Download or read book Sulfate Resistance and Properties of Portland Limestone Cements written by Amir Mohammad Ramezanianpour and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance Studies on Portland limestone Cement in Sulfate Environments written by Md Manjur A. Elahi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sulfate attack can occur in concrete due to external sulfate ions reacting with hydrated cement paste. The sulfate attack resistance of portland-limestone cements (PLCs) has been questioned due to their high limestone content, which has the potential to initiate a rare type of sulfate attack that forms thaumasite. This research evaluates the performance of portland-limestone cements in sulfate prone environments by investigating changes in the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of specimens. Mortar and paste specimens prepared by replacing Type I/II and Type V cement with 4.4, 10, 14.6 and 20 percent of calcitic and dolomitic limestone powders and fly ash are examined for their sulfate resistance. An accelerated cube test for measuring strength loss due to sulfate attack was developed using 33,800 ppm sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions at 5°C and 23°C. Results from this testing are compared to ASTM C1012 expansion measurements. The physical and chemical transformation in paste specimens are analyzed using visual observation, mass loss measurements, and X-ray diffraction.
Download or read book The Use of Limestone in Portland Cement written by Rachel Jean Detwiler and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Improving Performance of Portland limestone Cements in Sulfate Exposures Using Supplementary Cementing Materials written by Seyed Sajjad Mirvalad and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Portland limestone cement (PLC) is a recent addition to North America, promoted for its environmental benefits while maintaining suitable properties in both the fresh and hardened state. However, due to concerns regarding the degradation of concrete in sulfate exposure, especially in cold environments, its use is currently limited. In Canada, this type of cement was first introduced in 2008, but its practice in sulfate exposure was prohibited according to CSA A23.1. In 2010, CSA A3001 introduced physical requirements and suggested minimum amounts of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) to be used for a blended PLC to be considered in sulfate exposure. Alongside, CSA A3004-C8, the standard test method for evaluating performance of cement in sulfate exposure, was revised. In this study, different SCMs available in Canada were used in binary and ternary PLC blends in order to achieve sulfate resistance. For all PLC blends, ettringite sulfate attack (ESA) and thaumasite sulfate attack (TSA) were studied. It was found that the PLC blends containing the standard recommended amounts of SCMs were not resistant against TSA. However, when the SCM amount was increased in the blend, the desired resistance was achieved. Ternary blends of slag and fly ash were found to be the most resistant. In addition, mass changes in ESA and TSA as well as compressive strength and ultrasonic velocity in mortar samples were studied. Moreover, a combined differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction study were performed on samples in TSA and indicated formation of thaumasite in the deteriorated samples as well as on the surface of the intact ones. Interestingly, the mortar samples of the ternary PLC blend containing 40% slag and 20% fly ash were the only ones that did not show formation of thaumasite after a two-year TSA study. Overall, SCMs were found effective in improving the resistance of PLC blends in sulfate exposure. Additionally, it was found that, in general, the increase in the SCM content in a PLC blend promoted its resistance.
Download or read book Low Temperature Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Produced with Portland limestone Cements and Supplementary Cementitious Materials written by Reza Mohammadi Ahani and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Portland-limestone cement with up to 15% interground limestone was included in the Canadian Standard A3000 for Hydraulic Cements in 2008. However, due to the lack of data on sulfate resistance of concrete especially the potential for thaumasite sulfate attack at low temperatures, the use of portland-limestone cement in concretes subjected to moderate or severe sulfate exposures, even when blended with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) was not allowed. In this experimental research, the sulfate resistance of fifty three concrete mixtures produced with several combinations of portland and/or portland-limestone cements and SCMs at three different water-to-cementitious materials ratios of 0.40, 0.50, and 0.70 exposed to both sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions was evaluated in both laboratory and field exposures at low temperatures by measuring changes in length, mass, and resonant frequency of concrete prisms as well as making visual inspections. Also, the causes, mechanisms, and depth of deterioration in damaged concrete mixtures having insufficient levels of SCMs was investigated by mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction and microstructural analyses using micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that SCMs at sufficient replacement levels significantly improve the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack and in such mixtures there was no impact of limestone additions. The sulfate resistance of PC+SCMs and PLC+SCMs concrete mixtures is equal to or better than that of currently allowed highly and moderately sulfate-resistant portland and blended cements. Exposure to magnesium sulfate solution is more aggressive than sodium sulfate solution. The sulfate resistance of concrete prisms in the selected field exposures is better than that of prisms in the selected laboratory exposures due to more reasonable concentrations of sulfate solutions, larger prism size, and possibly including the variable temperature used in the field exposure. Since there is no standard test method for evaluating the sulfate resistance of concrete due to the potential threat from thaumasite sulfate attack at low temperature and previous research focused on mortar tests, the results of this research can be used to develop a standard test method for evaluating the sulfate resistance of concrete.
Download or read book Investigation of the Potential Sulfate Resistance of Ten Portland Cements written by Waterways Experiment Station (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Durability Properties of Blended Portland Limestone Cement Containing Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles written by Seyed Javad Mirvalad and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) as a greener alternative to Portland Cement (PC) dates back to 1960s. In Canada, PLC was first introduced in 2008 with the limestone content limit of 15%. While the use of PLC alone in sulfate exposure is prohibited according to CSA A23.1, the limit of 15% is mainly to ensure a suitable level of mechanical and durability performance. Improving the performance of PLC and decreasing its clinker content is very appealing since it can contribute to reducing the carbon and energy footprint of cement industry. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles (NC) have been shown to be effective in accelerating cement hydration in ultra high performance concretes and concretes with high levels of supplementary cementing materials, but their effect on durability has been rarely studied. In this research, limestone cement was made by blending micro limestone powder with general use cement at 15%, 20%, and 25% content levels. NC was used as an additive at 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% and heat of hydration using isothermal calorimetry technic was evaluated. Based on the results of this test, 2% addition of NC was selected as the most favorable addition level and was used in mortar samples for further durability investigations. Additionally, the same mixtures were made with the addition of 2% nano silica (NS), which is a one of the most widely-used nanoparticles in cement, in order to put the efficacy of NC in perspective. Several mechanical and durability measures such as compressive strength, volume of permeable voids, sorptivity, bulk electrical conductivity, bulk electrical resistivity, and expansion due to ettringite and thaumasite sulfate attack were studied on mortar samples. The results showed that 2% NC addition was significantly effective in improving durability of mortar samples. Also, 2% NC addition was found to be more effective than 2% NS addition in improving all of the measures except for compressive strength. Moreover, considering durability performance, it was concluded that, with the 2% NC addition, limestone content limit of 15% can be safely increased to 20% and even to 25% if sulfate resistance is not required.
Download or read book Producing Sulfate resistant Concrete and Achieving Equal Performance with Low CO2 Portland Limestone Cement written by Ashlee Hossack and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cement written by Friedrich W. Locher and published by Verlag Bau+Technik. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The successful launch of the German standard work on cement by Prof. Locher in 2000 is now being followed by the publication of the widely requested English language version "Cement" which takes special country-specific features and standards into account. The book is aimed at chemists, physicists, engineers and technologists in the cement industry, in machine construction, the construction industry, materials testing and environmental protection. This clear and practical book will provide them with the understanding of the chemistry of cement needed for their daily work. It will also make an ideal textbook for the study of building materials science at colleges and universities.
Download or read book Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete written by Karen Scrivener and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-07 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on research and practical issues linked to Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. The main subjects are geology of clays, hydration and performance of blended system with calcined clays, alkali activated binders, economic and environmental impacts of the use of calcined clays in cement based materials. Topics addressed in this book include the influence of processing on reactivity of calcined clays, influence of clay mineralogy on reactivity, geology of clay deposits, Portland-calcined clay systems, hydration, durability, performance, Portland-calcined clay-limestone systems, hydration, durability, performance, calcined clay-alkali systems, life cycle analysis, economics and environmental impact of use of calcined clays in cement and concrete and field applications. This book compiles the different contributions of the 1st International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete, which took place in Lausanne, Switzerland, June, 23-25, 2015.The papers present the latest research in their field. It contains nearly 80 papers and abstracts. Overall, this work gives a broad view of research on calcined clays in the field of construction and will stimulate further research into calcined clays for sustainable concrete.
Download or read book Portland Cement written by G. C. Bye and published by Thomas Telford. This book was released on 1999 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Portland cement is one of the most traditional of construction materials. Rising costs of the energy required for its manufacture and the increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms of concrete deterioration, as well as the importance of optimising the use of Portland cement in high quality concrete, have continued to sustain interest in this important material. This second edition of this popular book provides an up-to-date introduction to the raw materials and manufacturing processes of Portland cement. It gives an introductory account of cement composition, manufacture, quality assessment, hydration and the resulting microstructure-physical property relationships, and some mechanisms of the chemical degradation of hardened cement paste. The book is primarily intended for students of materials sciences and graduates in pure science or engineering entering the cement or concrete industries. However anyone requiring a good clear introduction to this material will find this book provides helpful information.
Download or read book Cement Production Technology written by Anjan Kumar Chatterjee and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is an outcome of the author’s active professional involvement in research, manufacture and consultancy in the field of cement chemistry and process engineering. This multidisciplinary title on cement production technology covers the entire process spectrum of cement production, starting from extraction and winning of natural raw materials to the finished products including the environmental impacts and research trends. The book has an overtone of practice supported by the back-up principles.
Download or read book External Sulphate Attack Field Aspects and Lab Tests written by Esperanza Menéndez and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume gathers contributions from the final workshop of the RILEM TC-251-SRT "Sulfate Resistance Testing" on External Sulfate Attack (TESA 2018), held on May 24-25, 2018 at IETcc-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. One of the Technical Committee’s main events, it addressed various aspects of external sulfate attack in concrete structures and test methods. The workshop promoted technical discussions and debates on ideas on these topics, with a focus on evaluating the resistance of concrete exposed to ESA. It also provided a forum for participants from around the globe to share their experiences and research on concrete structures affected by external sulfate attack and on test methods. The book discusses the latest advances in research related to ESA and new developments in test methods, and features real-world case studies of concrete structures affected by external sulfate attack in various countries. It also presents new studies linking field cases and lab tests, including 12 contributions on 3 main themes: mechanisms of alteration in external sulfate attack; field aspects of external sulfate attack; and testing to evaluate the resistance of concrete to external sulfate attack.
Download or read book Carbonate Additions to Cement written by Paul Klieger and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1990 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance of Portland Limestone Cements written by Timothy Barrett and published by . This book was released on 2013-12-31 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2009, ASTM and AASHTO permitted the use of up to 5% interground limestone in ordinary portland cement (OPC) as a part of ASTM C150/AASHTO M85. When this project was initiated a new proposal was being discussed that would enable up to 15% interground limestone to be considered in ASTM C595/AASHTO M234 cement. This project was initiated to provide rapid feedback to INDOT for use in discussions regarding these specifications (this has become ASTM C595/AASHTO M240). PLC is designed to enable more sustainable construction which may significantly reduce the CO2 that is embodied in the built infrastructure while extending the life of cement quarries. The physical and chemical properties of the cementitious materials used in this study were examined. PLC is typically a finer cement (10 to 30% Blaine fineness) with a reduction in the coarse clinker particles (>20µm) and an increase in fine particles which are primarily limestone. Isothermal calorimetry and chemical shrinkage results imply that these PLC materials have a similar or slight greater reaction and would be able to be used interchangeably with OPC in practice as it relates to the rate of reaction. The PLC mortars exhibited relatively similar activation energies compared to the corresponding OPCs allowing the maturity method to be used by INDOT for both the PLC and OPC systems. The mechanical properties of OPC and PLC were generally similar with the PLC typically having slightly higher early age strengths but similar 28 day strengths. No significant change in drying shrinkage or restrained shrinkage cracking was observed for the PLC when compared with OPC (Barrett et al. 2013). The PLC has similar volumes of permeable voids as the OPC. The chloride diffusion coefficients in the PLC systems may range from 0 to 30% higher than the OPCs. The PLC showed synergistic benefits when paired with fly ash. Based on the available literature and available testing results INDOT could consider PLC, as specified in accordance with ASTM C-595/AASHTO M 240, to be a suitable option for use in INDOT concrete applications.
Download or read book Bibliography on Sulfate Resistance of Portland Cements Concretes and Mortars written by Dalton Giles Miller and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cement Chemistry written by H F W Taylor and published by Thomas Telford. This book was released on 1997-04 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A revised and updated text on cement chemistry. This edition forms a comprehensive and in-depth reference work that explains in detail all aspects of cement chemistry.
