Download or read book Surface Functionalization for the Development of Nanocomposite Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries written by Gul Zeb and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The requirements of reducing cost per kWh and increasing production of Li ion battery packs to achieve commercial viability of the electric vehicles have put enormous pressure on producing battery electrodes with higher energy densities than before. Silicon (Si) and tin (Sn) with their theoretical capacities of 4200 mAh/g and 994 mAh/g, respectively, are candidates to replace the conventional graphite anode having its theoretical capacity limited at 372 mAh/g. The practical use of Si and Sn, however, faces the challenges of mechanical degradation induced by the large volume change (>250%) during cycling, and the associated instability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Consequently, the anodes of Si and Sn bulk materials exhibit poor cyclability and low Coulombic efficiencies. These challenges require innovative approaches to make Si- and Sn-based anode materials practical and feasible for Li ion battery technology.Composites of Sn nanoparticles (NP) and graphene are mechanically stable and avoid quick fading of capacity. A uniform dispersion of NP with controlled size on graphene is necessary to obtain high performance. The first part of our research focuses on controlling the nucleation of Sn NP on highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) from solution. We demonstrate that functional groups act as sites for Sn NP nucleation, and that homogeneous NP nucleation can be achieved by surface functionalization of HOPG through diazonium chemistry.Next, we use diazonium chemistry to functionalize graphene flakes, and document the electrochemical performance of the bare and the functionalized graphene. The functionalized graphene exhibits higher Coulombic efficiency and reversible capacity. We proceed to deposit Sn NP on the functionalized graphene and perform structural and electrochemical characterization. This Sn/graphene composite delivers a reversible capacity of 434 mAh/g after 60 cycles, which is twice as much as the bare graphene. The layer of SEI on this anode, however, appears to be instable and prompts for a fix.We propose two types of surface treatments on the Sn/graphene anode surface to improve the formation of the SEI layer. These treatments include the deposition of graphene oxide sheets and the grafting of sulfophenyl groups. Both treatments result in the formation of a stable layer of SEI, which explains the lower and stable charge transfer resistance at the anode interface during cycling. The anodes treated with layers of graphene oxide and sulfophenyl groups deliver reversible capacities which are 39% and 85% higher than the untreated Sn/graphene anode, viz. 603 and 802 mAh/g, respectively. We relate the enhanced electrochemical performance of the treated anodes to the formation of a stable SEI layer.While Sn-based materials appear very promising, Si-based materials offer even higher Li storage capacities, inspiring us to study Si/graphene composites. We compare the cycle life of three formulations of Si/graphene nanocomposite anodes that only differ in the nature of bonding between Si nanoparticles and graphene flakes, i.e. mechanically mixed, electrostatically coupled and covalently bonded Si NP/graphene composites. We synthesize the electrostatically coupled nanocomposite via electrostatic assembly of positively charged aminated-Si nanoparticles and negatively charged carboxylated-graphene. We prepare the covalently coupled nanocomposite via amide bond formation between aminated-Si nanoparticles and carboxylated-graphene using carbodiimide as coupling agent. We experimentally demonstrate that the capacity fading for the covalently bonded composite is significantly slower than for the electrostatically coupled and mechanically mixed Si NP and graphene flakes. These results suggest that covalent coupling of Si and graphene improves the nanoscale mechanical stability during cycling and improves electrical contact between graphene and Si, thus resulting in higher cyclability." --

Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomposite Alloy Anodes for Lithium ion Batteries written by Danielle Salina Applestone and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lithium-ion batteries are most commonly employed as power sources for portable electronic devices. Limited capacity, high cost, and safety problems associated with the commercially used graphite anode materials are hampering the use of lithium-ion batteries in larger-scale applications such as the electric vehicle. Nanocomposite alloys have shown promise as new anode materials because of their better safety due to higher operating potential, increased energy density, low cost, and straightforward synthesis as compared to graphite. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and understand the electrochemical properties of several types of nanocomposite alloys and to assess their viability as replacement anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Tin and antimony are two elements that are active toward lithium. Accordingly, this dissertation is focused on tin-based and antimony-based nanocomposite alloy materials. Tin and antimony each have larger theoretical capacities than commercially available anodes, but the capacity fades dramatically in the first few cycles when metallic tin or antimony is used as the anode in a lithium-ion battery. This capacity fade is largely due to the agglomeration of particles in the anode material and the formation of a barrier layer between the surface of the anode and the electrolyte. In order to suppress agglomeration, the active anode material can be constrained by an inactive matrix of material that makes up the nanocomposite. By controlling the surface of the particles in the nanocomposite via methods such as the addition of additives to the electrolyte, the detrimental effects of the solid-electrolyte interphase layer (SEI) can be minimized, and the capacity of the material can be maintained. Moreover, the nanocomposite alloys described in this dissertation can be used above the voltage where lithium plating occurs, thereby enhancing the safety of lithium-ion batteries. The alloy anodes in this study are synthesized by high-energy mechanical milling and furnace heating. The materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical performances are assessed at various temperatures, potential ranges, and charge rates. The lithiation/delithiation reaction mechanisms for these nanocomposite materials are explored with ex-situ X-ray diffraction. Specifically, three different nanocomposite alloy anode materials have been developed: Mo3Sb---C, Cu2Sb-Al2O3-C, and Cu6Sn5-TiC-C. Mo3Sb---C has high gravimetric capacity and involves a reaction mechanism whereby crystalline Mo3Sb-- disappears and is reformed during each cycle. Cu2Sb-Al2O3-C with small particles (2 - 10 nm) of Cu2Sb dispersed in the Al2O3-C matrix is made by a single-step ball milling process. It exhibits long cycle life (+ 500 cycles), and the reversibility of the reaction of Cu2Sb-Al2O3-C with lithium is improved when longer milling times are used for synthesis. The reaction mechanism for Cu2Sb-Al2O3-C appears to be dependent upon the size of the crystalline Cu2Sb particles. The coulombic efficiency of Cu2Sb-Al2O3-C is improved through the addition of 2% vinylethylene carbonate to the electrolyte. With a high tap density of 2.2 g/cm3, Cu6Sn5-TiC-C exhibits high volumetric capacity. The reversibility of the reaction of Cu6Sn5-TiC-C with lithium is improved when the material is cycled above 0.2 V vs. Li/Li.

Download or read book Design of Resilient Silicon Carbon Nanocomposite Anodes written by Hertzberg Benjamin and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-01-06 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Si-based anodes have recently received considerable attention for use in Li-ion batteries, due to their extremely high specific capacity - an order of magnitude beyond that offered by conventional graphite anode materials. However, during the lithiation process, Si-based anodes undergo extreme increases in volume, potentially by more than 300 %. The stresses produced within the electrode by these volume changes can damage the electrode, causing the cell to rapidly fail and lose capacity. These problems can be overcome by producing new anode materials incorporating both Si and C, which may offer a favorable combination of the best properties of both materials, and which can be designed with internal porosity, thereby buffering the high strains produced during battery charge and discharge. In this work we have developed several novel synthesis processes for producing internally porous Si-C nanocomposite anode materials for Li-ion batteries. We have also investigated the influence of a range of different parameters on the electrochemical performance of these materials.

Download or read book Surface Modification and Functionalization of Ceramic Composites written by Rajan Jose and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-03-23 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface Modification and Functionalization of Ceramic Composites is intended for both experts and beginners, allowing them to have an extended overview of recent progress in the evolution of surface modification methods and functionalization for ceramic composites. The book provides a detailed summary of the various techniques that are currently available, along with an evaluation of the costs involved. Information on the relationship between surface properties and function is also discussed. There is also an additional section on commercial and industrial applications, including biomedical, sensing and energy. The book will be a valuable reference resource for researchers and an instructive and stimulating text for postgraduate students who want to enhance their knowledge on novel materials and surface modification and functionalization of ceramic composites. - Extensively covers surface modification and functionalization of ceramic composites - A detailed review of the various techniques currently available and an evaluation of costs - Covers recent advances and a broad range of different industrial applications

Download or read book Design and Synthesis of Three dimensional Interconnected Porous Carbon Nanostructure and Its Nanocomposite as Anodes for Li ion Batteries written by Yu Pei and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With ever-increasing fossil fuel consumption and the resulting environmental problems, clean and sustainable energy fuel (such as hydrogen) or energy storage technologies are highly desirable. Rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been one of the most promising energy storage devices owing to their high energy density, no memory effect, and long cycle life. However, their low high-rate capability and limited specific capacity limit their high-energy application such as in electric vehicles (EVs). Improving the energy density of LIBs requires anode materials with higher capacity and faster lithium ion diffusion capability. Carbonaceous materials, especially graphite, have been widely employed as the anode for LIBs. However, their capacity is reaching the theoretical capacity (372 mAh/g) based on the formation of LiC6. Thus, high-capacity anode materials are urgently needed. Tin oxide is a potential anode material owing to its high theoretical specific capacity (783 mAh/g) and has been widely studied in recent years. Unfortunately, this material usually suffers from large volume changes upon lithiation and delithiation, leading to fast capacity decay and poor cycling performance. To address these challenges, this thesis focuses on the engineering and construction of three-dimensional (3D) interconnected-nanoarchitecture advanced carbon materials and tin oxide/carbon nanocomposites. The first part is to design and fabricate 3D interconnected porous carbons. Two different carbon structures are developed: bulk amorphous carbon, which is pyrolyzed through a simple and convenient one-step calcination; and carbon networks, which are developed by using silica as a template. The carbon networks possess a unique three-dimensional structure and a large surface area with promising rate capability. Both carbon materials exhibit ultra-long durability, up to 2000 cycles, without significant capacity fade. The second part of this work is the design and fabrication of 3D interconnected tin oxide/carbon nanocomposites. The tin oxide particles were deposited on both carbon spherules and carbon networks. Tin oxide has a high theoretical capacity, but it also suffers from severe capacity decay due to the large volume change and pulverization during the lithium insertion. Combining the tin oxide with porous carbon, buffer the volume expansion thus enhancing the battery life as well. The SnO2/carbon network possesses an excellent cycling performance and can deliver a capacity of 673.1 mAh/g at 50 mA/g, and after 500 cycles, 210.74 mAh/g at 1000 mA/g with a capacity retention of 95.5%.

Download or read book Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fact sheet describing development and application of processing and process control for nanocomposite materials for lithium ion batteries.

Download or read book Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Batteries written by Rachid Yazami and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-10-08 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the most recent advances in the science and technology of nanostructured materials for lithium-ion application. With contributions from renowned scientists and technologists, the chapters discuss state-of-the-art research on nanostructured anode and cathode materials, some already used in commercial batteries and others still in development. They include nanostructured anode materials based on Si, Ge, Sn, and other metals and metal oxides together with cathode materials of olivine, the hexagonal and spinel crystal structures.

Download or read book Surface Modification of Silicon Carbon Nanocomposites for Enhancing the Cycle Stability of Lithium Ion Batteries written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Tin based Nanocomposite Alloy Anodes for Lithium ion Batteries written by Joshua Abel Leibowitz and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lithium-alloying anode materials have attracted much attention as an alternative to carbon due to their high theoretical gravimetric capacities (e.g. Li4.4Si: 4200 mAh g−1, Li4.4Sn: 990 mAh g−1, and Li3Sb: 660 mAh g−1). An additional benefit of lithium alloying metals is that some of the react at a higher potentials vs. Li/Li+ than carbon, which can mitigate safety issues caused by solid-electrolyte interface layer formation and lithium plating. One of the most promising lithium -alloying anode materials that are being pursued are Sn-based materials due to their high capacity and tap density. This thesis investigates the synthesis and characterization of Sn-based lithium-ion battery anodes. SnSb-TiC-C and FeSn2-TiC nanocomposite alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries have been synthesized by a mechanochemical process involving high-energy mechanical milling of Ti/Sn, Ti/M (M = Fe or Sb), and C. Characterization of the nanocomposites formed with x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that these alloys are composed of crystalline nanoparticles of FeSn2 and SnSb dispersed in a matrix of TiC and carbon. The SnSb-TiC-C alloy shows an initial gravimetric capacity of 653 mAh g-1 (1384 mAh cm−3), an initial coulombic efficiency of 85%, and a tap density of 1.8 g cm−3. The FeSn2-TiC alloy shows an initial gravimetric capacity of 510 mAh g−1 (1073 mAh cm−3), an initial coulombic efficiency of 71%, and a tap density of 2.1 g cm−3. The TiC-C buffer matrix in the nanocomposite alloy anodes accommodates the large volume change occurring during the charge-discharge process and leads to good cyclability compared to pure FeSn2 and SnSb anodes.

Download or read book Rechargeable Batteries written by Zhengcheng Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-24 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book updates the latest advancements in new chemistries, novel materials and system integration of rechargeable batteries, including lithium-ion batteries and batteries beyond lithium-ion and addresses where the research is advancing in the near future in a brief and concise manner. The book is intended for a wide range of readers from undergraduates, postgraduates to senior scientists and engineers. In order to update the latest status of rechargeable batteries and predict near research trend, we plan to invite the world leading researchers who are presently working in the field to write each chapter of the book. The book covers not only lithium-ion batteries but also other batteries beyond lithium-ion, such as lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, sodium-sulfur, magnesium-ion and liquid flow batteries.

Download or read book Energy Storage and Conversion Devices written by Anurag Gaur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-10-28 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a state-of-the-art overview of the research and development in designing electrode and electrolyte materials for Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Further, green energy production via the water splitting approach by the hydroelectric cell is also explored. Features include: • Provides details on the latest trends in design and optimization of electrode and electrolyte materials with key focus on enhancement of energy storage and conversion device performance • Focuses on existing nanostructured electrodes and polymer electrolytes for device fabrication, as well as new promising research routes toward the development of new materials for improving device performance • Features a dedicated chapter that explores electricity generation by dissociating water through hydroelectric cells, which are a nontoxic and green source of energy production • Describes challenges and offers a vision for next-generation devices This book is beneficial for advanced students and professionals working in energy storage across the disciplines of physics, materials science, chemistry, and chemical engineering. It is also a valuable reference for manufacturers of electrode/electrolyte materials for energy storage devices and hydroelectric cells.

Download or read book Development of Antimony based Anode Systems for Lithium ion Batteries written by Eric Koederitz Allcorn and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The superior energy storage characteristics of lithium-ion batteries have made them the state-of-the-art battery technology for the past two decades where they have been integral to the proliferation of portable electronics. Efforts to expand their application into the realms of transportation and stationary storage require additional performance enhancements, though. These enhancements will be achieved through the application of advanced new materials such as alloy anodes like antimony. Alloy anodes offer the potential for dramatic enhancement of cell capacity both gravimetrically and volumetrically due to the high lithium content in their lithiated phases. Additionally, their higher operating voltage means that their incorporation should increase cell safety, a key parameter in large-scale applications, by reducing the risk of lithium plating. The primary factor inhibiting the adoption of alloy anodes is their short cycle life brought about by the large volume change they undergo during cycling that leads to crumbling of the active material and drastic capacity loss. To overcome this issue the following mitigation techniques are applied to antimony active materials: (i) use of active-material intermetallics of M[subscript x]Sb (where M = Ni or Fe) instead of pure antimony; (ii) incorporation of active material into reinforcing active/inactive composites with Al2O3, TiC, and/or carbon black; (iii) reduction of active material particles to nano-scale. In addition, the use of high-energy mechanical milling allows these methods to be applied with a simple and potentially scalable synthesis procedure and yields high-density final products. The actual safety performance of antimony anodes are also analyzed due to the importance of such parameters in large-battery applications. Because antimony alone without other components is an impractical anode material, the effects on safety and thermal stability of incorporating it into intermetallic and composite structures are also investigated. The advanced nanocomposites developed in this work demonstrate excellent cycle life with good all-around performance parameters that make them viable, safer candidates to replace graphite in next generation lithium-ion batteries. Pure antimony is also shown to offer enhancement in cell safety performance relative to graphite as well, and nanocomposites based upon its use as an active material are able to retain these favorable safety characteristics.

Download or read book Functionalization of 2D Materials and Their Applications written by Waleed A. El-Said and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-06-11 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functionalization of 2D Materials and Their Applications reviews the synthesis and characterization of nanopatterned 2D materials and how to modify different substrates with these materials. Each chapter emphasizes fabrication, including the fabrication of different morphologies of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), the fabrication of different composites and the surface modification of different nanopatterned graphene and TMDCs, and the effects of these nanostructures on the different properties of the modified substrates, such as the electrical, thermal and optical properties, and more. The applications of graphene and TMDCs in the enhancement of Raman spectroscopy, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, biosensors, chemical sensors, water treatment, water desalination, perovskite photodetectors, energy storage devices, environmental applications and cell-based chips are also reviewed. - Reviews the latest advances in the fabrication of 2D materials, including nanopatterned, composite, and porous 2D materials - Explores the functionalization of 2D materials, with particular attention given to the electrical, thermal, and optical properties that make these materials useful for a wide range of applications - Discusses the applications of 2D materials in energy, sensing, environmental remediation, and electronics

Download or read book Nanocomposite Protective Coatings for Battery Anodes written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modified surfaces on metal anodes for batteries can help resist formation of malfunction-inducing surface defects. The modification can include application of a protective nanocomposite coating that can inhibit formation of surface defects. such as dendrites, on the anode during charge/discharge cycles. For example, for anodes having a metal (M'), the protective coating can be characterized by products of chemical or electrochemical dissociation of a nanocomposite containing a polymer and an exfoliated compound (M.sub.a'M.sub.b''X.sub.c). The metal, M', comprises Li, Na, or Zn. The exfoliated compound comprises M' among lamella of M.sub.b''X.sub.c, wherein M'' is Fe, Mo, Ta, W, or V, and X is S, O, or Se.

Download or read book The Development of Nanomaterials for High Performance Lithium Ion Battery Anodes written by Roberta A. Dileo and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Many industries spanning macro to micro applications need advanced energy storage capabilities and Li+ batteries are the prevalent technology to meet those demands. High Li+ capacity semiconductor materials (e.g. Si, Ge) in concert with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been investigated as alternative materials for Li+ batteries. Nanomaterials offer many advantages to high performance batteries by increasing storage capacities, Li+ diffusion, and more adequately accommodating volumetric expansion that occurs in cycling. Silicon and Ge are known to have very high Li+ storage capacities of 4200 and 1600 mAh/g, respectively, and can be used in combination with CNTs to form free-standing anodes. The proper incorporation of semiconductor materials onto and throughout a CNT network through thin film, solution processing, and gas-phase processing techniques, has been studied to develop ultra-high capacity free-standing electrodes. Given the free-standing nature, the removal of binders and metal foil current collectors contributes to an increased electrode energy density over conventional composites on metal substrates. The CNT and semiconductor materials have been characterized in coin and pouch cells upon identifying the synthesis parameters and processing steps to be optimized for several of the incorporation techniques. Anodes fabricated through PVD techniques realize capacities over 800 mAh/g and a predicted >50% increase in energy density over conventional graphite anodes. The use of thin film Ti contacts on high energy Ge-SWCNT anodes demonstrates a 5-fold improvement in Li+ capacity at 1C extraction rates, a drastic improvement in the anode power capabilities. Pairing these electrodes with a high power cathode LiFePo4 can lead to a 60% improvement in power and energy density. A 3-dimensional network of Ge nanoparticles (Ge-NPs), Si and CNTs demonstrates capacities of 1000 and 2000 mAh/g with modest cycling capabilities up to 1C and first cycle coulombic efficiencies of 88%. The performance of these novel anodes in full cells with commercially available cathodes realized electrode-pair energy densities over 300 Wh/kg, while current technologies have energy densities of 150-200 Wh/kg. This work demonstrates the combination of high Li+ capacity Si and Ge with highly conductive CNTs in a balanced high energy and high power anode for lithium ion batteries with a 2x improvement in cell energy density."--Abstract.

Download or read book SnO2 Graphene Nanocomposites as High Capacity Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance written by Xiuming Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lithium ion batteries as a power source are the most commonly used in the electronic devices and electric vehicles (EV) for grid-energy storage. Anode materials with high specific capacity for lithium ion batteries have been developed in recent years. SnO2 has also been considered as a promising candidate to serve as the anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. But the volume expansion effect results in the degradation of active material and limits the complete realization of theoretical capacity. Graphene has recently become one of the most promising matrices for high-capacity anode materials, due to good electrical conductivity, outstanding mechanical flexibility and high theoretical capacity. In this paper, the nanocomposites of SnO2 and graphene as anode materials for lithium ion batteries were facilely synthesized through hydrothermal method. The design of SnO2/graphene nanocomposites could significantly improve the electrochemical performance by increasing electrical conductivity and buffering volume expansion. It is noteworthy that the quality and structural design of graphene is very important to improve the electrochemical performance for SnO2-based materials. Therefore, on the one hand, a new method to prepare highly dispersible edge-selectively oxidized graphene was reported in this paper. On the other hand, we designed a novel three-dimensional graphene named flower-like graphene tube. Furthermore, characterization and electrochemical performance of these materials were also studied by various technologies.

Download or read book Clean Energy Materials written by Lang Qin and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: