Download or read book Integrated Organic Farming Systems Approach for Efficient Food Production and Environmental Sustainability written by Subhash Babu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-24 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researchers and policy planners are in search of a solution to address the twin challenges of maximizing agricultural production while maintaining/ improving ecosystem sustainability. Enhancing farm productivity is needed in certain regions of the world to satisfy local food consumption and farmers' needs. Linear economy-based-input intensive conventional agriculture (CAPS) has increased production output but has not made agriculture more sustainable. Henceforth, a farming system that aims to reduce the adverse impact on the environment, as well as enhance agricultural productivity by reducing environmental footprint and improving soil health and economic wellbeing is needed in the present day. Integrated organic farming systems (IOFS) involve residue recycling, bio-intensive cropping, high-tech horticulture, mushroom, dairy, poultry, fishery, apiary, etc can improve the ecosystem health and augment the income and livelihood security of the growers. Worldwide, IOFS are gaining popularity due to improved ecosystem services and improving farm productivity and livelihood security. Hence, IOFS- a circular economy-based (reuse-recycle-repair) agricultural production system can be alternatives to energy-intensive inputs based on CAPS. Hence, there is an urgent need to select suitable IOFS models with proper resource optimization for productivity maximization and better ecosystem sustainability. Undoubtedly IOFS reduces energy use from synthetic agrochemicals but food production in IOFS is highly dependent on fossil fuel energy that must be addressed urgently. Despite the enormous positive outlooks, there are several challenges in the adoption of IOFS models. The IOFS is a multiproduct-oriented production system that needs multi specialties and marketing. Capacity building and infrastructure development are also great challenges in adopting IOFS. Moreover, the development of IOFS models is highly individualistic, and location-specific production systems need proper resource optimization and characterization. Hence, the development of site-specific IOFS models to maintain food quality with productivity improvement is a genuine issue to the researchers, which needs to be addressed. Papers (original research/review/letter to the editors) spanning across the discipline related to the IOFS development in sustainable ways are encouraged for inclusion in this research topic. Papers should explicitly cover ecosystem restoration, farm productivity, and profitability and could have a specific focus on the following areas: -the IOFS models for enhancing productivity and environmental quality through an integrated management approach aiming at the maximization of use efficiencies -the management of biomass waste to restore the soil fertility, and ecosystem services the effect of integrated management practices on greenhouse gas emissions and energy use -Critical approaches for climate-smart food production systems

Download or read book Agroecological Practices For Sustainable Agriculture Principles Applications And Making The Transition written by Alexander Wezel and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-06-19 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Good agroecological practices are indispensable for the development of sustainable agriculture. In this book, principles, diversity and applications of agroecological practices for a range of systems are presented, transforming scientific research and participatory knowledge of production into practical application. It illustrates a broad range of research and teaching being used within the farming community to demonstrate best practice and current state-of-play within the field. Agroecological methods used in crop farming, grass-based livestock farming, fish production, and other complex farming systems are discussed. Conclusions are drawn from studies to provide an outlook on future trends of agroecological practices and on policies supporting implementation.Due to emphasis on real-life application, it is relevant not only to students of the agricultural sciences and public policy, but also to researchers, stakeholders and policy makers involved in the development of sustainable agriculture.

Download or read book Climate Crisis Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability written by Uday Chatterjee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to contribute to the discourse on climate crisis by bringing together high-quality empirical research on adaptive approaches and sustainability case studies from across the world. The book is divided into six sections. The introductory section has two chapters which sets the ground of the book as it discusses the framing of climate crisis and the different approaches towards it. It also situates the book within the global discourse. The first chapter seeks the traditional approaches to bridge the gap in the new climate science, while the second chapter delivers the ultimate reasons for temperature change, global warming and its consequences (extreme weather events) in a comprehensive way. It is hoped that the book as a whole will provide a timely synthesis of a rapidly growing and important field of climate science but will also bring forward new and stimulating ideas that will shape a coherent and fruitful vision for future work for the community of Undergraduates, Postgraduates, Ph.D. Scholars and Researchers in the fields of environmental sciences, humanistic and social sciences and geography. In addition, policy and decision makers, environmentalists, NGOs, corporate sectors, social scientists, and government organizations will find this book to be of great value. We believe that a diverse group of academics, scientists, geographers, environmentalists, environmental regulators, social scientists, and sustainable scientists with a common interest within the earth environmental sciences and humanistic and social sciences will find this book to be a comprehensive source for reference. Also, we strongly deemed that it will also provide some support for various levels of organizations and administrations for developing and achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 in purview of climate change.

Download or read book Agroecological Footprints Management for Sustainable Food System written by Arnab Banerjee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-16 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agroecological footprints are a unique and popular concept for sustainable food system. Measuring and keeping a tab on the agroecological footprints of various human activities has gained remarkable interest in the past decade. From a range of human activities, food production and agriculture are most essential as well as extremely dependent on the agroecosystems. It is therefore crucial to understand the interaction of agroecosystem constituents with the extensive agricultural practices. The environmental impact measured in terms of agroecological footprints for a healthy for the sustainable food system. The editors critically examine the status of agroecological footprints and how it can be maintained within sustainable limits. Drawing upon research and examples from around the world, the book is offering an up-to-date account, and insight into how agroecology can be implemented as a solution in the form of eco-friendly practices that would boost up the production, curbs the environmental impacts, improves the bio-capacity, and reduces the agroecological footprints. It further discusses the changing status of the agroecological footprints and the growth of other footprint tools and types, such as land, water, carbon, nitrogen, etc. This book will be of interest to teachers, researchers, government planners, climate change scientists, capacity builders, and policymakers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, agroforestry, agroecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. National and international agricultural scientists, policymakers will also find this to be useful to achieve the ‘Sustainable Development Goals’.

Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Microbiological Advancements for Higher Altitude Agro Ecosystems Sustainability written by Reeta Goel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-13 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book explores the challenges and opportunities associated with high-altitude agro-ecosystems and the factors that influence them. It discusses the various indigenous agricultural practices and approaches, as well as the microbiology of mountain & hill agro-ecosystems, providing a comprehensive overview of the various factors that control the microbiome at high altitudes. The contributions examine microbiological advances, such as use of “omics” technologies for hill agriculture and environmental sustainability, and explore the use of nanotechnology for agricultural and environmental sustainability at higher altitudes. The book also describes various aspects of low-temperature microbiology in the context of high-altitude farming and environmental sustainability.

Download or read book Socio Economic Evaluation of Cropping Systems for Smallholder Farmers Challenges and Options written by Subhasis Mandal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-11-23 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The FAO estimated that five out of six farms in the world are operating less than two hectares of land, suggesting that small-holder farmers are producing over one-third of the global food. The cropping systems practiced by smallholder farmers play a vital role in agri-food production systems and help to reduce hunger, improve nutrition, and provide livelihoods to millions across the developing countries. The performance of these cropping systems has a direct impact on achieving the multiple Sustainable Development Goals (2030) of No Poverty (SDG 1), Zero Hunger (SDG 2), and Good Health and Wellbeing (SDG 3). System intensification is now widely recognized as an essential pathway to achieve food and nutrition security in developing countries. The numbers of smallholder farmers are rapidly increasing in both developing and underdeveloped countries, however, they are increasingly facing challenges to run profitably. Cropping system intensification (CSI) could be one of the ways to make such production systems more remunerative for these farmers.

Download or read book STATISTICAL MODELS FOR CLIMATIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME SELECTED ZONES OF KARNATAKA written by Dr. K. N. Krishnamurthy and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate is a measure of average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate is different from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) defines climate change as, changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.

Download or read book Sustainable Agriculture towards Food Security written by Arulbalachandran Dhanarajan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-16 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World’s population is projected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100. To meet the food demands of the exponentially increasing population, a massive food production is necessary. Agricultural production on land and aquatic systems pose negative impacts on the earth’s ecosystems. Combined effects of climate change, land degradation, cropland losses, water scarcity and species infestations are major causes for loss of agricultural yields up to 25%. Therefore, the world needs a paradigm shift in agriculture development for sustainable food production and security through green revolution and eco-friendly approaches. Hence, agriculture practices must be sustained by the ability of farm land to produce food to satisfy human needs indefinitely as well as having sustainable impacts on the broader environment. The real agricultural challenges of the future as well as for today differ according to their geopolitical and socioeconomic contexts. Therefore, sustainable agriculture must be inclusive and have adaptability and flexibility over time to respond to demands for food production. Considering all these points, this book has been prepared to address and insights to generate awareness of food security and focuses on perspectives of sustainable food production and security towards human society. The book facilitates to describes the classical and recent advancement of technologies and strategies by sustainable way through plant and animal origin including, breeding, pest management, tissue culture, transgenic techniques, bio and phytoremediation, environmental stress and resistance, plant growth enhancing microbes, bio-fertilizer and integrated approaches of food nutrition. Chapters provide a new dimension to discuss the issues, challenges and strategies of agricultural sustainability in a comprehensive manner. It aims at educating the students, advanced and budding researchers to develop novel approaches for sustainability with environmentally sound practices.

Download or read book Agriculture under Climate Change Threats Strategies and Policies written by V.V. Belavadi and published by Allied Publishers. This book was released on 2017-02-13 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agriculture continues to be an important sector fuelling economic growth. Rapidly changing climate is already affecting the production of food and feed, industrial crops, livestock, and seafood. In developing countries like India, agriculture and allied sectors contribute significantly to the gross domestic product. Therefore, evolving strategies to sustain a stable growth of the farming sector is essential for feeding a growing population and poverty alleviation in the face of global climate change. It is crucial to carry out a comprehensive analysis of different aspects of climate change to effectively combat its negative impacts on food production systems and landscapes and reap its potential benefits in agricultural production. Research findings and recommendations on topics as diverse as climate change impacts, genetic enhancement of crops, options for adaptation to climate change, opportunities and challenges for sustainable food production systems have been compiled in this volume. Capacity building for climate resilient agriculture and agriculture policy and planning is equally important to face future challenges. This book makes a compelling effort to address these major issues arising from climate change from an Indian perspective. The important and often conflicting issues in climate change impacts, adaptations and mitigations strategies are brought in to focus and a critical summary of the state-of-art in climate smart agriculture is presented for teachers, researchers and policy makers engaged with climate change and agriculture in the tropical arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa.

Download or read book Sustainable Horticulture in Semiarid Dry Lands written by Shrikant Hiwale and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-16 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses ways of increasing production/unit area by making full use of the soil and water under the harsh climatic conditions of semiarid areas. This leads to improved sustainability, increased availability of fresh produce, which is vital for human health and higher incomes for small and marginal farmers. Arid and semiarid areas account for almost 70 per cent of the total cropped area of India. In these areas physical constraints like low and erratic rainfall, high temperature, high wind velocity, low fertility, poor soil structure, salinity of soil and ground water all limit reliable crop production. In the absence of any type of aggregation, the soils are highly erodible, lack structure and have a very coarse in texture with low water holding capacity. Intensive agricultural practices, increasing population pressure, climatic changes, environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, salinization and water depletion are all threatening the sustainability of agriculture. In view of the mounting demand for food, it is vital to link enhanced food production with nutritional security, conservation of natural resources, increasing farmers’ incomes, employment generation through agricultural diversification. Horticulture, particularly of fruit trees, can play a major role in solving the problem of nutrition, as fruits are rich source of vitamins and minerals and have antioxidant properties. Fruit trees, which are mostly deciduous, add leaf litter to the soil, and this ultimately helps to improve the condition of the soil. In addition, fruit trees are known to reduce soil erosion and reduce run off. The trees also play a major role in purifying the environment as they are the known carbon sequesters. Fruit-tree cultivation is a profitable preposition. There is no scope to increase the land surface; all increase in productivity therefore has to be from the available land. This means introducing cropping systems that can meet the basic food, fodder and fuel requirement of farming families.

Download or read book Sustainable Development of Dryland Agriculture in India written by R.P. Singh and published by Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are chapters on varied topics covering the major gamut of dryland agriculture. The topics covered by eminent-scientists are : Dryland agricultural research in India - a historical perspective. The eminence of authors and the institutions they represent gives credence to the contents of the book. Research and development workers, all would like to possess this book for ready reference and use.

Download or read book Climate Change Challenge 3C and Social Economic Ecological Interface Building written by Sunil Nautiyal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-04 with total page 623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the outcome of two International Conferences held at the ISEC in Bangalore, India: the international conference on “Climate Change and Social-Ecological-Economical Interface-Building: Modelling Approach to Exploring Potential Adaptation Strategies for Bio-resource Conservation and Livelihood Development” held during 20–21 May 2015 and jointly organized by the Centre for Ecological Economics and Natural Resources (CEENR), Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) and the Centre for Environmental Systems Research (CESR), University of Kassel, Germany; and the international conference “Climate Change and Food Security – the Global and Indian Contexts,” jointly hosted by the CEENR, ISEC and the School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, on 18–19 February 2015. The selected papers presented in this book portray a broad range of international research efforts aimed at developing a deeper understanding of human-environment systems but also at translating scientific knowledge into political and societal solutions and responses to the challenge of climate change.

Download or read book Sustainable Dryland Farming written by A.M. Dhopte and published by Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainability is extremely important in dryland farming under global climatic change. Technology devised by various agricultural institutions is provided in this book.Variation in environmental factors may influence entire ecological system which may not be ideal for agriculture. Under such global scenario , plant growth is under geopardy. New varieties have to be developed to suit the varied climate or crop strategy in view of crop domain suiting ideal available temperature has to be framed to make dryland farming sustainable .Various agrotechnology needs to be adapted to avoid depletion in productivity. Global climatic change in future may limit the productivity of available varieties. Corporate farming may come to rescue the problem under present scenario. Various agrotechnologies described in this book may help the farmers and planners to overcome the situation in future. Critical problems have been dealt with probable solutions to suit the requirements .Multicropping system , organic farming, , watersheds promotion, reclamation of degraded soils, soil health cards, use of portrals of weather forecast, early harvest on physiological maturity and use of instant remedies timely under unfavourable season shall ease the failure of crop . Long outstanding demand has thus fulfilled with this book.

Download or read book Sustainable Solutions for Food Security written by Atanu Sarkar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-18 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first centralized source of technological and policy solutions for sustainable agriculture and food systems resilience in the face of climate change. The editors have compiled a comprehensive collection of the latest tested, replicable green technologies and approaches for food security, including smart crops and new agricultural paradigms, sustainable natural resources management, and strategies for risk assessment and governance. Studies from resource-constrained countries with vulnerable populations are emphasized, with contributions on multisector partnership from development professionals. Debates concerning access to climate-smart technologies, intellectual property rights, and international negotiations on technology transfer are also included. The editors are, respectively, a public health physician, a development professional and an environmental scientist. They bring their varied perspectives together to curate a holistic volume that will be useful for policy makers, scientists, community-based organizations, international organizations and researchers across the world.

Download or read book The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book TERI Energy Environment Data Diary and Yearbook TEDDY 2021 22 written by A TERI Publication and published by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). This book was released on with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook (TEDDY) is an annual publication brought out by TERI since 1986. It is the only comprehensive energy and environment yearbook in India that provides updated information on the energy supply sectors (coal and lignite, petroleum and natural gas, power, and renewable energy sources), energy demand sectors (agriculture, industry, transport, household, buildings), and environment (local and global). Recent changes in the energy sector and environment are depicted with the help of graphs, figures, maps, and tables. The publication also reviews government policies associated with energy and environment. TEDDY 2021/22 gives an account of India’s commercial energy balances, extensively covering energy flows within different sectors of the economy and how they have been changing over time. These energy balances and conversion factors are a valuable reference for researchers, scholars, and organizations engaged in energy and related sectors. Contents of the book are organized into three sections—Energy Supply, Energy Demand, and Local and Global Environment. Interlinkage of SDGs with energy and environment also forms the subject matter of TEDDY 2021/22. The thirty seventh edition continues to remain less prose intensive with inclusion of more data, represented with the help of infographics, thus making the publication an authentic and interesting read. Key Features: - Provides a review of government policies, programmes, and initiatives that have implications for energy sector and the Indian economy - The analyses are based on the exhaustive data, sourced from energy supply, energy demand, and local and global environment sectors - Traces the trend exhibited by energy generation and consumption and its association with the environment Contents: Energy and environment: an overview Energy supply: Coal and lignite • Petroleum and natural gas • Power • Renewable energy Energy demand: Agriculture • Industry • Transport • Household energy • Buildings Local and global environment: Air • Solid waste management • Water resource management • Land and forest resource management • Climate change Audience: Researchers and Professionals from industries, government organizations, and public sector undertakings. Research scholars from different NGOs, bilateral and multilateral institutions, and academic institutions. Shelving: Energy, Environmental Sciences and Studies, Industry (Coal and lignite, oil and gas, power, renewable energy), climate change, Agriculture sector, Transport sector, domestic sector For sample chapters and Sankey diagram, please visit: www.teriin.org/projects/teddy List of Tables Coal and Lignite 1 New environmental norms for TPSs 2 FGD implementation status of TPSs—general summary (capacity in MW) 3 FGD implementation status of TPSs situated in NCR (capacity in MW) · Pithead run of mine price of non-coking coal applicable for Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Central Coalfields Limited, Northern Coalfields Limited, Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, South Eastern Coalfields Limited, and North Eastern Coalfields Limited, with effect from 27 November 2020 · Revised price of coking coal for NRS · Pit head price of non-coking coal applicable for Western Coalfields Limited, with effect from 27 November 2020 Petroleum and Natural Gas 1 Hydrocarbon reserve status (as on 1 April 2021) 2 Trend in installed refining capacity of Indian refineries (in MTPA) 3 Trend in subsidies for the sale of petroleum and natural gas in India 4 List of taxes for the production and sale of crude oil in India 5 List of taxes for the production and sale of natural gas in India 6 Retail selling price and taxes on petrol and diesel in India and other countries in 2019/20 7 Phasing of minimum work programme 8 Trend in CNG stations, CNG vehicles, and CNG sales in India 9 Allocation for MoPNG under the budget estimate for 2021/22 · City gas distribution bidding parameters · Year-wise work programme for successful CGD bidders · Major crude oil and product pipeline network (as on 1 April 2022) · Existing major LPG and petroleum products’ pipelines in India (as on 31 March 2021) · Status of existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure · Price build-up of subsidised domestic LPG in Delhi as on 1 April 2022 · Price build-up of PDS SKO in Mumbai as on 1 April 2022 · Price buildup of MS (petrol) in Delhi as on 1 April 2022 · Price buildup of HSD in Delhi as on 1 April 2022 · Present status of CGD infrastructure in India Power 1 Sector-wise fuel-wise break-up of achieved capacity addition (in MW) 2 Addition in transmission lines and transformation capacity 3 Plan-wise growth of transmission lines (220 kV and above) 4 Import/export of energy by India from/to neighbouring countries (in MU) 5 Status of eight states as on 31 March 2021 6 Comparison of length of lines operating at various voltages as on 31 March 2021 7 Achievements in infrastructure under electrification schemes by Ministry of Power 8 Set targets and achievements under IPDS system 9 Details of electricity infrastructure created under DDUGJY (including additional infra) as on 31 October 2021 10 Set targets and achievements under UDAY scheme 11 Inter-regional power transfer capacity of national grid during the last three years 12 Sanctioned smart grid pilot projects and implementation status Agriculture 1 Production, imports, and consumption of fertilizers (thousand tonnes of nutrients) 2 Shift in different sources of commercial energy consumption in Indian agriculture (in %) 3 Source-wise net irrigated area in India (in Mha) 4 Irrigation water productivity of rice, wheat, and sugar cane in major growing states 5 On-farm solar energy interventions linking water and land use in different states in India · Policy categories and key nodal agency impacting energy use in agriculture · Electricity consumption in agriculture sector Industry 1 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for aluminium sector 2 Production of aluminium (in tonnes) 3 SEC in aluminium smelting 4 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for cement sector 5 Cement production 6 Indian and global average specific energy consumption of cement plant 7 Brief overview of different PAT cycle for chlor-alkali sector 8 Production of alkali chemicals 9 Section-wise energy consumption in caustic soda production 10 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for fertilizer sector 11 Production of urea, DAP and complex fertilizers (in MT) 12 Benchmarking energy consumption in the fertilizer sector 13 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for iron and steel sector 14 Crude steel production and capacity utilization 15 Comparison of Indian and international SEC for steel industry 16 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for pulp and paper sector 17 Benchmarking energy consumption in different industry groups of pulp and paper sector 18 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for textile sector 19 Production of yarn and fabric 20 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for petrochemical sector 21 Production (in MT) of major petrochemicals Transportation 1 Road category along with the length (in km) for 2018 and 2019 2 Cargo traffic handled at major ports (in tonne) in 2021/22 3 Cargo traffic handled at non-major ports (in tonne) for 2021/22 4 Number of projects and project cost under Sagarmala · App-based solution project in round II cities · Growth of metro rail over the years · Number of E-buses sanctioned under FAME-II scheme Household Energy 1 A timeline of government acts, policies, and schemes for providing energy access to households · Per capita consumption during 2019 · Per capita consumption of electricity in India · Energy consumption by countries · Village electrification in India · State-wise monthly average duration of power cuts in urban areas at 11 kV feeder level during May 2019 · Distribution of households based on energy source for lighting · Source of energy for cooking in residential sector in India · Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for lighting (2001/02–2011/12) · Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for lighting (2001/02–2011/12) · Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for cooking (2001/02–2011/12) · Consumption of LPG and kerosene · Residential consumption of LPG Buildings 1 Climate characteristics 2 Suggested P/A ratios for cooling dominated regions 3 Climate-specific shading responses for passive cooling 4 Green building rating systems and daylight benchmarks 5 Status of energy-efficiency policies in India Air 1 State-/UT-wise distribution of manual and continuous monitoring stations in operation under NAMP 2 Revised ambient air quality standards 3 Breakpoints for AQI scale: 0–500 4 Active fire counts on crop land in different states of India during the last 10 years 5 Stack emission standards for major air-polluting industries 6 New emission standards for thermal power plants 7 Emission standards for two-wheeler and three-wheeler categories 8 Emission standards for four-wheeler category 9 Emission norms for heavy diesel vehicles 10 Emission standards for generator sets 11 Deaths attributable to air pollution along with total and per-capita economic loss due to premature deaths and morbidity attributable to air pollution in the states of India 12 Dose response study of short-term effects of criteria air pollutants on all daily mortality in India 13 Dose response study of short-term effects of criteria air pollutants all-cause mortality around the globe 14 Recent policies in different sectors to improve air quality in India 15 Planned and proposed source apportionment studies under NCAP and their status as of May 2022 · Comparison of ambient air quality standards of different countries · Number of days different states exceeded the NAAQS of PM2.5 · Summary of estimated source contributions including the contribution of sources outside the city air sheds · Studies conducted relating to health effects of air pollution Solid Waste Management · MSW gasification technologies · Various treatment technologies for plastic waste and their environmental impacts · Recycling facilities located in different cities of India · Management of C&D waste in major cities of India Water Resource Management 1 Estimated utilizable flows and average annual potentials of the main basins of the country 2 Criteria for categorization of assessment units 3 Irrigated area covered under different forms of irrigation 4 Indicators developed by MoSPI for tracking/monitoring the progress of nationally defined SDGs Land and Forest Resource Management 1 Forest cover of India 2 State-wise forest cover of India 3 Forest cover under different fire-prone classifications 4 Forest carbon stock under different pools and changes w.r.t. previous assessment 5 Key statistics of Indian hotspots 6 Floral diversity of India 7 Distribution of species in different IUCN categories 8 Protected areas of India (as on December 2021) 9 Current statistics as per 2020/21 SDG INDIA for SDG 14 and SDG 15 Climate Change 1 Emission scenario 2 Level of CO2 emissions 3 Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters 4 Global emissions and emission gap under the implementation of NDCs for 2030 (median and range in GTCO2e) 5 Sector-wise national GHG emission (in MT) 6 Current status of state action plans on climate change · Carbon dioxide emissions across regions (in MTCO2) · Missions under National Action Plan on Climate Change · Projects sanctioned under National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change · State-wise projects with outlay sanctioned under National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change List of Figures Energy and Environment: an overview 1 Fuel-wise end-use energy consumption in 2020/21 2 Overall energy supply and consumption in India in 2020/21 3 Coal reserves in India as on 1 April 2021 4 Coal transportation by various modes 5 Trend in natural gas production and import dependency 6 Trend in petroleum products’ consumption in India 7 Installed generation capacity (as of March 2022) 8 Growth rate of electricity generation (2021/22) 9 Grid power and their percentage share till May 2022 10 Growth of renewable energy sources 11 Installed solar capacity (2017–22) 12 Electricity consumption in the agriculture sector 13 Number of diesel and electric pumps used in India 14 Global CO2 emission from transport subsectors (2000–20 15 Percentage of electricity consumers in residential sector to total power consumed by all sectors 16 Commercial energy consumption by use 17 Residential energy consumption by use 18 State-/UT-wise average ambient air quality status of different pollutant parameters for 2008–21 19 Per capita water availability in relation to population 20 Trend of average water table in India from 1980 to 2015 21 Forest cover of India 22 Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters 23 CO2 emissions (in MTCO2) in India in comparison to GDP (PPP) 24 CO2 emissions within subsectors in India Coal and Lignite 1 Coal reserves in India as on 1 April 2021 2 Lignite reserves in India as on 1 April 2021 3 Coal and lignite production in India 4 Coal production by CIL and SCCL 5 Production of coal (in %) from opencast and underground mining 6 Coal off-take (in %) by different sectors in India during 2020/21 7 Lignite off-take (in %) by different sectors in India during 2020/21 8 Coal transportation by various modes 9 Year-wise import of coal in India (in MT) 10 Source-wise import of coal in India (in MT) 11 India’s export of coal (in %) Petroleum and Natural Gas 1 Status of hydrocarbon reserves 2 Total balance recoverable crude oil and natural gas reserves in India 3 Basin-wise ultimate hydrocarbon reserves as on 1 April 2021 4 Basin-wise in-place hydrocarbon reserves as on 1 April 2021 5 Trend in domestic crude oil production 6 Crude import, product imports, and total imports 7 Crude import, product imports, and total imports 8 Country-wise crude oil imports by India 9 Trend in production of petroleum products from refineries and fractionators 10 Trend in petroleum products’ consumption in India 11 Status of petroleum products’ consumption during 2021/22 12 Trend in domestic natural gas production 13 Trend in natural gas production and import dependency 14 Trend in consumption of natural gas by different sectors 15 Crude throughput of Indian refineries 16 Trend in gross refinery margin of Indian refineries 17 Trend in subsidies for the sale of petroleum and natural gas in India 18 Share of tax/ duties to total contribution of petroleum sector to exchequer 19 Contribution of taxes from oil and gas industry to the central exchequer 20 Contribution of taxes from oil and gas industry to the state exchequer 21 Trend of excise duty on petrol and diesel vis-a-vis crude oil price in India 22 State-wise collection of States Tax/ VAT/ SGST/ UTGST from the oil and gas industry in 2021 23 Trends in the price of domestic gas produced in India on GCV basis 24 Details of CGD bidding round, geographical areas, percentage of India’s population and percentage of India’s area with access to CGD network 25 Status of state-/UT-wise PNG - domestic, commercial, and industrial connections Indian sedimentary basins Power 1 Installed generation capacity (as of March 2022) 2 Installed generation capacity by sector as of March 2022 3 Growth rate of installed generating capacity (2021/22) 4 CAGR of installed generating capacity (2012–22) 5 Total generation (including renewable energy sources) 6 Growth percentage of electricity generation 7 Growth rate of electricity generation (2021/22) 8 Electricity generation (2012–22) 9 Growth of gross electricity generation in India by mode (2012–22) 10 PLF of coal- and lignite-based power plants 11 Power supply position: energy 12 Growth rate of energy requirement and availability (2011–22) 13 Power supply position: peak 14 Growth rate of peak demand and met (2011–22) 15 Sector-wise electricity consumption pattern 16 Per capita electricity consumption 17 T&D losses 18 AT&C losses 19 Net import/total export of energy by India 20 Cross-border electricity trade on power exchange platform Renewable Energy 1 Linkages of other SDGs to SDG 7 2 Grid power and their percentage share till May 2022 3 Growth of renewable energy sources 4 Top 10 states in renewable installation (till May 2022) 5 Installed solar capacity (2017–22) 6 Top 10 states grid-connected installed solar capacity (till 12 December 2020) 7 Solar tariff (till March 2020/21) 8 Net solar PV installed from 2018 to 2021 9 State-wise wind power potential at 100 m above ground level 10 Growth of wind energy sector from 2017 to 2022 11 State-wise installed capacity (as on December 2020) 12 Cumulative biomass power, gasification and bagasse cogeneration projects 13 State-/UT-wise cumulative commissioned biomass power, waste-to-power, and bagasse cogeneration grid-connected projects (up to 31 May 2022) 14 Cumulative waste-to-energy/power projects 15 Year-wise cumulative installed capacity of small hydropower 16 Tidal energy potential 17 Target for geothermal energy development Agriculture 1 Production of different agricultural products in India 2 HSD and LDO consumption in the agriculture sector 3 Electricity consumption in the agriculture sector 4 Region-wise electricity consumption in the agriculture sector 5 Production of urea, diammonium phosphate, and other complex fertilizers 6 Consumption pattern of different sources of energy 7 Number of tractors sold 8 Number of power tillers sold 9 Number of diesel and electric pumps used in India 10 Percentage share of major farm machineries used in Indian agriculture 11 Farm power availability and food grain yield 12 Share of major crops in the gross cropped area in India 13 Trend in GHG emission from the agriculture sector in India (in GgCO2e) 14 Distribution of GHG emissions by sub-sectors from the agriculture sector from 2011 to 2016 in India 15 Selected state-/UT-wise area covered under micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler) in India as on 31 March 2021 Industry 1 Share of different processes in crude steel production Transportation 1 Change in CO2 emission by fossil fuels (2019–21) 2 Global CO2 emission from transport subsectors (2000–20) 3 Sector-wise change in energy demand in fuel (2000–19) 4 Energy use by passenger and freight modes in India (2000–20) 5 Highways constructed in India over the years 6 Number of registered vehicles from 2001 to 2020 7 Passenger traffic over time 8 Railway electrification routes over time 9 Freight traffic from 2018/19 to 2020/21 10 Total revenue from 2018/19 to 2020/21 11 Major commodities carried by the Indian Railways from 2016/17 to 2020/21 12 Cargo traffic handled at major ports 13 Commodity-wise traffic in major ports for 2021/22 14 National waterways’-wise share of traffic for 2020/21 15 National waterways’: commodity profile for 2020/21 16 Passenger traffic over the years 17 Cargo traffic over the years 18 Percentage of domestic cargo as belly cargo and dedicated freighter Comparison of number of EVs over the years Household Energy 1 Source of lighting in Indian households: 2001–11 2 Residential consumers of LPG in India 3 Percentage of power consumer in residential sector to total power consumed by all sectors 4 Consumption of LPG and kerosene in the residential sector 5 Active consumers of LPG in the residential sector 6 Consumption of LPG in the residential sector 7 Consumption of electricity in the residential sector Buildings 1 Daily electricity demand in India in 2019 2 Daily electricity demand in India in the Stated Policies Scenario in 2040 3 Commercial energy consumption by use 4 Residential energy consumption by use 5 Sector-wise growth in cooling demand 6 HVAC load break up in percentage 7 Integrated building design approach 8 Key benefits of integrated design approach 9 Summer sun path and comfort strategy 10 Winter sun path and comfort strategy 11 Building geometry and S/V ratio 12 Rectangular forms and S/V ratios 13 Comparison of single-glazed and triple-glazed, medium-solar-gain low-e glass 14 Building orientation for enhanced ventilation 15 Funneling effect for enhanced natural ventilation 16 Do’s and don’ts for correct window placement 17 Do’s and don’ts for correct window placement (modified form 18 Positive and negative air pressure zones 19 Stack ventilation 20 Fixed horizontal shading devices 21 Adjustable shading devices 22 (a) Shading cloth and (b) pergolas combined with vegetation 23 Horizontal shading versus vertical shading 24 Daylight factor illuminance 25 Daylight area for massing studies for different shapes of floor plan having similar floor area considering lintel level at 7 feet 26 Daylight area window head height thumb rule (section) 27 Daylight evaluation thumb rule for rectangular or square 28 Atrium rule of thumb 29 Energy reduction with increase in design indoor temperature 30 SDGs related to green buildings and infrastructure 31 National Strategic Plan for Energy Efficiency in Building Sector 32 Highlights of ECBC implementation impact for 2020/21 33 Key objectives of SUNREF programme 34 Percentage growth of cooling requirement in India Air 1 Annual ambient concentration of different pollutants across the country during 2008–21 2 State-/UT-wise average ambient air quality status of different pollutant parameters for the period 2008–21 3 Comparison of number of households using different fuels for cooking in rural and urban areas in India 4 Sectorial contribution to ambient PM10 and PM2.5 5 State-/UT-wise number of non-attainment cities in India Institutional framework of air quality governance in India Solid Waste Management 1 MSW composition for waste received from Gurugram 2 Major e-waste contributing states in India 3 Emission points from MSW sector · Management of plastics in India · Average constituents of C&D waste · C&D waste generated in major cities of India · C&D waste management in India · C&D waste recycling in a typical recycling facility Water Resource Management 1 Per capita water availability in relation to population 2 (a) Categorization of groundwater assessment units in India from 2004 to 2020 and (b) the number of groundwater assessment units 3 Depth to water level maps for (a) pre-monsoon, (b) post-monsoon, and (c) decadal water level fluctuation 4 Trend of the average water table in India from 1980 to 2015 5 Number of assessment units affected by fluoride 6 Number of assessment units affected by arsenic 7 Number of districts with electrical conductivity in groundwater above the permissible limit 8 Net irrigated area in India from 1950 to 2018 9 Households provided with tap water supply 10 (a) Schools and (b) AWCs provided with tap water supply 11 Sewage generation, installed treatment capacity, operational capacity, actual utilization, and complied treatment capacity 12 BOD trends of waterbodies in India (in mg/L) 13 Total coliform (in MPN/100 mL) trends of waterbodies in India 14 Feacal coliform (in MPN/100 mL) trends of waterbodies in India 15 Ramsar sites of India (till June 2022) 16 District-wise area coverage under PDMC from 2015 to 2020 17 High-, medium-, and low-performing states on water resource management 18 Vision and missions under Namami Gange Land and Forest Resource Management 1 Percentage of area under various land uses 2 Land degradation map of India (generated using LISS-III data of 2015/16) 3 Forest cover of India 4 Projected demand for wood in India 5 Projected climate change in forest ecosystem in India 6 Top 10 developmental pressures on forest land in 2020 7 Forest carbon stock in different pools (in MT) 8 Biogeographic zones in India 9 Percentage of novelties in Plantae Kingdom published from India 10 Novelties published in Animalia Kingdom from India 11 Percentage of invasive species in different ecosystems 11 Contributions of different factors in biodiversity loss and habitat degradation 13 Arrival of tourists in India from 2015 to 2020 14 Cases registered under WPA in India from 2015 to 2020 15 Bending curve of biodiversity losses 16 Increase in number of PAs from 2000 to 2021 Climate Change 1 Annual total number of extreme climatic events in India 2 All-India annual mean temperature anomalies for 1901–2021 (based on the 1981–2010 average) 3 Spatial patterns of liner trends of (a) maximum and (b) minimum temperatures 4 Spatial pattern of trend (°C/100 years) in mean annual temperature anomalies (1901–2020) Keys Areas having significant at 95% levels are shaded; red denotes warming and blue denotes cooling. 5 Decadal means of all-India summer monsoon rainfall (in percentage departure from mean) 6 All-India annual mean percentage departures for 1901–2020 (based on the 1961–2010 average) 7 Sub-divisional trends of (a) seasonal and (b) monsoon rainfall for 1901–2003 8 Time series of active and break during the monsoon season 9 Cyclone tracks of depressions and cyclonic storms formed during 2021 10 Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters 11 CO2 emissions (in MTCO2) in India in comparison to GDP (PPP) 12 CO2 emissions within subsectors in India 13 Emissions by fuel type in India 14 Comparison of coal cess collected, amount transferred to, and financed from projects recommended under NCEEF List of Maps Petroleum and Natural Gas 1 Crude oil and product infrastructure in India 2 Natural gas infrastructure in India Renewable Energy 1 Solar potential of Indian states/union territories 2 State-wise wind energy potential at 100/120 m above ground level 3 Biomass power (BP), bagasse cogeneration (BC), and waste-to-energy (W2E) 4 Small hydro potential in India 5 Geothermal potential in India Agriculture State-wise distribution of districts based on vulnerability to climate change in India Buildings Climate zone map of India