Download or read book Subject Pronominal Expression in Uwa Spanish written by Leonardo Moreno and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issue of subject pronominal expression (SPE) in language contact situations, as illustrated in Nosotros somos muy buenos estudiantes ['We are very good students'] vs. Ø somos muy buenos estudiantes ['(we) are very good students'], has been the focus of decades of research in both variationist and generative studies (Bentivoglio, 1987; Cameron, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996; Chomsky, 1981, 1986; Huang, 1984; Orozco & Guy, 2008; Travis, 2005a, 2005b; Otheguy & Zentella, 2007, 2012; Rizzi, 1982; Morales, 1980; Silva-Corvalán, 1982, 1994, 1997; inter alios). While generative studies have shown that null subject languages (NSLs) can either be licensed by rich verbal paradigms or by discursive mechanisms, variationist studies have shown that there are predictors that condition SPE in NSLs. Furthermore, they have argued that the rates of SPE reflect uniformity across different varieties of Spanish (Orozco, 2015). In spite of this significant body of evidence in monolingual varieties of Spanish, studies involving bilingual groups and indigenous languages are relatively sparse, as most studies have studied Spanish in contact with other Indo-European languages. This dissertation investigates the SPE in the Spanish of a group of highly proficient bilingual speakers of Uwa and Spanish in a language contact situation. The research reported in this dissertation also studies the nature of cross-linguistic influence between the two languages of the bilinguals. Specifically, the idiosyncratic morphosyntactic traces in SPE resulting from the contact between Uwa and Spanish and whether those traces evidence patterns of variation, and, if so, how they can be accounted for. Spanish and Uwa are both NSLs and thus both allow for referential null subject pronouns (SPs). However, each language has specific syntactic and discursive predictors responsible for null subjects. For instance, Uwa relies heavily on discursive clues whereas Spanish is a sentence-oriented language. This means that while in Uwa the subject reference is understood from context and discursive clues governed by chains of topics, the rich verbal paradigm of Spanish is responsible for licensing null subjects. The fact that Spanish and Uwa are both NLs but still have dissimilar typological status provides a rich testing ground for the mechanisms involved in SPE as well as for investigating the effects of bilingualism. This dissertation aims at enhancing our linguistic knowledge in relation to the principles and mechanisms involved in SPE in bilingual communities and at providing a better understanding of the nature of cross-linguistic influence in highly proficient bilinguals.

Download or read book Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish written by Ana M. Carvalho and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much recent scholarship has sought to identify the linguistic and social factors that favor the expression or omission of subject pronouns in Spanish. This volume brings together leading experts on the topic of language variation in Spanish to provide a panoramic view of research trends, develop probabilistic models of grammar, and investigate the impact of language contact on pronoun expression. The book consists of three sections. The first studies the distributional patterns and conditioning forces on subject pronoun expression in four monolingual varieties—Dominican, Colombian, Mexican, and Peninsular—and makes cross-dialectal comparisons. In the second section, experts explore Spanish in contact with English, Maya, Catalan, and Portuguese to determine the extent to which each language influences this syntactic variable. The final section examines the acquisition of variable subject pronoun expression among monolingual and bilingual children as well as adult second language learners.

Download or read book First and Second person Singular Subject Pronoun Expression in Dominican Spanish written by Christopher Champi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present dissertation analyzes first- and second-person singular subject pronoun expression in Dominican Spanish in adult-to-adult, caregiver, and child speech. Overall, despite the high rates of subject pronoun expression seen in this variety, the conditioning factors that govern subject pronoun expression in all dialects are found to be operative in Dominican Spanish. In addition, children were found to have acquired several of the constraints that govern first- and second-person singular subject pronoun expression in adult-to-adult speech. However, caregivers pronoun expression was shown to not be constrained by certain factors while others showed different patterns in comparison to adult-to-adult speech.First, adult-to-adult Dominican Spanish displays many of the same constraints on subject pronoun expression found in other varieties. However, the well-known effect of verb class operates differently in this variety. Nevertheless, when analyzing the most frequent verbs found in each category, several verb-particular constructions showing distinct patterns are revealed. Additionally, turn position in first-person singular pronoun expression shows more broad effects than what has been found for other varieties such that it is operative with all verb classes. Moreover, certain factors found to condition first-person singular pronoun expression do not extend to second-person singular pronoun expression, which suggests that pronouns of different grammatical person/number pattern in distinct ways. Nevertheless, Dominican Spanish does show slight differences in how and in which contexts certain conditioning factors operate, which are thought to be more revealing in determining dialectal differences than overall rates.With respect to child speech, the children showed to have already acquired many of the adult-like factors that constrain pronoun use in adult-to-adult speech. However, the well-known switch referent constraint was found to be inoperative in first-person singular pronoun expression in child speech. Despite this, a second measure of switch reference, that of intervening human subjects, did contribute to childrens first-person singular pronoun expression. Thus, the data presented here suggest this well-known constraint is acquired on the basis of the presence or absence of intervening human subjects between coreferential mentions. Outside of the result for switch reference, children showed to closely follow the patterns seen in caregivers, showing they are sensitive to the frequency and distributional patterns found in their input. Similarly, children produced adult-like usage patterns with certain lexically-specific constructions found in their input, demonstrating that these community-based items are an important locus of childrens acquisition of the dialect to which they are exposed.Finally, caregivers showed some differences with respect to which constraints are operative in their use of first-person singular subject pronouns in comparison to adult-to-adult speech. In particular, the constraint of turn position, while operative in adult-to-adult speech, does not significantly constrain caregivers first-person singular subject pronoun expression. Further analysis revealed this is due to the nature of child-caregiver interaction such that caregivers frequently refer to their children in order to hand the floor over to them and develop subsequent discourse. In fact, caregivers use of second person singular forms in child-caregiver interaction greatly exceeded their use of the same forms in their adult-to-adult interactions. This, together with their infrequent use of first-person singular forms, impedes a turn-position effect from emerging. Caregivers also showed to favor second-person singular pronoun expression with Wh-questions in the speech to their children, which differs from the pattern found in adult-to-adult speech with these same elements. Overall, the results show that caregivers adjust certain aspects of their speech when interacting with their children while at the same time they provide adult-like usage patterns for certain community-based lexically-specific constructions.

Download or read book A Diachronic Variationist Approach to the Study of Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish written by Miguel Ramos Riquelme and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present dissertation examines first-person singular (1sg) subject pronoun expressionthe alternation between yo I and the unexpressed variant based on data (N=6,450) drawn from 13th- 20th century Spanish literary texts. Our results reveal no increase in expression rates over time and that, in general, the linguistic conditioning of variable 1sg subject expression has largely remained constant over time.First, effects of subject continuity are found, with pronominal expression disfavored in contexts of continuity (more accessible referents) and favored in discontinuous contexts (less accessible referents). Three measures of subject continuityswitch reference, human switch reference, and distanceare shown to be applicable. However, subtle signs of change arise by comparing their applicability over time. In particular, the measure of distance from the previous mention of the same referent in the preceding discourse shows a graded effect: as distance increases, assessed in the number of intervening clauses, so progressively does use of pronoun yo. Interestingly, evidence suggests that the graded effect of distance may be developing over time into a more local effect of switch reference with respect to the immediately preceding clause, with pronominal expression especially favored when the subject of the intervening clause has a specific, human referent. Further, the results of this study support the view that an approach merely focused on verb form ambiguity does not provide conclusive answers regarding tense effects on subject expression. Although I found a general favoring effect of morphologically ambiguous verb tenses (with syncretism between first and third person), this is only marginal in contexts of subject continuity. Thus, a synergetic dynamic operates between ambiguity in verb morphology and switch reference: ambiguous verb forms significantly increase subject expression with discontinuous referents. In addition, a mechanical priming effect is shown to be present in all the periods. Thus, the presence of a 1sg pronominal subject enhances the likelihood that the subsequent 1sg coreferential subject is also pronominal. Conversely, when the previous coreferential subject is unexpressed, the likelihood of subject expression diminishes, favoring a subsequent unexpressed 1sg subject.Finally, the widely reported effect of cognition verbs, strongly favoring 1sg subject expression in present day varieties, is absent in these data. A usage-based construction grammar approach allows analysis that considers particular lexical items and forms, which reveals the role of prefabs in explaining idiosyncratic usage patterns of yo with specific verb forms and their impact on broad categories (semantic classes). This analysis provides evidence that the cognition verb forms creo and s have undergone changes that can explain present-day usage patterns. The use of yo I with creo think, originally believe, has increased steadily across time as its meaning has bleached. In parallel, increasing grammaticalization of s I know with a complement clause is observed. The diachronic patterns suggest that the [yo + cognition verb] construction emerged gradually and was consolidated fairly recently. In sum, where change is observed is in particular expressions, while general discourse-cognitive effects on subject expression have been operative since very early in the history of our language.

Download or read book The Use of the Subject Pronoun in Colloquial Spanish written by Thomas Allen Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Native and Non Native Teachers in English Language Classrooms written by Juan de Dios Martinez Agudo and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite being highly debated in applied linguistics and L2 teaching literature, the controversial issue of (non)nativeness still remains unresolved. Contemporary critical research has questioned the theoretical foundations of the nativeness paradigm, which still exerts a strong influence in the language teaching profession. Written by well-known researchers and teacher educators from all over the world, both NSs and NNSs, the selected contributions of this volume cover a great variety of aspects related to the professional role and status of both NS and NNS teachers in terms of both perceived differences and professional concerns and challenges. The strongest aspects of this volume are the global perspectives and the implications for future research and teacher education. It is precisely this international perspective which makes this volume illustrative of different realities with a similar objective in mind: the improvement of second language teaching and teacher education. In today's world, being a NS or NNS should not really matter but rather teachers' professional competences. This publication thus provides a forum of reflection and discussion for all L2 educators who need to be aware of how much they might offer to their future students.

Download or read book The Acquisition of Subject Pronouns in Second Language Spanish written by Bret Gene Linford and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linguists have proposed that language learner behavior does not reflect a single system, but is a complex of quite different [linguistic modules] each obeying different principles (Sharwood Smith 1994). When different linguistic modules interact in language, there is an interface. Second language acquisition (SLA) researchers have proposed the Interface Hypothesis, which states that second language (L2) learners are able to acquire narrow syntax, but may experience delay with the interface of syntax and other modules (Sorace & Filiaci 2006). Additional research has proposed that syntaxsemantic features are acquired sooner than syntax-discourse features in SLA (Tsimpli & Sorace 2006). One way researchers have tested this hypothesis is by studying L2 learners of pro-drop languages like Spanish. Pro-drop languages allow subject pronouns to be expressed overtly, as in the Spanish phrase Yo veo (I see), or null, as in Veo. Studies show that native speaker distribution of subject pronouns deals with the interface of narrow syntax and features of discourse, semantics, etc. Although subject pronouns in Spanish are grammatically variable (i.e. either a null or overt subject pronoun is grammatically acceptable in many contexts), the actual distribution of null and overt subject pronouns in Spanish is predicted by variables such as the person and number of the subject, continuity of reference (i.e. whether the verb retains the same subject as the previous verb or not), clause type, and so on. Previous studies have found that L2 learners of null subject languages learn the narrow syntax of subject pronouns early (Rothman 2008), but their distribution of subject pronouns does not become more native-like until a late stage in their development. The current study analyzes 17 interviews in Spanish with English-speaking L2 learners of Spanish who have obtained varying degrees of proficiency: beginner, intermediate, advanced. The results support the Interface Hypothesis given that all interviewees produced null and overt subject pronouns, but the L2 learners differed greatly from native speakers with respect to sensitivity to interface features. The results do not confirm that syntax-semantic features are acquired before syntax-discourse features but do suggest that syntax-morphology features are acquired before other interface features.

Download or read book A Reference Grammar of Wappo written by Sandra A. Thompson and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2006-05-06 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wappo is an indigenous language, generally regarded as a language isolate, which was once spoken in the Russian River Valley, just north of San Francisco, California. This reference grammar is based on the speech of Laura Fish Somersal, its last fluent speaker, who died in 1990, and represents the most extensive data and grammatical research ever done on this language. The grammar focuses on morphosyntax, particularly nominal, verbal, and clausal structures and clause combining patterns, from a functional/typological perspective.

Download or read book Language in Time and Space written by Brigitte L.M. Bauer and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-03-01 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The honoree of this Festschrift has for many years now marked modern trends in diachronic and synchronic linguistics by his own publications and by stimulating those of numerous others. This collection of articles presents data-oriented studies that integrate modern and traditional approaches in the field, thus reflecting the honoree's contribution to contemporary linguistics. The articles relate to comparative data from (early) Indo-European languages and a variety of other languages and discuss the theoretical implications of phenomena such as linguistic universals, reconstruction, and language classification.

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology written by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-30 with total page 1661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linguistic typology identifies both how languages vary and what they all have in common. This Handbook provides a state-of-the art survey of the aims and methods of linguistic typology, and the conclusions we can draw from them. Part I covers phonological typology, morphological typology, sociolinguistic typology and the relationships between typology, historical linguistics and grammaticalization. It also addresses typological features of mixed languages, creole languages, sign languages and secret languages. Part II features contributions on the typology of morphological processes, noun categorization devices, negation, frustrative modality, logophoricity, switch reference and motion events. Finally, Part III focuses on typological profiles of the mainland South Asia area, Australia, Quechuan and Aymaran, Eskimo-Aleut, Iroquoian, the Kampa subgroup of Arawak, Omotic, Semitic, Dravidian, the Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian and the Awuyu-Ndumut family (in West Papua). Uniting the expertise of a stellar selection of scholars, this Handbook highlights linguistic typology as a major discipline within the field of linguistics.

Download or read book Cherokee Reference Grammar written by Brad Montgomery-Anderson and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cherokees have the oldest and best-known Native American writing system in the United States. Invented by Sequoyah and made public in 1821, it was rapidly adopted, leading to nineteenth-century Cherokee literacy rates as high as 90 percent. This writing system, the Cherokee syllabary, is fully explained and used throughout this volume, the first and only complete published grammar of the Cherokee language. Although the Cherokee Reference Grammar focuses on the dialect spoken by the Cherokees in Oklahoma—the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians—it provides the grammatical foundation upon which all the dialects are based. In his introduction, author Brad Montgomery-Anderson offers a brief account of Cherokee history and language revitalization initiatives, as well as instructions for using this grammar. The book then delves into an explanation of Cherokee pronunciation, orthography, parts of speech, and syntax. While the book is intended as a reference grammar for experienced scholars, Montgomery-Anderson presents the information in accessible stages, moving from easier examples to more complex linguistic structures. Examples are taken from a variety of sources, including many from the Cherokee Phoenix. Audio clips of various text examples throughout can be found on the accompanying CDs. The volume also includes three appendices: a glossary keyed to the text; a typescript for the audio component; and a collection of literary texts: two traditional stories and a historical account of a search party traveling up the Arkansas River. The Cherokee Nation, as the second-largest tribe in the United States and the largest in Oklahoma, along with the United Keetoowah Band and the Eastern band of Cherokees, have a large number of people who speak their native language. Like other tribes, they have seen a sharp decline in the number of native speakers, particularly among the young, but they have responded with ambitious programs for preserving and revitalizing Cherokee culture and language. Cherokee Reference Grammar will serve as a vital resource in advancing these efforts to understand Cherokee history, language, and culture on their own terms.

Download or read book The Noun Phrase in the Languages of South America written by Olga Vladimirovna Krasnoukhova and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Hittite Middle Voice written by Guglielmo Inglese and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-07-13 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Inglese offers a new description of the middle voice in Hittite, both from a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. The analysis is based on a corpus of original Hittite texts and is framed within current trends in linguistic typology.

Download or read book Di Csyonaary X Tee n Daii zh Sah Sann Lu uc written by Pamela Munro and published by UCLA. This book was released on 1999 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Romance Languages written by Martin Harris and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1997 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Available again, this book discusses nine Romance languages in context of their common Latin origins and then in individual studies. The final chapter is devoted to Romance-based Creole languages; a genuine innovation in a work of this kind.

Download or read book The Language of the Salinan Indians written by John Alden Mason and published by . This book was released on 1918 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: