Download or read book Surveillance for Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Children United States 1997 2001 written by Debra J. Brody and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PROBLEM/CONDITION: Lead is neurotoxic and particularly harmful to the developing nervous systems of fetuses and young children. Extremely high blood lead levels (BLLs) (i.e.,> or =70 microg/dL) can cause severe neurologic problems (e.g., seizure, coma, and death). However, no threshold has been determined regarding lead's harmful effects on children's learning and behavior. In 1990, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services established a national goal to eliminate BLLs >25 microg/dL by 2000; a new goal targets elimination of BLLs > or =10 microg/dL in children aged 6 years by 2010. REPORTING PERIOD: Information regarding children's BLLs comes from 1) National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted during 1976-1980, 1988-1991, 1991-1994, and 1999-2000; and 2) state child blood lead surveillance data for test results collected during 1997-2001. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: CDC tracks children's BLLs in the United States by using both NHANES and state and local surveillance data. NHANES reports data regarding children aged 1-5 years; state and local surveillance systems report data regarding children aged 72 months. Because lead exposure in children varies among populations and communities, both surveys are needed to determine the burden of elevated BLLs among young children throughout the United States. NHANES uses highly standardized data-collection procedures and probability samples to gather information regarding the health and nutritional status of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. State and local childhood lead surveillance systems are based on reports of blood lead tests from laboratories. State and local programs submit data to CDC annually. In this report, confirmed elevated BLLs are defined as one venous blood specimen or =10 microg/dL or two capillary blood specimens or =10 microg/dL drawn within 12 weeks of each other. RESULTS: The NHANES 1999-2000 survey estimated that 434,000 children (95% confidence interval = 189,000-846,000) or 2.2% of children aged 1-5 years had BLLs > or =10 microg/dL. For 2001, a total of 44 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC) submitted child blood lead surveillance data to CDC. These jurisdictions represent 95% of the U.S. population of children aged 72 months and 97% of the nation's pre-1950 housing. The number of children tested and reported to CDC increased from 1,703,356 in 1997 (37 states, DC, and NYC reporting), to 2,422,298 in 2001 (44 states, DC, and NYC reporting). During that time, the number of children reported with confirmed elevated BLLs or =10 microg/dL steadily decreased from 130,512 in 1997 to 74,887 in 2001. In 2000, the year targeted for national elimination of BLLs >25 microg/dL, a total of 8,723 children had BLLs > or =25 microg/dL. INTERPRETATION: Both national surveys and state surveillance data indicate children's BLLs continue to decline throughout the United States. However, thousands of children continue to be identified with elevated BLLs. The 2000 goal of eliminating BLLs >25 microg/dL was not met. Attaining the 2010 goal of eliminating BLLs > or =10 microg/dL will require intensified efforts to target areas at highest risk, evaluate preventive measures, and improve the quality of surveillance data. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: States will continue to use surveillance data to 1) promote legislation supporting lead poisoning prevention activities, 2) obtain funding, 3) identify risk groups, 4) target and evaluate prevention activities, and 5) monitor and describe progress toward elimination of BLLs > or =10 microg/dL. CDC will work with state and local programs to improve tracking systems and the collection, timeliness, and quality of surveillance data.
Download or read book Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants Children and Other Sensitive Populations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lead is a ubiquitous toxic agent that is especially damaging to the young child and the developing fetus. Unlike many environmental health risks, the risks associated with lead are no longer theoretical but have been observed for many years. Indeed, the first regulation of lead in paint was enacted in the 1920s. Currently, because of growing evidence of lead toxicity at lower concentrations, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently lowered its lead-exposure guideline to 10 ug/dl lead in blood from 25 ug/dl. Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations addresses the public health concern about the logistics and feasibility of lead screening in infants and children at such low concentrations. This book will serve as the basis for all U.S. Public Health Service activities and for all state and local programs in monitoring lead.
Download or read book Lead Poisoning written by Bernice Steinhardt and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000-07 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lead poisoning, a preventable condition, is one of the most serious environmental health threats to children in the U.S. This report reviews federal activities for ensuring that at-risk children receive screening & treatment for lead poisoning. In particular, it addresses the risk of lead poisoning faced by children served by federal health care programs, the extent to which children served by these programs have been screened for this condition, reasons why screenings may not be occurring, & problems faced by federal health care programs in ensuring that children who have been identified as having harmful lead levels in their blood receive timely follow-up treatment.
Download or read book Illinois Childhood Lead Poisoning Surveillance Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Managing Elevated Blood Levels in Young Children written by David Bellinger and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because case management of children with elevated blood lead levels varies markedly among states, cities, and other jurisdictions, the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention developed these nationally applicable recommendations. Based on recently published studies and augmented with opinions of experts, this report defines the elements of case management and offers assessment and management guidelines for health departments, case managers, primary care physicians, and other professionals. The report contains five chapters in addition to the introduction: home environment investigation and interventions, medical evaluation and treatment, nutritional assessment and dietary modification, developmental surveillance and interventions, and education for caregivers. This report, in addition to addressing the case management of individual children, also discusses the importance of state laws, regulations, and financing related to lead abatement efforts and the provision of appropriate services for affected children. Finally, the authors of this report recognize that case management is involved with the secondary prevention of elevated blood lead levels and that primary prevention by the removal of ongoing lead exposure sources should be promoted as the ideal and most effective means of preventing elevated blood lead levels.
Download or read book Lead Poisoning written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1993-12 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers: sources and pathways of lead exposure, role of the pediatric health-care provider, role of state and local public agencies, screening, diagnostic evaluation and medical management of children with high blood levels, management of lead hazards in the environment of the individual child, management of lead hazards in the community, and much more. Graphs and tables.
Download or read book Lead in Tap Water written by Cynthia A. Bascetti and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-08 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In February 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was asked to assess the effects of elevated lead levels in tap water on Washington, D.C., residents. In April 2004, CDC published the results. However, an inaccurate statement and incomplete descriptions of the limitations of the analyses resulted in confusion about CDC's intended message. This report examined: (1) CDC's actions to clarify its published results and communicate current knowledge about the contribution of lead in tap water to elevated blood lead levels (BLL) in children; and (2) CDC's changes to its procedures to improve the clarity of the info. in its public health communications. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Download or read book Surveillance of Childhood Blood Lead Levels in New York City written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Lead written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Blood Lead Levels for Persons 6 Months 74 Years of Age United States 1976 80 written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-04-28 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall reduction in childhood lead levels over the last three decades has been one of the great environmental health success stories in this country. However, our goal has not yet been reached. There are still far too many lower-income children living in older housing who are being hurt by elevated blood lead levels. The public health, housing, and environmental communities must continue to work together to eliminate the threat of lead poisoning for our future generations.
Download or read book Department of Health Services written by California. Bureau of State Audits and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recommendations for Blood Lead Screening of Medicaid eligible Children Aged 1 5 Years written by Mary Jean Brown and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Lead is a potent, pervasive neurotoxicant, and elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) can result in decreased IQ, academic failure, and behavioral problems in children. Eliminating EBLLs among children is one of the 2010 U.S. national health objectives. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate substantial decreases both in the percentage of persons in the United States with EBLLs and in mean BLLs among all age and ethnic groups, including children aged 1-5 years. Historically, children in low-income families served by public assistance programs have been considered to be at greater risk for EBLLs than other children. However, evidence indicates that children in low-income families are experiencing decreases in BLLs, suggesting that the EBLL disparity between Medicaid-eligible children and non-Medicaid-eligible children is diminishing. In response to these findings, the CDC Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention is updating recommendations for blood lead screening among children eligible for Medicaid by providing recommendations for improving BLL screening and information for health-care providers, state officials, and others interested in lead-related services for Medicaid-eligible children. Because state and local officials are more familiar than federal agencies with local risk for EBLLs, CDC recommends that these officials have the flexibility to develop blood lead screening strategies that reflect local risk for EBLLs. Rather than provide universal screening to all Medicaid children, which was previously recommended, state and local officials should target screening toward specific groups of children in their area at higher risk for EBLLs. This report presents the updated CDC recommendations and provides strategies to 1) improve screening rates of children at risk for EBLLs, 2) develop surveillance strategies that are not solely dependent on BLL testing, and 3) assist states with evaluation of screening plans."--P. 1.
Download or read book Childhood Blood Lead Poisoning Surveillance Report 2001 2005 written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Interpreting and Managing Blood Lead Levels written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Lead is a common environmental contaminant, and exposure to lead is a preventable risk that exists in all areas of the United States. Lead is associated with negative outcomes in children, including impaired cognitive, motor, behavioral, and physical abilities. In 1991, CDC defined the blood lead level (BLL) that should prompt public health actions as 10 [microgram]/dL. Concurrently, CDC also recognized that a BLL of 10 [microgram]/dL did not define a threshold for the harmful effects of lead. Research conducted since 1991 has strengthened the evidence that children's physical and mental development can be affected at BLLs
Download or read book Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children written by Amy Cantor and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BACKGROUND: In 2006, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for elevated blood lead levels in asymptomatic children ages 1 to 5 years who are at increased risk for lead poisoning (I recommendation), and recommended against routine screening in those at average risk (D recommendation). PURPOSE: To synthesize evidence on the effects of screening, testing, and treatment for elevated blood lead levels in children age 5 years and younger in the primary care setting, to update a prior USPSTF review on screening for elevated blood lead levels in childhood. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane CENTRAL and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (through June 2018), and Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to June 2018), reference lists, and surveillance through December 5, 2018. STUDY SELECTION: English-language trials and observational studies of screening effectiveness, test accuracy, and benefits and harms of screening and interventions in asymptomatic children age 5 years and younger. DATA EXTRACTION: One investigator abstracted details about study design, patient population, setting, screening method, followup, and results. Two investigators independently applied prespecified criteria to rate study quality using methods developed by the USPSTF. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS (RESULTS): A total of 22 studies were included in this review (N=10,449). No studies directly evaluated clinical benefits or harms of screening versus not screening children for elevated blood lead levels. More than one positive answer on the five-item 1991 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention screening questionnaire was associated with a pooled sensitivity of 48 percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.4% to 65.6%) and specificity of 58 percent (95% CI, 39.9% to 74.0%) for identifying children with a venous blood level greater than 10 μg/dL (5 studies; N=2,265). Adapted versions of the questionnaire did not demonstrate improved accuracy. Capillary blood lead testing demonstrated sensitivity of 87 to 91 percent and specificity greater than 90 percent, compared with venous measurement (4 studies; N=1,431). Counseling and nutritional interventions or residential lead hazard control techniques did not reduce blood lead concentrations in asymptomatic children, but studies were few and had methodological limitations (7 studies; N=1,419). A trial of dimercaptosuccinic acid chelation therapy found reduced blood lead levels in children at 1 week to 1 year but not at 4.5 to 6 years (N=780), while another trial found no effect at 1 and 6 months (N=39). Seven-year followup assessments showed no effect on neuropsychological development; a small deficit in linear growth (height difference at 7 years in treated patients, 1.17 cm [95% CI, 0.41 to 1.93 cm]) and poorer cognitive outcomes reported as the Attention and Executive Functions subscore of the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (unadjusted difference, −1.8 [95% CI, −4.5 to 1.0]; adjusted P=0.045) in children treated with dimercaptosuccinic acid chelation. LIMITATIONS: Limited to English-language articles; quality and applicability of studies were limited due to study design, poor reporting of statistical outcomes, and loss to followup. Studies were lacking on the effectiveness of screening or treatments in reducing elevated blood lead levels or improving health outcomes in children. There was no direct evidence on the harms of screening children for elevated blood lead levels. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening children for elevated blood lead levels is lacking. Screening questionnaires are not accurate for identifying children with elevated blood lead levels. Capillary blood testing is slightly less accurate than venous blood testing for identification of elevated blood lead levels. Treatment studies of chelating agents, often combined with environmental or household interventions, were not associated with sustained effects on blood lead levels but were associated with harms.
