Download or read book Study on Scale Formation and Suppression in Heat exchange Systems for Simulated Geothermal Brines Final Report January 12 1976 March 5 1978 written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Control of scale formation in heat exchangers using simulated geothermal waters can be achieved by lowering the pH of the water to pH 6 or lower. This does not, however, appear to be an economic approach for highly buffered geothermal brines and would lead to severe corrosion problems. Two commercial scale control agents, Calgon CL-165 and Monsanto Dequest 2060, showed promise of effecting scaling in a minor way and should be tested further on actual geothermal waters. Other scale control methods tested were unsuccessful. These included seeding experiments, turbulence promotin and electostatic and electromagnetic devices reputated to modify scale formation. The experiments were performed with tube-in-shell heat exchangers using simulated geothermal waters prepared from a salt dome solution based brine. The scale formed was primarily silica with a small percent of calcium carbonate and traces of magnesium and iron. Physically it was a hydrous soft solid adhering only lightly to the heat exchange surface. This is not typical of geothermal water scales encountered in high temperature brine operations and the results of the scale control expeirments should be evaluated with that in mind.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scale Formation and Suppression in Heat Exchange Systems for Simulated Geothermal Brines written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A system to generate a 1- to 3-gallon per minute stream of 350 F (177 C) simulated geothermal brine is discussed. A 10,000-gallon tank serves as the brine holding tank. The solution is prepared by diluting 26% sodium chloride, derived from a Gulf Coast salt dome with steam condensate, deaerating, heating the brine to 350 F in a steam heat exchanger, injecting the desired cations and anions into a flowing stream with chemical injection pumps, and mixing with in-line mixers. Non-scaling cations are normally added to the 10,000-gallon base brine solution; anions, such as bicarbonate, silicate, etc. are injected as the sodium salts. Sulfide is injected separately as sodium sulfide solution. Hydrochloric acid is injected to adjust pH to the desired 6-8 pH unit range. Composition of the resulting simulated geothermal brine may be varied over wide ranges for each component. The system is presently in operation on a hydrogen sulfide oxidation study while heat exchangers are being constructed for the scaling studies. Two heat exchanger systems will be used. The first is a large U-tube exchanger designed to receive the hot brine on the shell side with cool water circulating in the tubes. The second is a series of three smaller straight tube exchangers with the hot brine in the tube side. Both systems will be completely instrumented to measure heat transfer coefficients in each exchanger. Proposed experiments include: addition of scale control agents, injection of carbon dioxide to prevent carbonate scaling, and exploration of the effects of electrical and magnetic fields on scaling.
Download or read book Study on Scale Formation and Suppression in Heat exchange Systems for Simulated Geothermal Brines written by J. S. Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semiannual, with semiannual and annual indexes. References to all scientific and technical literature coming from DOE, its laboratories, energy centers, and contractors. Includes all works deriving from DOE, other related government-sponsored information, and foreign nonnuclear information. Arranged under 39 categories, e.g., Biomedical sciences, basic studies; Biomedical sciences, applied studies; Health and safety; and Fusion energy. Entry gives bibliographical information and abstract. Corporate, author, subject, report number indexes.
Download or read book Geothermal Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1980-06 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geothermal Energy Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Interference Problems on Wing fuselage Combinations in Inviscid Incompressible Flow written by Aeronautical Research Council (Great Britain) and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 1212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index Keyword A L written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Brine Chemistry written by Michael R. Hoffmann and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of Brine Treatment written by Sidney L. Phillips and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study of Brine Treatment Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Available information pertinent to the treatment of geothermal brines was collected by literature search and then evaluated and summarized for use by the electric utility and geothermal industries. The information was screened from the geothermal, oil and gas, wastewater disposal, and boiler water treatment industries. The current state of knowledge and methodology concerning the treatment of geothermal brines to control scaling and corrosion in geothermal electric power production was assessed. Currently, geothermal scale in pipes and wells is removed by physical or chemical methods. There is a growing effort on developing methods to control scale formation for both fresh and spent brines, including pH adjustment and application of an electrical potential for fresh fluids, and coagulation to treat spent fluids. Current methods of corrosion control center around planned replacement of piping and other plant components, with efforts focused primarily on development of materials with improved corrosion resistance. Recommendations for additional work to improve brine treatment include the following: (1) chemical and physical characterization of brine and scale compositions, (2) basic data on the mechanism of scale formation and the effects of inhibitors, (3) development of instrumentation to monitor geothermal brine constituents, (4) correlation of laboratory results with field test data, and (5) screening of currently available commercial inhibitors for application to geothermal brines. An annotated bibliography of the reference material used in this study is included.
Download or read book Studies of Brine Chemistry and Scaling at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field 1977 1979 Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summarized are the results of investigations of brine chemistry, the effects of brine acidification and organic additives on the rate of scale formation and scale composition, and the use of other additives for scale control. A bibliography of reports describing these studies is included. Recommendations are given for techniques and approaches for further testing of additives for silica scale control.
Download or read book Climate Change and Water written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / Working Group Technical Support Unit and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Technical Paper addresses the issue of freshwater. Sealevel rise is dealt with only insofar as it can lead to impacts on freshwater in coastal areas and beyond. Climate, freshwater, biophysical and socio-economic systems are interconnected in complex ways. Hence, a change in any one of these can induce a change in any other. Freshwater-related issues are critical in determining key regional and sectoral vulnerabilities. Therefore, the relationship between climate change and freshwater resources is of primary concern to human society and also has implications for all living species. -- page vii.
Download or read book Geothermal Power Plants written by Ronald DiPippo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-08 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ron DiPippo, Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, is a world-regarded geothermal expert. This single resource covers all aspects of the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation from fundamental scientific and engineering principles. The thermodynamic basis for the design of geothermal power plants is at the heart of the book and readers are clearly guided on the process of designing and analysing the key types of geothermal energy conversion systems. Its practical emphasis is enhanced by the use of case studies from real plants that increase the reader's understanding of geothermal energy conversion and provide a unique compilation of hard-to-obtain data and experience. An important new chapter covers Environmental Impact and Abatement Technologies, including gaseous and solid emissions; water, noise and thermal pollutions; land usage; disturbance of natural hydrothermal manifestations, habitats and vegetation; minimisation of CO2 emissions and environmental impact assessment.The book is illustrated with over 240 photographs and drawings. Nine chapters include practice problems, with solutions, which enable the book to be used as a course text. Also includes a definitive worldwide compilation of every geothermal power plant that has operated, unit by unit, plus a concise primer on the applicable thermodynamics. * Engineering principles are at the heart of the book, with complete coverage of the thermodynamic basis for the design of geothermal power systems* Practical applications are backed up by an extensive selection of case studies that show how geothermal energy conversion systems have been designed, applied and exploited in practice* World renowned geothermal expert DiPippo has including a new chapter on Environmental Impact and Abatement Technology in this new edition
