Download or read book Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of a Carbon based Catalyst for Use in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells written by Jasmin De Campos and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a green technology that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy by reacting oxygen and hydrogen to form water. One major limitation to their large-scale production is the cost of the platinum catalyst, an expensive precious metal. This project looks into altering the catalyst support structure to reduce the platinum required for a certain performance level and thus ultimately decreasing the high PEMFC catalyst costs.Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising as an alternate catalyst support structure due to their high electrical conductivity, large surface areas, and stability under PEMFC operating conditions. In this project, CNTs were first grown onto stainless steel mesh substrates with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a "direct-growth" approach. They were then functionalized with oxygen (fCNTs) by plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) to improve their hydrophilicity to achieve stable catalyst ink dispersions. Lastly, platinum was deposited (Pt-fCNTs) using pulsed laser ablation (PLA), which has been shown to provide homogeneous dispersions of platinum particles with an average size of 3.6 nm and no agglomeration. This final Pt-fCNT material was then prepared for electrochemical testing in rotating disk electrode (RDE) and PEMFC studies. It was also compared to an industry standard catalyst of platinum on carbon black. An additional study was done wherein various quantities of graphene nanoflakes with oxygen functionalization (GNFs) were added to the Pt-fCNT catalyst inks, dubbed GNF-Pt-fCNT samples, to see if their stability could improve overall performance.Pt-CNT samples with different platinum deposition times underwent thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to find their weight percent content of platinum. Samples with 5, 10, and 30 minutes of platinum deposition contained 3.1 % of residue and 3.6 %, 4.0 %, and 16 % of platinum respectively.RDE studies were performed focusing on the oxygen reduction reaction, the rate-limiting cathodic PEMFC reaction. Four main conclusions were made: i) samples without platinum showed effectively no activity, ii) all GNF-Pt-fCNT samples made with varying ratios of the carbon materials underperformed compared to the commercial or 5-minute Pt-fCNT sample, iii) Pt-fCNT performance did not correlate with platinum weight content, and iv) 5-minute Pt-fCNTs out-performed the commercial catalyst by approximately a factor of 2.Due to the high mass requirements for PEMFC testing, less samples were tested: 30-minute Pt-fCNTs, GNFs mixed with 30-minute Pt-fCNTs in a 1:1 mass ratio, a commercial catalyst, and plain CNTs. The four main conclusions made were i) the plain CNTs once again showed no activity due to a lack of platinum, ii) GNF-Pt-fCNTs underperformed compared to other platinum containing samples, likely due to GNFs hindering the catalyst layer's conductivity and access to catalytic sites, iii) the Pt-fCNTs behaved similarly to the commercial catalyst at higher potentials suggesting similar reaction kinetics at play, and iv) Pt-fCNTs underperformed compared to the commercial catalyst at potentials lower than 0.8 V, suggesting higher ohmic resistances and mass transport limitations of the support material.A mass study was performed on the synthesis and powder collection processes to understand the yields and practicality of the methodologies used. On average, sonication was able to collect only 31 % of the sample synthesized on the mesh. Additionally, the powder collection method for the various samples had a relatively high yield of 82 % with extremely large standard deviations despite identical preparation conditions for the powders. " --

Download or read book Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 11 written by H. A. Gasteiger and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2011 with total page 2388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book PEM Fuel Cells written by Gurbinder Kaur and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PEM Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Advanced Technologies, and Practical Application provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles of PEM fuel cell, their working condition and application, and the latest breakthroughs and challenges for fuel cell technology. Each chapter follows a systematic and consistent structure with clear illustrations and diagrams for easy understanding. The opening chapters address the basics of PEM technology; stacking and membrane electrode assembly for PEM, degradation mechanisms of electrocatalysts, platinum dissolution and redeposition, carbon-support corrosion, bipolar plates and carbon nanotubes for the PEM, and gas diffusion layers. Thermodynamics, operating conditions, and electrochemistry address fuel cell efficiency and the fundamental workings of the PEM. Instruments and techniques for testing and diagnosis are then presented alongside practical tests. Dedicated chapters explain how to use MATLAB and COMSOL to conduct simulation and modeling of catalysts, gas diffusion layers, assembly, and membrane. Degradation and failure modes are discussed in detail, providing strategies and protocols for mitigation. High-temperature PEMs are also examined, as are the fundamentals of EIS. Critically, the environmental impact and life cycle of the production and storage of hydrogen are addressed, as are the risk and durability issues of PEMFC technology. Dedicated chapters are presented on the economics and commercialization of PEMFCs, including discussion of installation costs, initial capital costs, and the regulatory frameworks; apart from this, there is a separate chapter on their application to the automotive industry. Finally, future challenges and applications are considered. PEM Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Advanced Technologies, and Practical Application provides an in-depth and comprehensive reference on every aspect of PEM fuel cells fundamentals, ideal for researchers, graduates, and students. Presents the fundamentals of PEM fuel cell technology, electrolytes, membranes, modeling, conductivity, recent trends, and future applications Addresses commercialization, public policy, and the environmental impacts of PEMFC in dedicated chapters Presents state-of-the-art PEMFC research alongside the underlying concepts

Download or read book Carbon Composite Catalysts written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-04 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the fundamentals and recent advances in the field of carbon composite catalysts, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbons, graphitic carbon nitrides, and related composites. Special focus is placed on their controllable preparation and applications in the gas phase, liquid phase, electrochemical, and photocatalytic reactions, as well as defect and surface chemistry-related catalytic activities of carbon materials. Some perspectives are highlighted on the development of more efficient carbonaceous catalysts featuring high stability, low cost, optimized structures, and enhanced performance, which are the key factors to accelerate the designed preparation and commercialization of carbon composite catalysts. The book will also present the latest studies of carbon-based composite catalysts for clean energy change and storage, nature protection, and essential industrial production and storage and include the key challenges and future opportunities in this exciting field.

Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Pt and Pt Co Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells written by Min Chen and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Synthesis of high performance catalysts is one of the tasks for fuel cell researchers. In this thesis work, carbon supported Pt and Pt-Co alloy catalysts were prepared by several improved methods. Thermal gravity analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize these catalysts. Electrochemical activities of the catalysts were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)"--Abstract, leaf iii.

Download or read book Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells written by Minhua Shao and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-09-28 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells" that was published in Catalysts

Download or read book Experimental Methods and Mathematical Models to Examine Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Catalysts written by Shankar Raman Dhanushkodi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are attractive energy sources for power trains in vehicles because of their low operating temperature that enables fast start-up and high power densities. Cost reduction and durability are the key issues to be solved before PEMFCs can be successfully commercialized. The major portion of fuel cell cost is associated with the catalyst layer which is typically comprised of carbon-supported Pt and ionomer. The degradation of the catalyst layer is one of the major failure modes that can cause voltage degradation and limit the service life of the fuel cell stack during operation. To develop a highly durable and better performing catalyst layer, topics such as the causes for the degradation, modes of failure, different mechanisms and effect of degradation on fuel cell performance must be studied thoroughly. Key degradation modes of catalyst layer are carbon corrosion and Pt dissolution. These two modes change the electrode structure in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and result in catalyst layer thinning, CO2 evolution, Pt deposition in the membrane and Pt agglomeration. Alteration of the electrode morphology can lead to voltage degradation. Accelerated stress tests (ASTs) which simulate the conditions and environments to which fuel cells are subject, but which can be completed in a timely manner, are commonly used to investigate the degradation of the various components. One of the current challenges in employing these ASTs is to relate the performance loss under a given set of conditions to the various life-limiting factors and material changes. In this study, various degradation modes of the cathode catalyst layer are isolated to study their relative impact on performance loss _Fingerprints' of identifiable performance losses due to carbon corrosion are developed for MEAs with 0.4 mg cm−2 cathode platinum loadings. The fingerprint is used to determine the extent of performance loss due to carbon corrosion and Pt dissolution in cases where both mechanisms operate. This method of deconvoluting the contributions to performance loss is validated by comparison to the measured performance losses when the catalyst layer is subjected to an AST in which Pt dissolution is predominant. The limitations of this method iv are discussed in detail. The developed fingerprint suggests that carbon loss leading to CO2 evolution during carbon corrosion ASTs contributes to performance loss of the cell. A mechanistic model for carbon corrosion of the cathode catalyst layer based on one appearing in the literature is developed and validated by comparison of the predicted carbon losses to those measured during various carbon corrosion ASTs. Practical use of the model is verified by comparing the predicted and experimentally observed performance losses. Analysis of the model reveals that the reversible adsorption of water and subsequent oxidation of the carbon site onto which water is adsorbed is the main cause of the current decay during ASTs. Operation of PEM fuel cells at higher cell temperatures and lower relative humidities accelerates Pt dissolution in the catalyst layer during ASTs. In this study, the effects of temperature and relative humidity on MEA degradation are investigated by applying a newly developed AST protocol in which Pt dissolution is predominant and involves the application of a potentiostatic square-wave pulse with a repeating pattern of 3s at 0.6 V followed by 3s at 1.0 V. This protocol is applied at three different temperatures (40°C, 60°C and 80°C) to the same MEA. A diagnostic signature is developed to estimate kinetic losses by making use of the effective platinum surface area (EPSA) obtained from cyclic voltammograms. The analysis indicates that performance degradation occurs mainly due to the loss of Pt in electrical contact with the support and becomes particularly large at 80°C. This Pt dissolution AST protocol is also investigated at three different relative humidities (100%, 50% and 0%). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of the MEAs show an increase in both the polarization and ohmic resistances during the course of the AST. Analysis by cyclic voltammetry shows a slight increase in EPSA when the humidity increases from 50% to 100%. The proton resistivity of the ionomer measured by carrying out impedance measurements on MEAs with H2 being fed on the anode side and N2 on the cathode side is found to increase by the time it reaches its end-of-life state when operated under 0 % RH conditions.

Download or read book Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells written by Thandavarayan Maiyalagan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-04 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the need for a text on solutions to conditions which have so far been a drawback for this important and trend-setting technology, this monograph places special emphasis on novel, alternative catalysts of low temperature fuel cells. Comprehensive in its coverage, the text discusses not only the electrochemical, mechanistic, and material scientific background, but also provides extensive chapters on the design and fabrication of electrocatalysts. A valuable resource aimed at multidisciplinary audiences in the fields of academia and industry.

Download or read book Polymer Electrolyte Based Electrochemical Devices written by Massimiliano Lo Faro and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-11-01 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer Electrolyte–Based Electrochemical Devices: Advances, provides a complete overview of the theoretical and applied aspects of energy-related polymer electrolyte-based technologies. The book presents detailed thermodynamic and other basic requirements for smart materials like fuel cells, electrolyzers, batteries, sensors and devices for the abatement of pollutants. Delving into the physical-chemical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties of smart materials, it covers fundamental analysis and modeling to optimize the application of smart materials in terms of conductivity, chemical stability and kinetic properties. Detailed protocols for operation are suggested and discussed, including component development to optimize functionality, cost and upscaling. By exploring examples of actual prototypes based on recent research findings, analyzing requirements and cost estimate for large-scale production and implementation, as well as for their integration into existing systems, the environmental impact of multiple electrochemical applications is also examined. Covers both the fundamental and technological aspects of electrochemistry Includes discussions of prototypes, advanced materials, large scale production and the economics of smart materials Addresses technologies for energy production, storage, environmental protection and environmental control

Download or read book PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers written by Jiujun Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-26 with total page 1147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising clean energy converting devices with high efficiency and low to zero emissions. Such power sources can be used in transportation, stationary, portable and micro power applications. The key components of these fuel cells are catalysts and catalyst layers. “PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers” provides a comprehensive, in-depth survey of the field, presented by internationally renowned fuel cell scientists. The opening chapters introduce the fundamentals of electrochemical theory and fuel cell catalysis. Later chapters investigate the synthesis, characterization, and activity validation of PEM fuel cell catalysts. Further chapters describe in detail the integration of the electrocatalyst/catalyst layers into the fuel cell, and their performance validation. Researchers and engineers in the fuel cell industry will find this book a valuable resource, as will students of electrochemical engineering and catalyst synthesis.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy Sustainability and the Environment written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-10-01 with total page 4061 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Four Volume Set comprehensively covers all renewable energy resources, including wind, solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal energy, and nuclear power, to name a few. In addition to covering the breadth of renewable energy resources at a fundamental level, this encyclopedia delves into the utilization and ideal applications of each resource and assesses them from environmental, economic, and policy standpoints. This book will serve as an ideal introduction to any renewable energy source for students, while also allowing them to learn about a topic in more depth and explore related topics, all in a single resource. Instructors, researchers, and industry professionals will also benefit from this comprehensive reference. Covers all renewable energy technologies in one comprehensive resource“/li> Details renewable energies’ processes, from production to utilization in a single encyclopedia Organizes topics into concise, consistently formatted chapters, perfect for readers who are new to the field Assesses economic challenges faced to implement each type of renewable energy Addresses the challenges of replacing fossil fuels with renewables and covers the environmental impacts of each renewable energy

Download or read book Recent Advancements in Biofuels and Bioenergy Utilization written by Prakash Kumar Sarangi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-29 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concerns relating to global warming, climate change, and increasing energy demands have led to significant research towards the development of alternative energy to substitute the fossil energy sources. Biomass-based energy or biofuels are highly promising due to many perceptible environmental and socio-economic advantages. Cutting-edge academic research and advanced industrial product development have created tremendous scope for the implementation of biofuels at a global scale to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and supplement the escalating energy demands. The prime focus of this book is to provide an overview of the different technologies utilized to harness the chemical energy from plant-based non-edible biomass and other organic wastes in the form of solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels. The opportunities and challenges of different biomass conversion technologies, especially biomass-to-liquid, biomass-to-gas and gas-to-liquid routes, as well as biomass pretreatments, densification, anaerobic digestion, reforming, transesterification, supercritical fluid extraction, microalgal carbon sequestration, life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis have been comprehensively discussed in this book. This book is an amalgamation of fifteen different chapters each with distinctive investigations and a collective focus relating to the transition from fossil fuels towards carbon-neutral biofuels. This book serves as a benchmark for academic and industrial researchers involved in exploring the true potentials of plant residues and waste organic matter to produce alternative renewable fuels. To realize the real promises of bioenergy, this book attempts to assess the biorefining approaches, biofuel production and application, and environmental sustainability.

Download or read book Oxygen Reduction Reaction written by Kushal Sengupta and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Fundamentals, Materials and Applications covers the design, synthesis and performance efficacies of the entire spectrum of oxygen reduction catalysts, extrapolating down to their applications in practical, alternative, renewable energy devices. Catalysts covered include heme inspired iron-based, heme inspired non-iron-based, non-heme-based, noble metal-based, non-noble metal-based and metal-free homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The book contains critical analyses and opinions from experts around the world, making it of interest to scientists, engineers, industrialists, entrepreneurs and students. Discusses the fundamental aspects of oxygen reduction reactions Offers a comprehensive analysis of the choice and development of catalyst materials for oxygen reduction reaction Reviews emerging catalyst systems for oxygen reduction reaction Includes analyses of catalytic performance parameters to evaluate their efficacy in oxygen reduction reactions under varied operating conditions Covers the importance of oxygen reduction reaction catalysts and processes in real-life applications

Download or read book Electrochemistry of N4 Macrocyclic Metal Complexes written by Jose H. Zagal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-20 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition describes the state of the art regarding molecular catalysts such as MN4 metal complexes, like porphyrins and phthalocyanines. This volume focuses on the particular case of the electrocatalysis of the reduction of O2 for practical applications in fuel cells and air batteries. Indeed, active and stable materials have been developed in the last 5 years where MN4 catalytic systems can be obtained by the pyrolysis of starting materials that do not necessarily involve MN4 complexes. These latter systems constitute a new class of stable and highly active non-precious metal catalysts for ORR that can replace expensive Platinum containing electrodes. The book also offers future projections and points out new fields of research and development of these non-precious metal catalysts.

Download or read book Sustainable Energy Systems on Ships written by Francesco Baldi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-07-21 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Energy Systems on Ships is a comprehensive technical reference for all aspects of energy efficient shipping. The book discusses the technology options to make shipping energy consumption greener, focusing on the smarter integration of energy streams, the introduction of renewable resources and the improvement of control and operability. Chapters not only describe each technology individually, but also analyze their interconnections when implemented onboard, and compare them in terms of suitability for different vessels and economic viability. Readers of Sustainable Energy Systems on Ships will find an invaluable reference suitable for researchers, professionals, and managers involved in the shipping industry and those working on related energy efficiency technologies, fuel cells, and in the transport industry generally. Students of maritime engineering will also be well served by this reference. Clear analysis of the current implementation status of each technology discussed, the barriers for further development, and the potential for large-scale implementation Enables decision-making on the most suitable technologies for each type of vessel Integrates energy efficiency and emission control rules, regulations, technologies (including data science), and challenges in relation to the shipping industry Includes industry case studies on the integration of novel energy conversion technologies and renewable energy sources in operating ships

Download or read book Atomically Precise Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications written by Anuj Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications written by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 1143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications explores the use of novel nanomaterials in the industrial arena. The book covers nanomaterials and the techniques that can play vital roles in many industrial procedures, such as increasing sensitivity, magnifying precision and improving production limits. In addition, the book stresses that these approaches tend to provide green, sustainable solutions for industrial developments. Finally, the legal, economical and toxicity aspects of nanomaterials are covered in detail, making this is a comprehensive, important resource for anyone wanting to learn more about how nanomaterials are changing the way we create products in modern industry. Demonstrates how cutting-edge developments in nanomaterials translate into real-world innovations in a range of industry sectors Explores how using nanomaterials can help engineers to create innovative consumer products Discusses the legal, economical and toxicity issues arising from the industrial applications of nanomaterials