Download or read book Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer written by Marc Lacroix and published by Nova Biomedical Books. This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Breast cancer is characterised by the accumulation of genetic alterations, including point mutations and loss of entire DNA regions ("loss of heterozygosity" or LOH). Among genes that are affected by such events, the "tumour suppresser genes" (TSGs) have a peculiar interest since they often occupy pivotal positions in regulatory networks that control the cell cycle and/or encompass various signal transduction cascades. While a number of genes have been suggested as candidate TSGs in breast cancer, only a few of them have been confirmed in this status. They include TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2...and are mainly involved in the control of DNA repair, cell proliferation, apoptosis and signalling. Some TSGs are linked to familial (hereditary) forms of breast cancer. The exact definition of what is a TSG is still debated. Recently, genes not affected by mutation or even LOH, but occasionally methylated have been considered as TSGs.
Download or read book Tumor Suppressor Genes written by Katherine R. Polinsky and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A tumour suppressor gene is a gene that reduces the probability that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell. A mutation or deletion of such a gene will increase the probability of the formation of a tumor. Unlike oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes generally follow the 'two-hit hypothesis', which implies that both alleles that code for a particular gene must be affected before an effect is manifested. This is due to the fact that if only one allele for the gene is damaged, the second can still produce the correct protein. However, there are cases where mutations in only one allele will cause an effect. A notable example is the gene that codes for p53. Tumor suppressor genes, or more precisely, the proteins for which they code, either have a dampening or repressive effect on the regulation of the cell cycle or promote apoptosis, and sometimes do both. This book presents new and important research from throughout the world.
Download or read book Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been cloned and found to be mutated in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer. However, few breast cancer specific TSGs are known. The purposes of this proposal are to: (1) generate cDNA expression libraries from reduction mammoplasties, (2) use a novel functional assay to clone new TSGs specific to human breast cancer, and (3) identify their characteristics, regulation and function. We are utilizing the tetracycline (tet) regulable system. We have constructed a cDNA library from normal human breast epithelia and cloned this cDNA library into a vector that is negatively regulated by tat repressor (tetR) and simultaneously expresses the enhanced green fluorescent protein. These vectors were then co-transfected into LCC6, MDA231, and MCF-7 cells that have the capability to express tetR. Upon withdrawal of tet, the repressed expression of the cDNA of interest is released, and the cDNA is expressed. Using a novel dye retained in nonproliferating cells, we were able to identify growth inhibited clones which were then sorted by Flow Cytometry. This functional screen has provided the basis for identifying TSGs that are expressed in the growth inhibited cells. Using PCR, we have obtained and sequenced two insert sequences. One is a putative TSG on chromosome #9 (725 bp) but the other sequence is vector DNA.
Download or read book Tumor Suppressor Genes written by Wafik S. El-Deiry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-03 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has become clear that tumors arise from excessive cell proliferation and a c- responding reduction in cell death. Tumors result from the successive accumulation of mutations in key regulatory target genes over time. During the 1980s, a number of oncogenes were characterized, whereas from the 1990s to the present, the emphasis shifted to tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). It has become clear that oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes function in the same pathways, providing positive and ne- tive growth regulatory activities. The signaling pathways controlled by these genes involve virtually every process in cell biology, including nuclear events, cell cycle, cell death, cytoskeletal, cell membrane, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion effects. Tumor suppressor genes are mutated in hereditary cancer syndromes, as well as somatically in nonhereditary cancers. In their normal state, TSGs control cancer development and p- gression, as well as contribute to the sensitivity of cancers to a variety of therapeutics. Understanding the classes of TSGs, the biochemical pathways they function in, and how they are regulated provides an essential lesson in cancer biology. We cannot hope to advance our current knowledge and to develop new and more effective therapies without understanding the relevant pathways and how they influence the present approaches to therapy. Moreover, it is important to be able to access the powerful tools now available to discover these genes, as well as their links to cell biology and growth control.
Download or read book Understanding Breast Cancer Genetics written by Barbara T. Zimmerman and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2009-09-18 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book by a scientist whose background is in cellular and molecular biology examines the fearsome disease that strikes one in eight women in the United States. Although women are more likely to die of heart disease or of lung cancer, a diagnosis of breast cancer is the medical pronouncement that a woman is most likely to fear. It kills more than 40,000 Americans annually. Why are some women more vulnerable than others? The interplay between genetics and environment is suspected. Thus this book for general readers will help them understand the genetic basis of both sporadic and inherited breast cancers. Although only five to ten percent of breast cancer patients have inherited mutations in these genes, all women need to understand the genetic implications of the disease. In clear, concise language Barbara T. Zimmerman guides the reader through the complexities, discussing in detail the genes that are known to increase susceptibility and the ways they are passed on. Examining the general biology of breast cancer, Zimmerman describes how sporadic and inherited forms of the disease arise and how the location of the tumors can affect the body. She discusses genetic mutations and their roles in the development of tumors and tells how these potentially cancer-inducing genes were discovered. Covered too are the issues of risk, prevention, screening, diagnosis, therapy, and genetic testing and counseling. Zimmerman concludes with a comprehensive analysis of current research and with an emphasis on how a woman's understanding of inherited breast cancer can help doctors seeking to design better methods for prevention and therapy. A useful list of resources for further information about the genetic causes of breast cancer is included.
Download or read book Identification of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer by Insertional Mutagenesis and Functional Inactivation 96 Breast written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development and progression of cancer result from multiple genetic changes accumulated in the cells. The identification of tumor suppressor genes inactivated and proto-oncogenes activated in mammary epithelial cells is essential to understand the genetic basis of breast cancer and is a prerequisite for development of strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In breast cancer, loss of heterozygosity (LOR) was detected frequently on chromosome 17 and other chromosomes, suggesting unrecognized tumor suppressor genes. We are applying the novel retroviral-tagging strategy to identify the genes using chromosome 1 7-suppressed (independent of p53 and ERCAl) breast cancer cell lines. In contrast to the parental tumorigenic cell line CAL51, the suppressed sublines CAL/17-1, CAL/17-3 and CAL/17-5 display insulin-dependent growth in flasks, no growth in soft-agar culture and athymic nude mice. In this annual report, we present our results on selection for the anchorage-independent cell sublines induced by retroviral transduction of the chromosome 17-mediated suppressed cell lines CAL/ 17, in addition to successful selection for insulin-independent cell sublines. We are now in the process to conduct tumorigenicity tests in athymic nude mice and to clone genomic sequences flanking the integrated retroviral vectors.
Download or read book Cancer and the Environment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-01 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine wanted to address the link between environmental factors and the development of cancer in light of recent advances in genomics. They asked what research tools are needed, how new scientific information can be applied in a timely manner to reduce the burden of cancer, and how this can be flexible enough to treat the individual.
Download or read book Mammography and Beyond written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-23 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year more than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women in the U.S. If cancer is detected when small and local, treatment options are less dangerous, intrusive, and costly-and more likely to lead to a cure. Yet those simple facts belie the complexity of developing and disseminating acceptable techniques for breast cancer diagnosis. Even the most exciting new technologies remain clouded with uncertainty. Mammography and Beyond provides a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on the state of breast cancer screening and diagnosis and recommends steps for developing the most reliable breast cancer detection methods possible. This book reviews the dramatic expansion of breast cancer awareness and screening, examining the capabilities and limitations of current and emerging technologies for breast cancer detection and their effectiveness at actually reducing deaths. The committee discusses issues including national policy toward breast cancer detection, roles of public and private agencies, problems in determining the success of a technique, availability of detection methods to specific populations of women, women's experience during the detection process, cost-benefit analyses, and more. Examining current practices and specifying research and other needs, Mammography and Beyond will be an indispensable resource to policy makers, public health officials, medical practitioners, researchers, women's health advocates, and concerned women and their families.
Download or read book Clinical Gynecology written by Eric J. Bieber and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 1127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written with the busy practice in mind, this book delivers clinically focused, evidence-based gynecology guidance in a quick-reference format. It explores etiology, screening, tests, diagnosis, and treatment for a full range of gynecologic health issues. The coverage includes the full range of gynecologic malignancies, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, infectious diseases, urogynecologic problems, gynecologic concerns in children and adolescents, and surgical interventions including minimally invasive surgical procedures. Information is easy to find and absorb owing to the extensive use of full-color diagrams, algorithms, and illustrations. The new edition has been expanded to include aspects of gynecology important in international and resource-poor settings.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Identification of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer by International Mutagenesis and Functional Inactivation written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Western women, affecting up to one in 10 women during their lifetime and approximately 40,000 women dying from the disease each year in the U.S. Tumor genetic profiling through such methods as loss of heterozygosity (LOM) screening, comparative genomic hybridization (CGll), and cDNA microarrays all point to the same conclusion that a number of genetic changes are responsible for the malignant phenotype. For example, genes involved in breast cancer progression include amplification of oncogenes such as MYC, ERBB2, CCNDl and mutation of tumor suppressor genes TP53 and CHDlL. In case of hereditary breast cancer, germline mutations of tumor suppressor genes PTEN on chromosome 10q23.3, ATM on chromosome 1 lq22-q23, BRCAl on chromosome l7q21, and BRCA2 on chromosome l3ql2.3 were also shown to involve in the tumor progression 2. These data represent a significant advance in our understanding of molecular genetics of breast cancer. However, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that entails complex genetic alterations in which tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and modulator genes were mutated. Multi step genetic alterations transform normal mammary epithelial cells via the steps of hypeiplasia, premalignant change, in situ carcinoma, invasion, and metastases. Genome-wide searching for the alterations and the elucidation of molecular events involved in these steps is the main focus for new strategies targeted at diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
Download or read book Tumor Suppressor Par 4 written by Vivek M. Rangnekar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Par-4 is a naturally occurring tumor suppressor. Studies have indicated that overexpression of Par-4 selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells while leaving normal, health, cells unaffected. Mechanisms contributing to this cancer-selective action of Par-4 have been associated with PKA activation of intracellular Par-4 in cancer cells or GRP78 expression primarily on the surface of cancer cells. On the other hand, endogenous Par-4 sensitizes cells to the action of a broad range of apoptotic inducers acting via the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. A number of binding partners of Par-4 have been identified and shown to regulate Par-4 function in cancer and other diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and major depression. Recent studies have recognized a number of natural products, dietary supplements, synthetic molecules and FDA-approved drugs that induce the secretion of Par-4 protein to cause apoptosis in primary or metastatic tumors, one of which is in clinical trials. More than 50 different laboratories worldwide are involved in Par-4 based research of this unique protein that has progressed from the bench to clinical trials. This second, companion volume will provide a comprehensive overview of Par-4’s role in cancer and other diseases. Chapters are written by leading researchers, and will be useful for a broad audience across the scientific community, particularly students and trainees, who are the next generation of scientists and clinicians to participate in new studies and discoveries on Par-4.
Download or read book Holland Frei Cancer Medicine written by Robert C. Bast, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 2004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, Ninth Edition, offers a balanced view of the most current knowledge of cancer science and clinical oncology practice. This all-new edition is the consummate reference source for medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, internists, surgical oncologists, and others who treat cancer patients. A translational perspective throughout, integrating cancer biology with cancer management providing an in depth understanding of the disease An emphasis on multidisciplinary, research-driven patient care to improve outcomes and optimal use of all appropriate therapies Cutting-edge coverage of personalized cancer care, including molecular diagnostics and therapeutics Concise, readable, clinically relevant text with algorithms, guidelines and insight into the use of both conventional and novel drugs Includes free access to the Wiley Digital Edition providing search across the book, the full reference list with web links, illustrations and photographs, and post-publication updates
Download or read book Identification of Novel Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer Using Gene Tapping Technique written by Leia M. Smith and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer is a multi-step process resulting from a number of genetic changes in cells. The role of tumor suppressor genes in breast carcinogenesis, especially at the early stage, remains largely unknown. We hypothesize that during the transformation of a breast epithelial cell, loss of function of several yet unidentified genes (tumor suppressors) results in either a partially or fully transformed phenotype. The aim of this study is to identify% novel tumor suppressor genes involved in breast epithelial transformation using the gene-trapping technique. We used the polyA-trap retroviral vector pRET for infection into non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells MCF 1 0A. We screened for clones where functional genes have been "trapped" by selection for G4 18-resistance. We essentially established a gene-trapped library of MCF 1 0A clones where expression of a single gene per clone is disrupted. We screened for transformed clones using the soft-agar cloning assay for anchorage independent growth. We isolated 25 transformed clones and identified the trapped genes in 5 clones by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3 RACE). We identified 2 known genes and 2 novel genes as putative tumor suppressor genes. Further characterization of these genes will elucidate their role in the early transformation process in breast epithelial cells.
Download or read book Identification of Novel Tumor Suppressor Genes for Breast Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromosomal deletions are very common events in breast cancer. However, no TSGs have been identified from most of recurrent deletions and few identified TSGs do not account for the risk of majority of breast cancer. In additional to the classical TSGs, there are haplo-insufficient TSGs which defy the identification through mutation analysis and may be quite common. By using a new system to generate random chromosomal deletions, we identified a ~3Mbp deletion in mouse chromosome 3, which was associated with tumorigenesis. The expression of Fat4 in the deleted region was inactivated due to promoter methylation in the second allele of Fat4, and the re-expression of Fat4 suppressed the tumorigenecity, suggesting Fat4 as a strong candidate for breast tumor suppressor genes. We also found that Fat4 expression was lost in a high proportion of human breast cancers, some of which were attributed to Fat4 promoter methylation.
Download or read book Genes and Cancer written by Guy-Joseph Lemamy and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-09-11 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer is a malignant tumor caused by DNA damage, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor progression is locally favored by the mitogenic effects of hormones or growth factors, which stimulate the tumor's growth, or the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, which induces angiogenesis and leads to metastasis. About 300 out of 25,000 genes that set up the human genome are involved in cancer pathology. These genes are divided into three groups: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. Activated oncogenes promote the development of cancer, whereas the tumor suppressor and DNA repair genes have a protective role by respectively inhibiting cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis, or by repairing DNA damage occurring during the cell cycle. This book discusses the issue of tumor suppressor genes through chapters written by experts using advanced biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology tools. The tumor suppressor genes can be used as markers of risk to identify populations with high risk or targets for cancer treatment and therapeutic resistance. We hope that the work provided in this book will be useful for researchers and students and will increase knowledge of the understanding of cancer and improve its treatment.
Download or read book Tumor Suppressor Genes in Early Breast Cancer and Its Progression written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a pre-invasive stage of breast cancer in which the malignant cells have not penetrated the basement membrane. From our initial allelotyping study of DCIS we determined that the background rate of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is low (5%). The chromosomal regions showing LOH, significantly above background were 8p, 13q, 16q, 17p and 17q. in our 1996 report we described the LOH mapping of a regon on 8p (30% LOH) containing a; putative tumor suppressor gene (TSG) which we refined to a small interval of approx. 1.4 cM between the markers D8S265 to D8SD520. Last year (1997) we described continued mapping work in this region including construction of radiation hybrid maps and initial progress on assembling a YAC/BAC contig for the region. During this project year we completed construction of an integrated YAC/BAC contig which enabled more precise measurement of the physical size of the region containing the putative TSG (1240 Kb). We also constructed a fine structure radiation hybrid map for the critical region. Four cDNAs from the 1.4 cM/1240 Kb region have been identified. DNA sequencing is in progress.
