one also covers the host/parasite interaction to a level where readers have a real appreciation of the disease mechanism. It is imperative that we acquire a better understanding of foodborne pathogens. And this is what this brilliant and timely contribution to the subject offers.
Download or read book Atlas of Dermatology in Internal Medicine written by Néstor P. Sánchez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-02 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atlas of Dermatology in Internal Medicine is the only concise text-atlas to cover the most common and most important cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease in children and adults. It features more than 150 clinical photographs that are accompanied by format-driven, clinically focused text on the diagnosis and management of cutaneous manifestations of connective tissue, pulmonary, renal, GI, endocrine, malignant, infectious, and HIV disease. There is also a separate chapter on skin diseases commonly seen in the ICU. A special feature is its systematic coverage of clinically relevant dermatopathology. The book is a helpful tool for physicians and trainees in internal medicine, family medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, and critical care medicine, as well as family, emergency, and critical care nurse practitioners.
