Download or read book Swimming Performance Metabolic Rate and Recovery of Adult Pacific Salmon Oncorhynchus Spp with Consideration of Temperature Effects microform written by Chris G. Lee and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 2002 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon written by Cornelis Groot and published by UBC Press. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year, countless juvenile Pacific salmon leave streams and rivers on their migration to feeding grounds in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. After periods ranging from a few months to several years, adult salmon enter rivers along the coasts of Asia and North America to spawn and complete their life cycle. Within this general outline, various life history patterns, both among and within species, involve diverse ways of exploiting freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats. There are seven species of Pacific salmon. Five (coho, chinook chum, pink, and sockeye) occur in both North America and Asia. Their complex life histories and spectacular migrations have long fascinated biologists and amateurs alike. Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon provides comprehensive reviews by leading researchers of the physiological adaptations that allow Pacific Salmon to sustain themselves in the diverse environments in which they live. It begins with an analysis of energy expenditure and continues with reviews of locomotion, growth, feeding, and nutrition. Subsequent chapters deal with osmotic adjustments enabling the passage between fresh and salt water, nitrogen excretion and regulation of acid-base balance, circulation and gas transfer, and finally, responses to stress. This thorough and authoritative volume will be a valuable reference for students and researchers of biology and fisheries science as they seek to understand the environmental requirements for the perpetuation of these unique and valuable species.
Download or read book Metabolic rates and critical swimming speeds of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in relation to size and temperature written by J.R. Brett and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Swimming Performance and Muscle Function in Juvenile California Salmon written by Shana Michelle Katzman and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determination of the Energetic Cost of Swimming from the Analysis of Growth Rate and Body Composition in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha written by James Roger White and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Swimming Performance of Sockeye Salmon oncorhynchus Nerka in Relation to Fatigue Time and Temperature written by and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impacts of Cumulative Thermal and Fishery Stressors and Infection Development on the Health and Survival of Adult Pacific Salmon During Freshwater Residence written by Amy Teffer and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cumulative stressors influence the infection development, health and survival of wild Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Infectious disease is generally assumed to be the ultimate cause of death of wild adult salmon, but empirical evidence demonstrating links between infections and early mortality (i.e., prior to spawning) is lacking, especially as a function of cumulative migratory stressors. The influences of high river temperature and fishery capture and release on infection development and early mortality was explored in three Pacific salmon species. Adults were captured at river entry and held in freshwater tanks for the duration of river migration (days-weeks). Tank temperatures reflected either optimal (cool), warm (climate change scenario), or dynamic (changes in river temperature, behavioral thermoregulation) thermal conditions during migration. A subset of fish in all temperature groups was treated with a fishery bycatch release simulation (gillnet entanglement, air exposure) at the start of the holding period. We tracked shifts in physiology, immune activity and multiple infections using repeated biopsy (gill, blood) and molecular tools. Laboratory experiments were complimented by a telemetry study to assess impacts on behavior in the river. Novel application of high-throughput qPCR on nonlethally-sampled gill measured infections (bacteria, viruses, protozoa) concurrently with host immune gene expression, and was complemented by blood plasma chemistry to assess physiology. Ecologically relevant high temperatures increased mortality, infection development and stress metabolites and impaired host osmoregulatory function. Fishery stress reduced survival, especially after long entanglements and at high temperature, which reduced the capacity of individuals to resolve stress and infections. Females were more drastically affected, and mortality was delayed by more than a week. Fish with heavy infections in the river migrated more rapidly but traveled less distance. Sublethal effects of stressors included reduced migration rates and suppressed maturation indices that could delay maturity and extend river residence. Finally, river-exposed fish carried heavier infections and died sooner than those that bypassed the lower river, suggesting a causal influence of infections on early mortality. These findings support river-derived infections as causal factors contributing to the early mortality of adult Pacific salmon in fresh water and clarify its mechanisms, which comprise influences of multiple infections, sex, species, water temperature and fishery stress.
Download or read book The Influence of Oxygen Concentration on the Swimming Performance of Juvenile Pacific Salmon at Various Temperatures written by Gerald E. Davis and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impact of Disease and Diet on the Metabolic Rate Swimming Performance and Recovery of Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar L written by Matthew Alexander Jones and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Acoustic Tagging Effects on Juvenile Sockeye Salmon Swimming Performance Growth Post surgical Wound Healing Survival and Metabolic Rate in Freshwater and Saltwater written by Alison Laureen Collins and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Rest on the Swimming Performance of Fatigued Adult Silver Salmon written by Gerald John Paulik and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Temperature Effects on Trinity River California Adult Spring run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha Metabolism and Survival written by Kendall Linn Ross and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Feeding Metabolic Rates of Young Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka in Relation to Ration Level and Temperature written by J. R. (John Roland) Brett and published by nanaimo, b. c. : pacific biological station, fisheries and marine service. This book was released on 1976 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Swimming Speed of Adult Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorguscha at 20 C and a Comparison with Sockeye Salmon O Nerka written by J. R. Brett and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Changes in the Swimming Performance Behavior and Physiology of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytcha After Exposure to One Two Or Three Acute Handling Stresses written by Linda A. Sigismondi and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of an organism or organismic subsystem is the result of the interaction between the performance capacity of the system and Its environment. Environmental conditions can stress an organism and thus affect it's performance. In this study, three whole organism performances were examined: critical swimming speed, fatigue time and response time to a sudden bright light. In addition, subsystem performances were examined by measuring changes in hematocrit and plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, osmolarity, sodium and potassium. Performance tests were made on juvenile chinook salmon stressed 0, 1, 2 or 3 times, with 1 or 3 h between stresses, and on fish allowed to recover 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after each level of stress. A stress consisted of holding the fish in a dip net in the air for 30 sec. The physiological responses and the swimming tests were conducted on salt water adapted fish while the behavioral response was measured with fish in fresh water. Plasma levels of cortisol, lactic acid, osmolarity and sodium increased cumulatively following several acute handling stresses spaced I h apart, though each parameter returned to control levels in 6-12 h. Plasma glucose rose significantly by 1 h after the first stress and remained higher than control levels at all levels of stress and through 24 h after stress. Plasma potassium increased initially following one and two stresses, dropped below control levels within 1-6 h after the last stress, and then increased above control levels for the remainder of the 24 h. Following three stresses potassium was lower than controls initially and then was similar to the levels for one and two stresses throughout the rest of the 24 h recovery period. There was a decrease in hematocrit 3-6 h after each level of stress followed by a return to control levels within 12 h of the last stress. Critical swimming speed was measured by increasing the water velocity in a flow-through swim tube and noting the velocity at which each fish stopped swimming. Critical swimming speeds after handling were highly variable and no differences were found between stressed fish and unstressed fish at any level of stress or any recovery time. Fatigue time was measured as the time a fish can maintain position in a swim tube at a given constant water velocity (60 cm/sec). Following each fatigue test, fish were killed and blood samples were obtained. Unlike unstressed fish, which all fatigued within13 min, the times to fatigue of stressed fish varied with some fish fatiguing within a few minutes and some fish swimming the 60 min period. There was a depression in fatigue times immediately following one and three handling stresses spaced 1 h apart. Immediately after two stresses and with all groups given time to recover from stress, fatigue times were similar to or higher than for unstressed fish. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, osmolarity and sodium were higher in swimming fish than in non-swimming controls. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactic acid were all highly variable in fish following fatigue and no differences were found betweeen fish handled in a dip net and unhandled fish at any level of stress or any time after stress. Plasma osmolarity and sodium levels in fatigued fish immediately after one stress were higher than levels in unstressed fatigued fish. Plasma potassium was higher in fatigued fish than in unstressed fatigued controls at several time periods after one and three stresses. The behavior test consisted of exposing groups of salmon in fresh water to a sudden bright light and measuring the time it took each fish to reach cover. Unstressed fish reached cover within 15 sec. Stressed fish took longer to reach cover, with the greatest delay immediately after stress and a gradual decrease in response time with recovery from stress. Exposure to two and three consecutive stress with 3 h between stresses increased the response times and the recovery times indicating that the effects of stress were cumulative.
Download or read book The Effects of Warming and Hypoxia as Individual and Combined Stressors on the Survival Physiology and Development of Early Life Stage Chinook Salmon written by Annelise Mary Del Rio and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in the Central Valley of California are the most vulnerable to climate variability within the species (Crozier et al., 2019). Major threats include climate change, habitat loss, and water management infrastructure. Early life stages of salmon are particularly susceptible to stressors related to these threats because they have little to no ability to swim away from sub-optimal conditions within the incubation environment. Instead, they must rely on internal physiological responses to cope with stressors. Developing salmon thrive in cool, well-oxygenated water; however, warming and hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen) are two stressors that are prevalent within the gravel redds. Few studies have examined the effects of multiple, co-occurring stressors on salmon embryos, but warming and hypoxia are likely to interact because of opposing effects on metabolic rate and physiological performance. The interaction between warming and hypoxia may have contributed to recent high embryo mortality in an endangered population of Sacramento River salmon, where low flows and resulting hypoxia are hypothesized to have reduced the thermal tolerance of salmon embryos (Martin et al. 2017). In this dissertation I examined the effects of warming and hypoxia on the survival and physiology of early life stage Chinook salmon in laboratory and field studies. Rearing embryos under chronic hypoxia resulted in higher mortality, especially in combination with warming, and affected upper thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3, I investigated how the timing of exposure to warming, hypoxia, or both stressors affected early life stages during the exposure and found that exposure to both stressors had the greatest effect on hatching, growth, and metabolic rate if embryos were chronically exposed to these stressors during their entire embryogenesis or if they were only exposed late in embryogenesis, shortly before hatch. Furthermore, salmon developmental rate, metabolic rate, and acute stress tolerance continued to be affected in the alevin and fry even though they were transferred to control conditions following hatch, suggesting there are lasting effects of early stress exposure on the physiological performance of juvenile salmon. In Chapter 4, I conducted a field experiment to study how natural water quality variables, with a focus on dissolved oxygen and temperature, affected salmon embryo hatching and survival within artificial redds on the American River near Sacramento, California. Overall, hatching success was low, in part because of poor egg quality. Intergravel dissolved oxygen was highly variable and contributed to differences in embryo survival among the redds, along with intergravel temperature and water flow above the redds. Overall, these studies indicate that the interactions between temperature and dissolved oxygen affect key aspects of early salmon development and physiology in different ways than the individual stressors. My dissertation should help to inform management strategies to improve early life stage salmon survival in Central Valley rivers such as dam management plans for river flows that consider dissolved oxygen and water temperature for salmon.
Download or read book Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
