Download or read book Syst mes photovolta ques pour les nuls written by Samuel Marie Abel Kameny Ntepp and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2022-05-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Le livre système photovoltaïque pour les nuls est un manuel de formation conçu pour permettre à tout le monde d'être capable; d'étudier, dimensionner et installer un système solaire photovoltaïque. Grâce à ce livre vous serez capables d'évaluer les besoins énergétiques d'une maison, de calculer le nombre de panneaux, le nombre de batteries, le type de convertisseur de tension, le type de contrôleur de charge etc... Plus tard de réaliser l'installation de vos projets. Le livre système photovoltaïque pour les nuls est un manuel de formation conçu pour permettre à tout le monde d'être capable d'étudier, dimensionner et installer un système solaire photovoltaïque. Grâce à ce livre, vous serez capables d'évaluer les besoins énergétiques d'une maison, de calculer le nombre de panneaux, le nombre de batteries, le type de convertisseur de tension, le type de contrôleur de charge, etc. plus tard de réaliser l'installation de vos projets

Download or read book Libert de l nergie written by Rolland Marin and published by Rolland Marin. This book was released on 2024-01-09 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vous rêvez d'une vie moins dépendante du réseau électrique ? Aspirez-vous à l'autosuffisance que procure la production de votre propre énergie ? Êtes-vous prêt à faire le saut vers un avenir plus vert et plus durable, mais ne savez pas par où commencer ? "La Bible de l'énergie solaire hors réseau est précisément le guide qu'il vous faut. Dans ce tome complet, vous passerez du statut de novice à celui d'expert, en perçant les mystères de l'énergie solaire et en découvrant comment elle peut devenir votre solution énergétique personnelle, renouvelable et rentable. Pourquoi choisir "La Bible de l'énergie solaire hors réseau" ? Voici ce que vous pouvez vous attendre à trouver à l'intérieur : Une introduction complète à l'énergie solaire : comprendre les principes de base de l'énergie solaire, comment elle fonctionne et pourquoi elle est la source d'énergie renouvelable de l'avenir. Un guide étape par étape de la conception d'un système d'énergie solaire : apprenez à adapter votre propre système d'énergie solaire à vos besoins, aux exigences spécifiques de votre lieu de résidence et aux étapes à suivre pour que votre vision devienne réalité. Savoir-faire essentiel en matière de vie hors réseau : préparez-vous mentalement au passage à la vie hors réseau, découvrez les appareils et les outils essentiels, et abordez les changements avec aisance et confiance. Aperçu des systèmes hybrides : explorez les avantages de la diversification de vos sources d'énergie, en combinant l'énergie solaire avec d'autres énergies renouvelables telles que l'énergie éolienne et l'énergie hydraulique. Conseils d'experts sur l'entretien et le dépannage : maîtrisez l'entretien régulier et le dépannage des problèmes courants pour garantir le fonctionnement optimal de votre système solaire. Des scénarios concrets : Plongez dans des études de cas inspirantes qui illustrent l'utilisation pratique de l'énergie solaire dans une maison, un bateau, un véhicule de plaisance et une cabane isolée. "La Bible de l'énergie solaire hors réseau est plus qu'un simple livre ; c'est votre passeport pour l'indépendance énergétique. Que vous soyez novice en matière d'énergie renouvelable, que vous soyez un adepte de la vie hors réseau cherchant à améliorer votre installation, ou que vous vous situiez entre les deux, ce livre est votre feuille de route vers un avenir durable alimenté par le soleil. Ne vous laissez pas intimider par la complexité de l'énergie solaire. Équipez-vous dès maintenant de la "Bible de l'énergie solaire hors réseau" et laissez le soleil éclairer votre chemin vers un mode de vie plus vert et plus autonome. L'avenir est là, et il est alimenté par le soleil.

Download or read book Adopter le solaire thermique et photovolta que written by Jean Lemale and published by Dunod. This book was released on 2011-08-24 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La part de la facture énergétique dans les besoins en eau chaude, chauffage et électricité pèse de manière non négligeable sur le budget des ménages. Pour l’alléger, il faut adopter des comportements économes, entreprendre des travaux d’isolation, remplacer les fenêtres... L’énergie apportée par le soleil, abondante, inépuisable, non polluante et gratuite, permet de compléter efficacement ces démarches sous certaines conditions. Les technologies solaires permettant le chauffage de l’eau chaude (solaire thermique) ou la production d’électricité (solaire photovoltaïque) ont atteint un stade de maturité qui permet d’envisager leur quasi généralisation dans l’habitat neuf et, dans la majorité des cas, dans les bâtiments existants. Richement illustré et résolumment pratique, cet ouvrage apporte des conseils judicieux sur la manière de choisir et d'installer un chauffe-eau solaire thermique ou ses panneaux solaires photovoltaïques.

Download or read book L nergie solaire thermique et photovolta que written by Michel Tissot and published by Editions Eyrolles. This book was released on 2012-09-13 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cet ouvrage vous offre une information complète et fiable sur le fonctionnement des panneaux solaires et de l'énergie photovoltaïque. Comment installer son chauffe-eau solaire ? Pour quelle rentabilité ? Quels sont les coûts et les aides de chaque région en France ? Tout est passé au crible pour vous donner une idée claire et précise de vos besoins et de vos possibilités. Autant de réponses qui vous permettront d'économiser votre chauffage, votre consommation électrique, en profitant de l'énergie du soleil.

Download or read book Installations solaires photovolta ques autonomes written by Mark Hankins and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'énergie du soleil est une énergie abondante et gratuite. L'exploitation et l'utilisation des systèmes solaires électriques présente de nombreux avantages, dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en voie de développement. Ce guide pratique explique comment concevoir et installer des systèmes solaires électriques autonomes. Richement illustrés de photos et dessins techniques, cet ouvrage propose des solutions adaptées aux différents cas. Il décrit de manière détaillée : les bases de l'énergie solaire ; les différents composants des systèmes solaires électriques (modules, régulateurs, inverseurs et appareils) ; les exemples d'installation ; le pompage de l'eau, le refroidissement. Véritable guide pratique pour les techniciens et les concepteurs de systèmes solaires électriques, cet ouvrage apporte des informations claires pour une application facile.[Source : 4e de couv.]

Download or read book Le guide indispensable pour tout savoir sur les panneaux photovolta ques written by Éditions Le guide indispensable and published by Éditions Le guide indispensable. This book was released on 2024-02-21 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dans un monde en quête de solutions durables et énergétiques, les panneaux solaires jouent un rôle central dans la transition vers une société plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Cet ouvrage est conçu pour vous accompagner à travers les méandres de cette technologie captivante, vous offrant une exploration complète des panneaux photovoltaïques, de leurs fondements à leurs applications concrètes.L'énergie solaire, omniprésente et inépuisable, constitue une ressource primordiale pour l'avenir de notre planète. Les panneaux photovoltaïques, en convertissant cette énergie solaire en électricité, sont à l'avant-garde de cette révolution énergétique. Ce guide vise à démystifier cette technologie, à répondre à toutes vos questions, des plus fondamentales aux plus complexes, et à vous aider à prendre des décisions éclairées quant à l'adoption de cette source d'énergie propre.

Download or read book Conception des syst mes solaires photovolta ques pour l clairage et pompage written by Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (Maroc) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sun Tracking and Solar Renewable Energy Harvesting written by Gerro Prinsloo and published by Gerro Prinsloo. This book was released on 2015-11-02 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free to download eBook on Practical Solar Tracking Design, Solar Tracking, Sun Tracking, Sun Tracker, Solar Tracker, Follow Sun, Sun Position calculation (Azimuth, Elevation, Zenith), Sun following, Sunrise, Sunset, Moon-phase, Moonrise, Moonset calculators. In harnessing power from the sun through a solar tracker or solar tracking system, renewable energy system developers require automatic solar tracking software and solar position algorithms. On-axis sun tracking system such as the altitude-azimuth dual axis or multi-axis solar tracker systems use a sun tracking algorithm or ray tracing sensors or software to ensure the sun's passage through the sky is traced with high precision in automated solar tracker applications, right through summer solstice, solar equinox and winter solstice. Eco Friendly and Environmentally Sustainable Micro Combined Solar Heat and Power (m-CHP, m-CCHP, m-CHCP) with Microgrid Storage and Layered Smartgrid Control towards Supplying Off-Grid Rural Villages in developing BRICS countries such as Africa, India, China and Brazil. Off-grid rural villages and isolated islands areas require mCHP and trigeneration solar power plants and associated isolated smart microgrid solutions to serve the community energy needs. This article describes the development progress for such a system, also referred to as solar polygeneration. The system includes a sun tracker mechanism wherin a parabolic dish or lenses are guided by a light sensitive mechanique in a way that the solar receiver is always at right angle to the solar radiation. Solar thermal energy is then either converted into electrical energy through a free piston Stirling, or stored in a thermal storage container. The project includes the thermodynamic modeling of the plant in Matlab Simulink as well as the development of an intelligent control approach that includes smart microgrid distribution and optimization. The book includes aspects in the simulation and optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems and co-generation in isolated or islanded microgrids. It focusses on the stepwise development of a hybrid solar driven micro combined cooling heating and power (mCCHP) compact trigeneration polygeneration and thermal energy storage (TES) system with intelligent weather prediction, weak-ahead scheduling (time horizon), and look-ahead dispatch on integrated smart microgrid distribution principles. The solar harvesting and solar thermodynamic system includes an automatic sun tracking platform based on a PLC controlled mechatronic sun tracking system that follows the sun progressing across the sky. An intelligent energy management and adaptive learning control optimization approach is proposed for autonomous off-grid remote power applications, both for thermodynamic optimization and smart micro-grid optimization for distributed energy resources (DER). The correct resolution of this load-following multi objective optimization problem is a complex task because of the high number and multi-dimensional variables, the cross-correlation and interdependency between the energy streams as well as the non-linearity in the performance of some of the system components. Exergy-based control approaches for smartgrid topologies are considered in terms of the intelligence behind the safe and reliable operation of a microgrid in an automated system that can manage energy flow in electrical as well as thermal energy systems. The standalone micro-grid solution would be suitable for a rural village, intelligent building, district energy system, campus power, shopping mall centre, isolated network, eco estate or remote island application setting where self-generation and decentralized energy system concepts play a role. Discrete digital simulation models for the thermodynamic and active demand side management systems with digital smartgrid control unit to optimize the system energy management is currently under development. Parametric simulation models for this trigeneration system (polygeneration, poligeneration, quadgeneration) are developed on the Matlab Simulink and TrnSys platforms. In terms of model predictive coding strategies, the automation controller will perform multi-objective cost optimization for energy management on a microgrid level by managing the generation and storage of electrical, heat and cooling energies in layers. Each layer has its own set of smart microgrid priorities associated with user demand side cycle predictions. Mixed Integer Linear Programming and Neural network algorithms are being modeled to perform Multi Objective Control optimization as potential optimization and adaptive learning techniques.

Download or read book Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference written by Willeke Palz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the International Conference, held at Cannes, France, October 27-31, 1980

Download or read book Off Grid Solar Electrification in Africa written by Nathanael Ojong and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-15 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book evaluates off-grid solar electrification in Africa by examining how political, economic, institutional, and social forces shape the adoption of off-grid solar technologies, including how issues of energy injustice are manifested at different levels and spaces. The book takes a historical, contemporary, and projective outlook using case studies from pre- and ongoing electrification communities in non-Western countries such as Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, Senegal, Malawi, Tanzania, and Nigeria. Beyond the diverse nature of these countries in terms of their geographical location in West, East, and Southern Africa, each offers a different experience in terms of colonial history, economic and institutional infrastructure, social and cultural context, and level of adoption of off-grid solar technologies. Notably, the book contributes to the off-grid solar and energy justice scholarship in low-income non-Western contexts. It examines various approaches to energy justice and does so by engaging with Western and non-Western philosophical notions of the concept. It takes into consideration the major principles of Ubuntu philosophy with the adoption of off-grid solar technologies, hence enriching the energy justice framework. Finally, the book interrogates the degree to which the social mission that catalysed the expansion of the off-grid solar sector is being undermined by broader structural dynamics of the capital investment upon which it is reliant. It also argues that the ascendance of off-grid solar electrification in Africa is transformative in that it enables millions of people without access to or facing uncertainties linked to centralised grid energy to have access to basic energy services.

Download or read book PV Solaire Rupture de Reseau written by Christopher Kinkaid and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-07-18 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'énergie solaire est formidable. Panneaux photovoltaïques à base Alimentation électrique solaire fait alimentations sont efficaces pour leurs besoins en électricité en dehors du réseau. Sun distribue plus de 1000 Watt crête par mètre carré, et est l'alimentation naturelle d'énergie pour la vie sur Terre. En outre, Le Soleil peut être votre alimentation.Le secret le mieux gardé de commerce, c'est que nous n'avons pas besoin de brûler des combustibles fossiles pour assurer une puissance industrielle. Les panneaux solaires, véritables outils du XXI ème siècle, peuvent faire une production quotidienne d'énergie qui peut être utilisée directement ou stockée pour une utilisation ultérieure à la demande, sur place pour alimenter votre charge électrique à distance, aucune pollution et aucun frais de carburant.Cet Book est une écriture utiles à construire votre système propylène d'alimentation pour appareils énergie solaire photovoltaïque, les systèmes d'éclairage à LED, Communication, capteur et Cabines ressources, tout pouvoir à l'intérieur des systèmes de livraison à distance, ainsi que sur des sites distants, avec des exemples de systèmes d'énergie solaires photovoltaïques.L'appel de l'énergie solaire varie avec le temps de la journée, la saison et le climat local. Les panneaux solaires photovoltaïques, de taille appropriée, offrent une puissance de sortie fiable et prévisible malgré les variations quotidiennes lorsqu'il est correctement calculé pour chaque mois.Il suffit de saisir les panneaux photovoltaïques pour recharger de batteries en courant continu fiable, et des investisseurs, l'alimentation secteur à la demande. Les alimentations pour télécommande, conçu et installé correctement, les sites offrent un réel pouvoir d'exécuter une série de matériel électronique, moteur et une longue liste de dispositifs.Utilisez cet Book d'entrelacer la charge la production d'énergie énergie dimensionnée en fonction de vos charges électriques photovoltaïques solaires pour les sites distants. Des exemples de systèmes sont de l'ordre de 30 Watt Alimentation solaire PV pour appareils photo, électronique, capteurs, jusqu'à 4000 Watt Power Systems domestique.

Download or read book Energie solaire photovolta que written by Anne Labouret and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ce manuel du professionnel de l'énergie photovoltaïque expose aux concepteurs, installateurs et donneurs d'ordres impliqués dans ce type d'équipements, les outils et les méthodes pour : élaborer et optimiser un cahier des charges, calculer, mettre en place et entretenir les composants nécessaires (panneaux solaires, batteries, régulateurs de charge, convertisseurs, etc.), afin de concevoir et mettre en œuvre des installations photovoltaïques adaptées à des besoins précis, en privilégiant toujours l'économie d'énergie et en gardant à l'esprit les possibilités et les limites de cette énergie novatrice. II s'appuie pour cela sur une présentation détaillée des phénomènes physiques (conversion et stockage de l'énergie solaire), ainsi que des technologies disponibles et en développement. Cette troisième édition comporte de nombreuses mises à jour sur les données économiques et techniques, ainsi que des compléments sur les possibilités de raccordement au réseau des systèmes photovoltaïques. Cet ouvrage constitue un outil de travail indispensable aux techniciens et ingénieurs impliqués dans l'emploi de l'électricité solaire (installateurs et utilisateurs) ainsi qu'aux professionnels de bureaux d'études, et sera également une référence utile aux élèves-ingénieurs et étudiants en génie électrique.

Download or read book Syst mes Photovolta ques 12 V DC Pour D butants written by Lucien Masson and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-06 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaïque pour les débutants Apprenez en toute simplicité à fabriquer un système d'énergie solaire de A à Z, même si vous êtes un véritable novice et que vous commencez De nos jours, l'installation d'un système d'énergie solaire est à la portée de presque tout le monde. Surtout si vous faites du bricolage. Économisez des milliers de dollars, simplement en installant votre propre système d'énergie solaire. Vous êtes propriétaire d'une petite maison, d'une cabane, d'une fourgonnette, d'un camping-car ou encore d'un bateau et vous êtes confronté à la question de la gestion de l'électricité à bord ? Vous voulez installez vous-même votre propre système de production d'électricité grâce à la conversion de l'énergie solaire par voie photovoltaïque ? Vous êtes par ailleurs angoissé par la technicité et la complexité de telles installations d'une part et d'autres parts par la crainte de dépenser de l'argent pour aboutir à une installation non fonctionnelle et inutile ? Eh bien sachez que vous n'avez pas à vous faire des inquiétudes, car il n y a en réalité rien de mystérieux et de compliqué dans la conception et l'installation de son propre système de production d'énergie solaire photovoltaïque. Il vous suffit de passer simplement à l'acte en suivant nos précieux conseils rassemblés dans ce livre. A travers ces conseils, apprenez pas à pas à concevoir et installer votre propre système de production d'électricité dans votre petite maison, cabane, fourgonnette, camping-car et bateau. Qu'est-ce que vous apprendrez concrètement ? Eh bien, à travers six chapitres simples, claires et concis, vous apprendrez à : Maitriser les fondamentaux de l'électricité même si vous n'avez aucune base scientifique Connaitre les composants essentiels d'une installation solaire photovoltaïque Effectuer grâce à une démarche simple destinée au novice, les calculs essentiels pour quantifier les éléments de votre système photovoltaïque en 12 volt Réaliser le câblage complet de votre champ de modules solaires et de votre parc de batterie pour atteindre la puissance et la capacité souhaité Installer concrètement votre système en suivant une démarche pas à pas Effectuer la maintenance préventive et corrective de votre système de production photovoltaïque Si vous êtes prêt à vous lancer, alors il ne nous reste plus qu'à vous féliciter et vous souhaiter bonne lecture car vous n'aurez sans doute aucun regret !

Download or read book Etude d un syst me solaire photovolta que written by Abdelkader Morsli and published by Editions Universitaires Europeennes. This book was released on 2012 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les moyens classiques de stockage d'energie electrique sont d'une part les piles ou accumulateurs, qui permettent une autonomie relativement elevee, mais sont de puissances specifiques moderees, et d'autre part les condensateurs reputes pour leur forte puissance specifique mais n'autorisant pas des autonomies de fonctionnement suffisantes pour developper des applications necessitant un peu d'energie. Il existait donc un manque, en termes de moyen de stockage d'energie de forte puissance, se situant entre les batteries et les condensateurs. Dans ce contexte, les supercondensateurs ont d'abord ete developpes par des entreprises Japonaises vers la fin des annees 70. Ils presentent notamment l'avantage de se recharger sans risques de deterioration dans des temps beaucoup plus courts que les batteries. Cet atout peut etre exploite pour le - biberonnage - (recharge pendant un arret bref du vehicule). Pour exploiter le maximum de l'energie solaire, la puissance de sortie d'un systeme photovoltaique doit etre maximisee soit par l'amelioration des performances des equipements de conditionnement de puissance utilises ou bien par l'implementation d'un controleur.

Download or read book Guide pratique du solaire photovolta que written by Jean-Paul Louineau and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Automatic Solar Tracking Sun Tracking Satellite Tracking rastreador solar seguimento solar seguidor solar autom tico de seguimiento solar written by Gerro Prinsloo and published by Gerro Prinsloo. This book was released on 2015-11-01 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automatic Solar Tracking Sun Tracking : This book details Automatic Solar-Tracking, Sun-Tracking-Systems, Solar-Trackers and Sun Tracker Systems. An intelligent automatic solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward the sun. Such programmable computer based solar tracking device includes principles of solar tracking, solar tracking systems, as well as microcontroller, microprocessor and/or PC based solar tracking control to orientate solar reflectors, solar lenses, photovoltaic panels or other optical configurations towards the sun. Motorized space frames and kinematic systems ensure motion dynamics and employ drive technology and gearing principles to steer optical configurations such as mangin, parabolic, conic, or cassegrain solar energy collectors to face the sun and follow the sun movement contour continuously (seguimiento solar y automatización, automatización seguidor solar, tracking solar e automação, automação seguidor solar, inseguimento solare, inseguitore solare, energia termica, sole seguito, posizionatore motorizzato) In harnessing power from the sun through a solar tracker or practical solar tracking system, renewable energy control automation systems require automatic solar tracking software and solar position algorithms to accomplish dynamic motion control with control automation architecture, circuit boards and hardware. On-axis sun tracking system such as the altitude-azimuth dual axis or multi-axis solar tracker systems use a sun tracking algorithm or ray tracing sensors or software to ensure the sun's passage through the sky is traced with high precision in automated solar tracker applications, right through summer solstice, solar equinox and winter solstice. A high precision sun position calculator or sun position algorithm is this an important step in the design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system. The content of the book is also applicable to communication antenna satellite tracking and moon tracking algorithm source code for which links to free download links are provided. From sun tracing software perspective, the sonnet Tracing The Sun has a literal meaning. Within the context of sun track and trace, this book explains that the sun's daily path across the sky is directed by relatively simple principles, and if grasped/understood, then it is relatively easy to trace the sun with sun following software. Sun position computer software for tracing the sun are available as open source code, sources that is listed in this book. The book also describes the use of satellite tracking software and mechanisms in solar tracking applications. Ironically there was even a system called sun chaser, said to have been a solar positioner system known for chasing the sun throughout the day. Using solar equations in an electronic circuit for automatic solar tracking is quite simple, even if you are a novice, but mathematical solar equations are over complicated by academic experts and professors in text-books, journal articles and internet websites. In terms of solar hobbies, scholars, students and Hobbyist's looking at solar tracking electronics or PC programs for solar tracking are usually overcome by the sheer volume of scientific material and internet resources, which leaves many developers in frustration when search for simple experimental solar tracking source-code for their on-axis sun-tracking systems. This booklet will simplify the search for the mystical sun tracking formulas for your sun tracker innovation and help you develop your own autonomous solar tracking controller. By directing the solar collector directly into the sun, a solar harvesting means or device can harness sunlight or thermal heat. This is achieved with the help of sun angle formulas, solar angle formulas or solar tracking procedures for the calculation of sun's position in the sky. Automatic sun tracking system software includes algorithms for solar altitude azimuth angle calculations required in following the sun across the sky. In using the longitude, latitude GPS coordinates of the solar tracker location, these sun tracking software tools supports precision solar tracking by determining the solar altitude-azimuth coordinates for the sun trajectory in altitude-azimuth tracking at the tracker location, using certain sun angle formulas in sun vector calculations. Instead of follow the sun software, a sun tracking sensor such as a sun sensor or webcam or video camera with vision based sun following image processing software can also be used to determine the position of the sun optically. Such optical feedback devices are often used in solar panel tracking systems and dish tracking systems. Dynamic sun tracing is also used in solar surveying, DNI analyser and sun surveying systems that build solar infographics maps with solar radiance, irradiance and DNI models for GIS (geographical information system). In this way geospatial methods on solar/environment interaction makes use use of geospatial technologies (GIS, Remote Sensing, and Cartography). Climatic data and weather station or weather center data, as well as queries from sky servers and solar resource database systems (i.e. on DB2, Sybase, Oracle, SQL, MySQL) may also be associated with solar GIS maps. In such solar resource modelling systems, a pyranometer or solarimeter is normally used in addition to measure direct and indirect, scattered, dispersed, reflective radiation for a particular geographical location. Sunlight analysis is important in flash photography where photographic lighting are important for photographers. GIS systems are used by architects who add sun shadow applets to study architectural shading or sun shadow analysis, solar flux calculations, optical modelling or to perform weather modelling. Such systems often employ a computer operated telescope type mechanism with ray tracing program software as a solar navigator or sun tracer that determines the solar position and intensity. The purpose of this booklet is to assist developers to track and trace suitable source-code and solar tracking algorithms for their application, whether a hobbyist, scientist, technician or engineer. Many open-source sun following and tracking algorithms and source-code for solar tracking programs and modules are freely available to download on the internet today. Certain proprietary solar tracker kits and solar tracking controllers include a software development kit SDK for its application programming interface API attributes (Pebble). Widget libraries, widget toolkits, GUI toolkit and UX libraries with graphical control elements are also available to construct the graphical user interface (GUI) for your solar tracking or solar power monitoring program. The solar library used by solar position calculators, solar simulation software and solar contour calculators include machine program code for the solar hardware controller which are software programmed into Micro-controllers, Programmable Logic Controllers PLC, programmable gate arrays, Arduino processor or PIC processor. PC based solar tracking is also high in demand using C++, Visual Basic VB, as well as MS Windows, Linux and Apple Mac based operating systems for sun path tables on Matlab, Excel. Some books and internet webpages use other terms, such as: sun angle calculator, sun position calculator or solar angle calculator. As said, such software code calculate the solar azimuth angle, solar altitude angle, solar elevation angle or the solar Zenith angle (Zenith solar angle is simply referenced from vertical plane, the mirror of the elevation angle measured from the horizontal or ground plane level). Similar software code is also used in solar calculator apps or the solar power calculator apps for IOS and Android smartphone devices. Most of these smartphone solar mobile apps show the sun path and sun-angles for any location and date over a 24 hour period. Some smartphones include augmented reality features in which you can physically see and look at the solar path through your cell phone camera or mobile phone camera at your phone's specific GPS location. In the computer programming and digital signal processing (DSP) environment, (free/open source) program code are available for VB, .Net, Delphi, Python, C, C+, C++, PHP, Swift, ADM, F, Flash, Basic, QBasic, GBasic, KBasic, SIMPL language, Squirrel, Solaris, Assembly language on operating systems such as MS Windows, Apple Mac, DOS or Linux OS. Software algorithms predicting position of the sun in the sky are commonly available as graphical programming platforms such as Matlab (Mathworks), Simulink models, Java applets, TRNSYS simulations, Scada system apps, Labview module, Beckhoff TwinCAT (Visual Studio), Siemens SPA, mobile and iphone apps, Android or iOS tablet apps, and so forth. At the same time, PLC software code for a range of sun tracking automation technology can follow the profile of sun in sky for Siemens, HP, Panasonic, ABB, Allan Bradley, OMRON, SEW, Festo, Beckhoff, Rockwell, Schneider, Endress Hauser, Fudji electric. Honeywell, Fuchs, Yokonawa, or Muthibishi platforms. Sun path projection software are also available for a range of modular IPC embedded PC motherboards, Industrial PC, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) such as the Siemens S7-1200 or Siemens Logo, Beckhoff IPC or CX series, OMRON PLC, Ercam PLC, AC500plc ABB, National Instruments NI PXI or NI cRIO, PIC processor, Intel 8051/8085, IBM (Cell, Power, Brain or Truenorth series), FPGA (Xilinx Altera Nios), Intel, Xeon, Atmel megaAVR, MPU, Maple, Teensy, MSP, XMOS, Xbee, ARM, Raspberry Pi, Eagle, Arduino or Arduino AtMega microcontroller, with servo motor, stepper motor, direct current DC pulse width modulation PWM (current driver) or alternating current AC SPS or IPC variable frequency drives VFD motor drives (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) for electrical, mechatronic, pneumatic, or hydraulic solar tracking actuators. The above motion control and robot control systems include analogue or digital interfacing ports on the processors to allow for tracker angle orientation feedback control through one or a combination of angle sensor or angle encoder, shaft encoder, precision encoder, optical encoder, magnetic encoder, direction encoder, rotational encoder, chip encoder, tilt sensor, inclination sensor, or pitch sensor. Note that the tracker's elevation or zenith axis angle may measured using an altitude angle-, declination angle-, inclination angle-, pitch angle-, or vertical angle-, zenith angle- sensor or inclinometer. Similarly the tracker's azimuth axis angle be measured with a azimuth angle-, horizontal angle-, or roll angle- sensor. Chip integrated accelerometer magnetometer gyroscope type angle sensors can also be used to calculate displacement. Other options include the use of thermal imaging systems such as a Fluke thermal imager, or robotic or vision based solar tracker systems that employ face tracking, head tracking, hand tracking, eye tracking and car tracking principles in solar tracking. With unattended decentralised rural, island, isolated, or autonomous off-grid power installations, remote control, monitoring, data acquisition, digital datalogging and online measurement and verification equipment becomes crucial. It assists the operator with supervisory control to monitor the efficiency of remote renewable energy resources and systems and provide valuable web-based feedback in terms of CO2 and clean development mechanism (CDM) reporting. A power quality analyser for diagnostics through internet, WiFi and cellular mobile links is most valuable in frontline troubleshooting and predictive maintenance, where quick diagnostic analysis is required to detect and prevent power quality issues. Solar tracker applications cover a wide spectrum of solar applications and solar assisted application, including concentrated solar power generation, solar desalination, solar water purification, solar steam generation, solar electricity generation, solar industrial process heat, solar thermal heat storage, solar food dryers, solar water pumping, hydrogen production from methane or producing hydrogen and oxygen from water (HHO) through electrolysis. Many patented or non-patented solar apparatus include tracking in solar apparatus for solar electric generator, solar desalinator, solar steam engine, solar ice maker, solar water purifier, solar cooling, solar refrigeration, USB solar charger, solar phone charging, portable solar charging tracker, solar coffee brewing, solar cooking or solar dying means. Your project may be the next breakthrough or patent, but your invention is held back by frustration in search for the sun tracker you require for your solar powered appliance, solar generator, solar tracker robot, solar freezer, solar cooker, solar drier, solar pump, solar freezer, or solar dryer project. Whether your solar electronic circuit diagram include a simplified solar controller design in a solar electricity project, solar power kit, solar hobby kit, solar steam generator, solar hot water system, solar ice maker, solar desalinator, hobbyist solar panels, hobby robot, or if you are developing professional or hobby electronics for a solar utility or micro scale solar powerplant for your own solar farm or solar farming, this publication may help accelerate the development of your solar tracking innovation. Lately, solar polygeneration, solar trigeneration (solar triple generation), and solar quad generation (adding delivery of steam, liquid/gaseous fuel, or capture food-grade CO$_2$) systems have need for automatic solar tracking. These systems are known for significant efficiency increases in energy yield as a result of the integration and re-use of waste or residual heat and are suitable for compact packaged micro solar powerplants that could be manufactured and transported in kit-form and operate on a plug-and play basis. Typical hybrid solar power systems include compact or packaged solar micro combined heat and power (CHP or mCHP) or solar micro combined, cooling, heating and power (CCHP, CHPC, mCCHP, or mCHPC) systems used in distributed power generation. These systems are often combined in concentrated solar CSP and CPV smart microgrid configurations for off-grid rural, island or isolated microgrid, minigrid and distributed power renewable energy systems. Solar tracking algorithms are also used in modelling of trigeneration systems using Matlab Simulink (Modelica or TRNSYS) platform as well as in automation and control of renewable energy systems through intelligent parsing, multi-objective, adaptive learning control and control optimization strategies. Solar tracking algorithms also find application in developing solar models for country or location specific solar studies, for example in terms of measuring or analysis of the fluctuations of the solar radiation (i.e. direct and diffuse radiation) in a particular area. Solar DNI, solar irradiance and atmospheric information and models can thus be integrated into a solar map, solar atlas or geographical information systems (GIS). Such models allows for defining local parameters for specific regions that may be valuable in terms of the evaluation of different solar in photovoltaic of CSP systems on simulation and synthesis platforms such as Matlab and Simulink or in linear or multi-objective optimization algorithm platforms such as COMPOSE, EnergyPLAN or DER-CAM. A dual-axis solar tracker and single-axis solar tracker may use a sun tracker program or sun tracker algorithm to position a solar dish, solar panel array, heliostat array, PV panel, solar antenna or infrared solar nantenna. A self-tracking solar concentrator performs automatic solar tracking by computing the solar vector. Solar position algorithms (TwinCAT, SPA, or PSA Algorithms) use an astronomical algorithm to calculate the position of the sun. It uses astronomical software algorithms and equations for solar tracking in the calculation of sun's position in the sky for each location on the earth at any time of day. Like an optical solar telescope, the solar position algorithm pin-points the solar reflector at the sun and locks onto the sun's position to track the sun across the sky as the sun progresses throughout the day. Optical sensors such as photodiodes, light-dependant-resistors (LDR) or photoresistors are used as optical accuracy feedback devices. Lately we also included a section in the book (with links to microprocessor code) on how the PixArt Wii infrared camera in the Wii remote or Wiimote may be used in infrared solar tracking applications. In order to harvest free energy from the sun, some automatic solar positioning systems use an optical means to direct the solar tracking device. These solar tracking strategies use optical tracking techniques, such as a sun sensor means, to direct sun rays onto a silicon or CMOS substrate to determine the X and Y coordinates of the sun's position. In a solar mems sun-sensor device, incident sunlight enters the sun sensor through a small pin-hole in a mask plate where light is exposed to a silicon substrate. In a web-camera or camera image processing sun tracking and sun following means, object tracking software performs multi object tracking or moving object tracking methods. In an solar object tracking technique, image processing software performs mathematical processing to box the outline of the apparent solar disc or sun blob within the captured image frame, while sun-localization is performed with an edge detection algorithm to determine the solar vector coordinates. An automated positioning system help maximize the yields of solar power plants through solar tracking control to harness sun's energy. In such renewable energy systems, the solar panel positioning system uses a sun tracking techniques and a solar angle calculator in positioning PV panels in photovoltaic systems and concentrated photovoltaic CPV systems. Automatic on-axis solar tracking in a PV solar tracking system can be dual-axis sun tracking or single-axis sun solar tracking. It is known that a motorized positioning system in a photovoltaic panel tracker increase energy yield and ensures increased power output, even in a single axis solar tracking configuration. Other applications such as robotic solar tracker or robotic solar tracking system uses robotica with artificial intelligence in the control optimization of energy yield in solar harvesting through a robotic tracking system. Automatic positioning systems in solar tracking designs are also used in other free energy generators, such as concentrated solar thermal power CSP and dish Stirling systems. The sun tracking device in a solar collector in a solar concentrator or solar collector Such a performs on-axis solar tracking, a dual axis solar tracker assists to harness energy from the sun through an optical solar collector, which can be a parabolic mirror, parabolic reflector, Fresnel lens or mirror array/matrix. A parabolic dish or reflector is dynamically steered using a transmission system or solar tracking slew drive mean. In steering the dish to face the sun, the power dish actuator and actuation means in a parabolic dish system optically focusses the sun's energy on the focal point of a parabolic dish or solar concentrating means. A Stirling engine, solar heat pipe, thermosyphin, solar phase change material PCM receiver, or a fibre optic sunlight receiver means is located at the focal point of the solar concentrator. The dish Stirling engine configuration is referred to as a dish Stirling system or Stirling power generation system. Hybrid solar power systems (used in combination with biogas, biofuel, petrol, ethanol, diesel, natural gas or PNG) use a combination of power sources to harness and store solar energy in a storage medium. Any multitude of energy sources can be combined through the use of controllers and the energy stored in batteries, phase change material, thermal heat storage, and in cogeneration form converted to the required power using thermodynamic cycles (organic Rankin, Brayton cycle, micro turbine, Stirling) with an inverter and charge controller.

Download or read book Practical Solar Tracking Automatic Solar Tracking Sun Tracking written by Gerro Prinsloo and published by Gerro Prinsloo. This book was released on 2015-11-01 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details Practical Solar Energy Harvesting, Automatic Solar-Tracking, Sun-Tracking-Systems, Solar-Trackers and Sun Tracker Systems using motorized automatic positioning concepts and control principles. An intelligent automatic solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward the sun. Such programmable computer based solar tracking device includes principles of solar tracking, solar tracking systems, as well as microcontroller, microprocessor and/or PC based solar tracking control to orientate solar reflectors, solar lenses, photovoltaic panels or other optical configurations towards the sun. Motorized space frames and kinematic systems ensure motion dynamics and employ drive technology and gearing principles to steer optical configurations such as mangin, parabolic, conic, or cassegrain solar energy collectors to face the sun and follow the sun movement contour continuously. In general, the book may benefit solar research and solar energy applications in countries such as Africa, Mediterranean, Italy, Spain, Greece, USA, Mexico, South America, Brazilia, Argentina, Chili, India, Malaysia, Middle East, UAE, Russia, Japan and China. This book on practical automatic Solar-Tracking Sun-Tracking is in .PDF format and can easily be converted to the .EPUB .MOBI .AZW .ePub .FB2 .LIT .LRF .MOBI .PDB .PDF .TCR formats for smartphones and Kindle by using the ebook.online-convert.com facility. The content of the book is also applicable to communication antenna satellite tracking and moon tracking algorithm source code for which links to free download links are provided. In harnessing power from the sun through a solar tracker or practical solar tracking system, renewable energy control automation systems require automatic solar tracking software and solar position algorithms to accomplish dynamic motion control with control automation architecture, circuit boards and hardware. On-axis sun tracking system such as the altitude-azimuth dual axis or multi-axis solar tracker systems use a sun tracking algorithm or ray tracing sensors or software to ensure the sun's passage through the sky is traced with high precision in automated solar tracker applications, right through summer solstice, solar equinox and winter solstice. A high precision sun position calculator or sun position algorithm is this an important step in the design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system. From sun tracing software perspective, the sonnet Tracing The Sun has a literal meaning. Within the context of sun track and trace, this book explains that the sun's daily path across the sky is directed by relatively simple principles, and if grasped/understood, then it is relatively easy to trace the sun with sun following software. Sun position computer software for tracing the sun are available as open source code, sources that is listed in this book. Ironically there was even a system called sun chaser, said to have been a solar positioner system known for chasing the sun throughout the day. Using solar equations in an electronic circuit for automatic solar tracking is quite simple, even if you are a novice, but mathematical solar equations are over complicated by academic experts and professors in text-books, journal articles and internet websites. In terms of solar hobbies, scholars, students and Hobbyist's looking at solar tracking electronics or PC programs for solar tracking are usually overcome by the sheer volume of scientific material and internet resources, which leaves many developers in frustration when search for simple experimental solar tracking source-code for their on-axis sun-tracking systems. This booklet will simplify the search for the mystical sun tracking formulas for your sun tracker innovation and help you develop your own autonomous solar tracking controller. By directing the solar collector directly into the sun, a solar harvesting means or device can harness sunlight or thermal heat. This is achieved with the help of sun angle formulas, solar angle formulas or solar tracking procedures for the calculation of sun's position in the sky. Automatic sun tracking system software includes algorithms for solar altitude azimuth angle calculations required in following the sun across the sky. In using the longitude, latitude GPS coordinates of the solar tracker location, these sun tracking software tools supports precision solar tracking by determining the solar altitude-azimuth coordinates for the sun trajectory in altitude-azimuth tracking at the tracker location, using certain sun angle formulas in sun vector calculations. Instead of follow the sun software, a sun tracking sensor such as a sun sensor or webcam or video camera with vision based sun following image processing software can also be used to determine the position of the sun optically. Such optical feedback devices are often used in solar panel tracking systems and dish tracking systems. Dynamic sun tracing is also used in solar surveying, DNI analyser and sun surveying systems that build solar infographics maps with solar radiance, irradiance and DNI models for GIS (geographical information system). In this way geospatial methods on solar/environment interaction makes use use of geospatial technologies (GIS, Remote Sensing, and Cartography). Climatic data and weather station or weather center data, as well as queries from sky servers and solar resource database systems (i.e. on DB2, Sybase, Oracle, SQL, MySQL) may also be associated with solar GIS maps. In such solar resource modelling systems, a pyranometer or solarimeter is normally used in addition to measure direct and indirect, scattered, dispersed, reflective radiation for a particular geographical location. Sunlight analysis is important in flash photography where photographic lighting are important for photographers. GIS systems are used by architects who add sun shadow applets to study architectural shading or sun shadow analysis, solar flux calculations, optical modelling or to perform weather modelling. Such systems often employ a computer operated telescope type mechanism with ray tracing program software as a solar navigator or sun tracer that determines the solar position and intensity. The purpose of this booklet is to assist developers to track and trace suitable source-code and solar tracking algorithms for their application, whether a hobbyist, scientist, technician or engineer. Many open-source sun following and tracking algorithms and source-code for solar tracking programs and modules are freely available to download on the internet today. Certain proprietary solar tracker kits and solar tracking controllers include a software development kit SDK for its application programming interface API attributes (Pebble). Widget libraries, widget toolkits, GUI toolkit and UX libraries with graphical control elements are also available to construct the graphical user interface (GUI) for your solar tracking or solar power monitoring program. The solar library used by solar position calculators, solar simulation software and solar contour calculators include machine program code for the solar hardware controller which are software programmed into Micro-controllers, Programmable Logic Controllers PLC, programmable gate arrays, Arduino processor or PIC processor. PC based solar tracking is also high in demand using C++, Visual Basic VB, as well as MS Windows, Linux and Apple Mac based operating systems for sun path tables on Matlab, Excel. Some books and internet webpages use other terms, such as: sun angle calculator, sun position calculator or solar angle calculator. As said, such software code calculate the solar azimuth angle, solar altitude angle, solar elevation angle or the solar Zenith angle (Zenith solar angle is simply referenced from vertical plane, the mirror of the elevation angle measured from the horizontal or ground plane level). Similar software code is also used in solar calculator apps or the solar power calculator apps for IOS and Android smartphone devices. Most of these smartphone solar mobile apps show the sun path and sun-angles for any location and date over a 24 hour period. Some smartphones include augmented reality features in which you can physically see and look at the solar path through your cell phone camera or mobile phone camera at your phone's specific GPS location. In the computer programming and digital signal processing (DSP) environment, (free/open source) program code are available for VB, .Net, Delphi, Python, C, C+, C++, PHP, Swift, ADM, F, Flash, Basic, QBasic, GBasic, KBasic, SIMPL language, Squirrel, Solaris, Assembly language on operating systems such as MS Windows, Apple Mac, DOS or Linux OS. Software algorithms predicting position of the sun in the sky are commonly available as graphical programming platforms such as Matlab (Mathworks), Simulink models, Java applets, TRNSYS simulations, Scada system apps, Labview module, Beckhoff TwinCAT (Visual Studio), Siemens SPA, mobile and iphone apps, Android or iOS tablet apps, and so forth. At the same time, PLC software code for a range of sun tracking automation technology can follow the profile of sun in sky for Siemens, HP, Panasonic, ABB, Allan Bradley, OMRON, SEW, Festo, Beckhoff, Rockwell, Schneider, Endress Hauser, Fudji electric. Honeywell, Fuchs, Yokonawa, or Muthibishi platforms. Sun path projection software are also available for a range of modular IPC embedded PC motherboards, Industrial PC, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and PAC (Programmable Automation Controller) such as the Siemens S7-1200 or Siemens Logo, Beckhoff IPC or CX series, OMRON PLC, Ercam PLC, AC500plc ABB, National Instruments NI PXI or NI cRIO, PIC processor, Intel 8051/8085, IBM (Cell, Power, Brain or Truenorth series), FPGA (Xilinx Altera Nios), Intel, Xeon, Atmel megaAVR, MPU, Maple, Teensy, MSP, XMOS, Xbee, ARM, Raspberry Pi, Eagle, Arduino or Arduino AtMega microcontroller, with servo motor, stepper motor, direct current DC pulse width modulation PWM (current driver) or alternating current AC SPS or IPC variable frequency drives VFD motor drives (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) for electrical, mechatronic, pneumatic, or hydraulic solar tracking actuators. The above motion control and robot control systems include analogue or digital interfacing ports on the processors to allow for tracker angle orientation feedback control through one or a combination of angle sensor or angle encoder, shaft encoder, precision encoder, optical encoder, magnetic encoder, direction encoder, rotational encoder, chip encoder, tilt sensor, inclination sensor, or pitch sensor. Note that the tracker's elevation or zenith axis angle may measured using an altitude angle-, declination angle-, inclination angle-, pitch angle-, or vertical angle-, zenith angle- sensor or inclinometer. Similarly the tracker's azimuth axis angle be measured with a azimuth angle-, horizontal angle-, or roll angle- sensor. Chip integrated accelerometer magnetometer gyroscope type angle sensors can also be used to calculate displacement. Other options include the use of thermal imaging systems such as a Fluke thermal imager, or robotic or vision based solar tracker systems that employ face tracking, head tracking, hand tracking, eye tracking and car tracking principles in solar tracking. With unattended decentralised rural, island, isolated, or autonomous off-grid power installations, remote control, monitoring, data acquisition, digital datalogging and online measurement and verification equipment becomes crucial. It assists the operator with supervisory control to monitor the efficiency of remote renewable energy resources and systems and provide valuable web-based feedback in terms of CO2 and clean development mechanism (CDM) reporting. A power quality analyser for diagnostics through internet, WiFi and cellular mobile links is most valuable in frontline troubleshooting and predictive maintenance, where quick diagnostic analysis is required to detect and prevent power quality issues. Solar tracker applications cover a wide spectrum of solar applications and solar assisted application, including concentrated solar power generation, solar desalination, solar water purification, solar steam generation, solar electricity generation, solar industrial process heat, solar thermal heat storage, solar food dryers, solar water pumping, hydrogen production from methane or producing hydrogen and oxygen from water (HHO) through electrolysis. Many patented or non-patented solar apparatus include tracking in solar apparatus for solar electric generator, solar desalinator, solar steam engine, solar ice maker, solar water purifier, solar cooling, solar refrigeration, USB solar charger, solar phone charging, portable solar charging tracker, solar coffee brewing, solar cooking or solar dying means. Your project may be the next breakthrough or patent, but your invention is held back by frustration in search for the sun tracker you require for your solar powered appliance, solar generator, solar tracker robot, solar freezer, solar cooker, solar drier, solar pump, solar freezer, or solar dryer project. Whether your solar electronic circuit diagram include a simplified solar controller design in a solar electricity project, solar power kit, solar hobby kit, solar steam generator, solar hot water system, solar ice maker, solar desalinator, hobbyist solar panels, hobby robot, or if you are developing professional or hobby electronics for a solar utility or micro scale solar powerplant for your own solar farm or solar farming, this publication may help accelerate the development of your solar tracking innovation. Lately, solar polygeneration, solar trigeneration (solar triple generation), and solar quad generation (adding delivery of steam, liquid/gaseous fuel, or capture food-grade CO$_2$) systems have need for automatic solar tracking. These systems are known for significant efficiency increases in energy yield as a result of the integration and re-use of waste or residual heat and are suitable for compact packaged micro solar powerplants that could be manufactured and transported in kit-form and operate on a plug-and play basis. Typical hybrid solar power systems include compact or packaged solar micro combined heat and power (CHP or mCHP) or solar micro combined, cooling, heating and power (CCHP, CHPC, mCCHP, or mCHPC) systems used in distributed power generation. These systems are often combined in concentrated solar CSP and CPV smart microgrid configurations for off-grid rural, island or isolated microgrid, minigrid and distributed power renewable energy systems. Solar tracking algorithms are also used in modelling of trigeneration systems using Matlab Simulink (Modelica or TRNSYS) platform as well as in automation and control of renewable energy systems through intelligent parsing, multi-objective, adaptive learning control and control optimization strategies. Solar tracking algorithms also find application in developing solar models for country or location specific solar studies, for example in terms of measuring or analysis of the fluctuations of the solar radiation (i.e. direct and diffuse radiation) in a particular area. Solar DNI, solar irradiance and atmospheric information and models can thus be integrated into a solar map, solar atlas or geographical information systems (GIS). Such models allows for defining local parameters for specific regions that may be valuable in terms of the evaluation of different solar in photovoltaic of CSP systems on simulation and synthesis platforms such as Matlab and Simulink or in linear or multi-objective optimization algorithm platforms such as COMPOSE, EnergyPLAN or DER-CAM. A dual-axis solar tracker and single-axis solar tracker may use a sun tracker program or sun tracker algorithm to position a solar dish, solar panel array, heliostat array, PV panel, solar antenna or infrared solar nantenna. A self-tracking solar concentrator performs automatic solar tracking by computing the solar vector. Solar position algorithms (TwinCAT, SPA, or PSA Algorithms) use an astronomical algorithm to calculate the position of the sun. It uses astronomical software algorithms and equations for solar tracking in the calculation of sun's position in the sky for each location on the earth at any time of day. Like an optical solar telescope, the solar position algorithm pin-points the solar reflector at the sun and locks onto the sun's position to track the sun across the sky as the sun progresses throughout the day. Optical sensors such as photodiodes, light-dependant-resistors (LDR) or photoresistors are used as optical accuracy feedback devices. Lately we also included a section in the book (with links to microprocessor code) on how the PixArt Wii infrared camera in the Wii remote or Wiimote may be used in infrared solar tracking applications. In order to harvest free energy from the sun, some automatic solar positioning systems use an optical means to direct the solar tracking device. These solar tracking strategies use optical tracking techniques, such as a sun sensor means, to direct sun rays onto a silicon or CMOS substrate to determine the X and Y coordinates of the sun's position. In a solar mems sun-sensor device, incident sunlight enters the sun sensor through a small pin-hole in a mask plate where light is exposed to a silicon substrate. In a web-camera or camera image processing sun tracking and sun following means, object tracking software performs multi object tracking or moving object tracking methods. In an solar object tracking technique, image processing software performs mathematical processing to box the outline of the apparent solar disc or sun blob within the captured image frame, while sun-localization is performed with an edge detection algorithm to determine the solar vector coordinates. An automated positioning system help maximize the yields of solar power plants through solar tracking control to harness sun's energy. In such renewable energy systems, the solar panel positioning system uses a sun tracking techniques and a solar angle calculator in positioning PV panels in photovoltaic systems and concentrated photovoltaic CPV systems. Automatic on-axis solar tracking in a PV solar tracking system can be dual-axis sun tracking or single-axis sun solar tracking. It is known that a motorized positioning system in a photovoltaic panel tracker increase energy yield and ensures increased power output, even in a single axis solar tracking configuration. Other applications such as robotic solar tracker or robotic solar tracking system uses robotica with artificial intelligence in the control optimization of energy yield in solar harvesting through a robotic tracking system. Automatic positioning systems in solar tracking designs are also used in other free energy generators, such as concentrated solar thermal power CSP and dish Stirling systems. The sun tracking device in a solar collector in a solar concentrator or solar collector Such a performs on-axis solar tracking, a dual axis solar tracker assists to harness energy from the sun through an optical solar collector, which can be a parabolic mirror, parabolic reflector, Fresnel lens or mirror array/matrix. A parabolic dish or reflector is dynamically steered using a transmission system or solar tracking slew drive mean. In steering the dish to face the sun, the power dish actuator and actuation means in a parabolic dish system optically focusses the sun's energy on the focal point of a parabolic dish or solar concentrating means. A Stirling engine, solar heat pipe, thermosyphin, solar phase change material PCM receiver, or a fibre optic sunlight receiver means is located at the focal point of the solar concentrator. The dish Stirling engine configuration is referred to as a dish Stirling system or Stirling power generation system. Hybrid solar power systems (used in combination with biogas, biofuel, petrol, ethanol, diesel, natural gas or PNG) use a combination of power sources to harness and store solar energy in a storage medium. Any multitude of energy sources can be combined through the use of controllers and the energy stored in batteries, phase change material, thermal heat storage, and in cogeneration form converted to the required power using thermodynamic cycles (organic Rankin, Brayton cycle, micro turbine, Stirling) with an inverter and charge controller. В этой книге подробно Автоматическая Solar-Tracking, ВС-Tracking-Systems, Solar-трекеры и ВС Tracker Systems. Интеллектуальный автоматический солнечной слежения является устройством, которое ориентирует полезную нагрузку к солнцу. Такое программируемый компьютер на основе солнечной устройство слежения включает принципы солнечной слежения, солнечных систем слежения, а также микроконтроллер, микропроцессор и / или ПК на базе управления солнечной отслеживания ориентироваться солнечных отражателей, солнечные линзы, фотоэлектрические панели или другие оптические конфигурации к ВС Моторизованные космические кадры и кинематические системы обеспечения динамики движения и использовать приводной техники и готовится принципы, чтобы направить оптические конфигурации, такие как Манжен, параболических, конических или Кассегрена солнечных коллекторов энергии, чтобы лицом к солнцу и следовать за солнцем контур движения непрерывно. В обуздывать силу от солнца через солнечный трекер или практической солнечной системы слежения, системы возобновляемых контроля энергии автоматизации требуют автоматического солнечной отслеживания программного обеспечения и алгоритмов солнечные позиции для достижения динамического контроля движения с архитектуры автоматизации управления, печатных плат и аппаратных средств. На оси системы слежения ВС, таких как высота-азимут двойной оси или многоосевые солнечные системы трекер использовать алгоритм отслеживания солнце или трассировки лучей датчиков или программное обеспечение, чтобы обеспечить прохождение солнца по небу прослеживается с высокой точностью в автоматизированных приложений Солнечная Tracker , прямо через летнего солнцестояния, солнечного равноденствия и зимнего солнцестояния.Высокая точность позиции ВС калькулятор или положение солнца алгоритм это важный шаг в проектировании и строительстве автоматической системой солнечной слежения. 這本書詳細介紹了全自動太陽能跟踪，太陽跟踪系統的出現，太陽能跟踪器和太陽跟踪系統。智能全自動太陽能跟踪器是定向向著太陽的有效載荷設備。這種可編程計算機的太陽能跟踪裝置，包括太陽跟踪，太陽能跟踪系統，以及微控制器，微處理器和/或基於PC機的太陽跟踪控制，以定向太陽能反射器，太陽透鏡，光電板或其他光學配置朝向太陽的原理。機動空間框架和運動系統，確保運動動力學和採用的驅動技術和傳動原理引導光學配置，如曼金，拋物線，圓錐曲線，或卡塞格林式太陽能集熱器面向太陽，不斷跟隨太陽運動的輪廓。 從陽光透過太陽能跟踪器或實用的太陽能跟踪系統利用電力，可再生能源控制的自動化系統需要自動太陽跟踪軟件和太陽位置算法來實現控制與自動化架構，電路板和硬件的動態運動控制。上軸太陽跟踪系統，如高度，方位角雙軸或多軸太陽跟踪系統使用太陽跟踪算法或光線追踪傳感器或軟件，以確保通過天空中太陽的通道被跟踪的高精度的自動太陽跟踪器的應用，通過正確的夏至，春分太陽和冬至。一種高精度太陽位置計算器或太陽位置算法是這樣的自動太陽能跟踪系統的設計和施工中的重要一步。